Secundia gens

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The gens Secundia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. This gens is known almost entirely from inscriptions, as none of its members held any of the higher offices of the Roman state.

The plebs were, in ancient Rome, the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census. The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, though it may be that they began as a limited political movement in opposition to the elite (patricians) which became more widely applied.

Ancient Rome History of Rome from the 8th-century BC to the 5th-century

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire. The civilization began as an Italic settlement in the Italian peninsula, dating from the 8th century BC, that grew into the city of Rome and which subsequently gave its name to the empire over which it ruled and to the widespread civilisation the empire developed. The Roman empire expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world, though still ruled from the city, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants and covering 5.0 million square kilometres at its height in AD 117.

In ancient Rome, a gens, plural gentes, was a family consisting of all those individuals who shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a stirps. The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of an individual's social standing depended on the gens to which he belonged. Certain gentes were considered patrician, others plebeian, while some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of membership in a gens declined considerably in imperial times.

Contents

Origin

The nomen Secundius is derived from the cognomen Secundus, originally indicating a second child. The name was probably an old praenomen, but if so the masculine form had fallen out of use by historical times, and is not found as a praenomen under the Republic. The feminine form, Secunda, was used by Roman women as both a praenomen and a cognomen. [1]

A cognomen was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditary. Hereditary cognomina were used to augment the second name in order to identify a particular branch within a family or family within a clan. The term has also taken on other contemporary meanings.

The praenomen was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus, the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.

Roman Republic Period of ancient Roman civilization (509–27 BC)

The Roman Republic was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

Praenomina

The main praenomina of the Secundii were Gaius , Marcus , Lucius , and Titus , all of which were amongst the most common names throughout all periods of Roman history. Other names were used occasionally, including the common praenomina Quintus and Sextus .

Gaius['ɡa.jus] is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Gaia. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Gavia. The name was regularly abbreviated C., based on the original spelling of Caius, which dates from the period before the letters "C" and "G" were differentiated.

Marcus is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Marca or Marcia. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Marcia, as well as the cognomen Marcellus. It was regularly abbreviated M.

Lucius is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Lucia. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gentes Lucia and Lucilia, as well as the cognomenLucullus. It was regularly abbreviated L.

Branches and cognomina

There is no indication that the Secundii were ever divided into distinct families, and they used a wide variety of surnames under the Empire. A number of them bore cognomina derived, like their gentilicium, from numerals, including Primus and its diminutive, Primulus, Secundinus, a derivative of Secundus, and Tertius, third, all presumably alluding to the meaning of their nomen. [2] Quadratus, while resembling the numerical cognomen quartus, actually described someone with a square or stocky figure. [3]

Roman Empire period of Imperial Rome following the Roman Republic (27 BC–395 AD)

The Roman Empire was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization. It had a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. From the constitutional reforms of Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century, the Empire was a principate ruled from the city of Rome. The Roman Empire was then divided between a Western Roman Empire, based in Milan and later Ravenna, and an Eastern Roman Empire, based in Nicomedia and later Constantinople, and it was ruled by multiple emperors.

Members

This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
  • Secundia Restituta, buried at Noviomagus Treverorum in the early second century, with a monument from her husband, Gaius Albinius Asper. [4]
  • Secundia, a house-slave named in a dedicatory inscription to Diana Regina at Municipium Montanensium in Moesia Inferior, dating to the mid-second century. [5]
  • Marcus Secundius Eutychus, a freedman, dedicated a second-century AD monument at Aquileia in Venetia and Histria to his patron, Marcus Secundius Genialis. [6]
  • Marcus Secundius Genialis, a scout in Dacia, was buried at Aquileia during the second century AD, with a monument from his client, Marcus Secundius Eutychus. [6]
  • Sextus Secundius Sex. f. Secundinus, one of the municipal duumvirs, aediles, and quaestors at Aeclanum in Samnium, where he was buried in a post-Trajanic second-century tomb dedicated by his client, Secundius Urbicus. [7]
  • Secundius Urbicus, the client of Sextus Secundius Secundinus, to whom he dedicated a tomb at Aeclanum. [7]
  • Gaius Secundius Sacer, made a libationary offering to Jupiter Optimus Maximus at Carnuntum in Pannonia Superior, dating to the latter half of the second century AD. [8]
  • Gaius Secundius Reditus, one of those who contributed to the construction of a temple for Mithras at Virunum in Noricum, according to a dedicatory inscription dating between AD 182 and 184. [9]
  • Secundius Se[...]nus, a soldier serving in the twenty-second legion, made a libationary offering to Jupiter Optimus Maximus and Juno Regina at the present site of Osterburken, formerly part of Germania Superior, dating to AD 201. [10]
  • Secundius Restutus, a centurion serving in the tenth legion, made an offering to Jupiter Optimus Maximus at Aquae Balissae in Pannonia Superior, dating between AD 170 and 300. [11]
  • Gaius Secundius Victor, a soldier in the fifth cohort of the vigiles at Rome, at the beginning of the third century, serving in the century of Gaius Appaeus Verinus. [12]
  • Gaius Secundius, a tubicen, or trumpeter, serving in the third legion at Lambaesis in Numidia, at the beginning of the third century. [13]
  • Secundius Constans, a soldier in the eighth legion, dedicated an early third-century tomb at Lugdunum in Gallia Lugdunensis to his sons, Constantius Celadus, aged five years and six months, and Constans Celadianus, as well as his wife, Julia Celerina, aged twenty-four years, one month, with whom he had lived for seven months. [14]
Neumagen-Dhron Place in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Neumagen-Dhron is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a state-recognized tourism community, and it was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde of Neumagen-Dhron. Its situation and amenities make it a lower-order centre.

Diana (mythology) goddess of the hunt, the moon and birthing, equated with the Greek goddess Artemis

Diana is a Roman goddess of the hunt, the Moon, and nature, associated with wild animals and woodland. She is equated with the Greek goddess Artemis, and absorbed much of Artemis' mythology early in Roman history, including a birth on the island of Delos to parents Jupiter and Latona, and a twin brother, Apollo, though she had an independent origin in Italy.

Montana, Bulgaria Place in Montana, Bulgaria

Montana is a city in northwestern Bulgaria, located 50 kilometres south of the Danube river, 40 kilometres northwest of Vratsa and 30 kilometres east of the Serbian border. It is the administrative centre of Montana Province.

Undated Secundii

  • Secundia, a little girl buried at Rome, aged five years, ten days. [15]
  • Secundius, dedicated a monument at Ricciacum in Gallia Belgica to his brother. [16]
  • Secundius, made a libationary offering to Mercury and Rosmerta at Altiaia in Germania Superior. [17]
  • Gaius Secundius, made an offering to the genius of Noricum at Virunum. [18]
  • Marcus Secundius Acceptus, dedicated a monument at Lugdunum to his grandson, Marcus Secundius Saturninus. [19]
  • Secundius Attianus, together with his wife, Censorinia Matrausus, dedicated a monument at Orolaunum in Gallia Belgica to their son. [20]
  • Titus Secundius T. f. Avitus, the son of Titus Secundius Honoratus and Livia Gratilla, buried at Vintium in Alpes Maritimae, aged thirty. [21]
  • Secundius Belatulus, made a libationary offering to Mercury at Tres Tabernae in Germania Superior. [22]
  • Secundia Carata, buried at Augusta Treverorum in Gallia Belgica, with her husband, Lucius Ansatius Titus. [23]
  • Lucius Secundius Crispus, named in an inscription from Augusta Treverorum. [24]
  • Lucius Secundius Eleutherus, captain of a small ship, and one of the Seviri Augustales, buried at Arelate in Gallia Narbonensis, with a monument from his daughter, Secundia Tatiana. [25]
  • Lucius Secundius Fruendus, a young man buried at Lugdunum, aged twenty-two years and twenty-three days, with a monument from the freedman, Lucius Secundius Reso. [26]
  • Titus Secundius Honoratus, together with his wife, Livia Gratilla, dedicated a tomb at Vintium for their son, Titus Secundius Avitus. [21]
  • Secundia Julia, dedicated a monument to her mother, Satulla, at the present site of Tresques, formerly part of Gallia Narbonensis. [27]
  • Secundia C. f. Julia, the daughter of Gaius Secundius Julianus and Catullia Quinta, together with her brother, Gaius Secundius Paternus, dedicated a monument at the present site of Tresques, to their father. [28]
  • Gaius Secundius Julianus, dedicated a tomb at the present site of Tarascon, formerly part of Gallia Narbonensis, to his wife, Catullia Quinta. He was buried at the site of present-day Tresques, with a monument from his children, Gaius Secundius Paternus and Secundia Julia. [29] [28]
  • Secundius Mansuetus, a soldier, together with his colleague, Valerius Martius, made a libationary offering to the genius of their century at Mogontiacum in Germania Superior. [30]
  • Secundia Materna, together with her husband, Cassius Valens, made a libationary offering at the present site of Putzdorf, formerly part of Germania Inferior. [31]
  • Gaius Secundius C. f. Paternus, the son of Gaius Secundius Julianus and Catullia Quinta, together with his sister, Secundia Julia, dedicated a monument at the site of present-day Tresques to their father. [28]
  • Secundia Placida, buried at Lugdunum, with a monument from her husband, the sailor Gaius Tipurinius Sacruna, with whom she lived for fifteen years, four months, and eleven days. [32]
  • Secundius Primulus, made a donation to the high priest at Augusta Treverorum. [33]
  • Secundius Primus, a native of Tubunae in Numidia, was a soldier stationed at Lambaesis. [34]
  • Gaius Secundius Primus, a native of Thuburbo Maius in Africa Proconsularis, was a soldier stationed at Lambaesis. [35]
  • Quintus Secundius Primus, buried at Thagura in Africa Proconsularis, aged eighty-five, with a monument from his son, Secundius Quadratus. [36]
  • Secundius Q. f. Quadratus, dedicated a monument at Thagura to his father, Quintus Secundius Primus. [36]
  • Lucius Secundius Reso, a freedman, dedicated a monument at Lugdunum to Lucius Secundius Fruendus. [26]
  • Gaius Secundius Saecularis, made a libationary offering at Nida in Germania Superior. [37]
  • Marcus Secundius M. n. Saturninus, buried at Lugdunum with a monument from his grandfather, Marcus Secundius Acceptus. [19]
  • Secundia Secundina, the wife of Aelius Festinus Junior, with whom she was buried at Comum in Cisalpine Gaul, in a tomb dedicated by their son, Aelius Secundinus, and Aelius Urbicus, the uncle of Festinus. [38]
  • Secundius Secundinus, made a libationary offering to Mars Jovantucarus at Augusta Treverorum. [39]
  • Marcus Secundius Secundinus, dedicated a tomb at Augusta Treverorum to his wife, Gallia Varicillus. [40]
  • Secundia Servata, dedicated a sepulchre at Augusta Vindelicorum for her husband, Julius Macrianus, and children, Alpinus and Alpina. [41]
  • Lucius Secundius Similis, a scout, together with his colleague, Titus Carinius Gratus, made a libationary offering to Nehalennia at Ganventa in Gallia Belgica. [42]
  • Secundia L. f. Tatiana, dedicated a monument at Arelate to her father, Lucius Secundius Eleutherus. [25]
  • Gaius Secundius Tertius, made a libationary offering to Silvanus at Mediolanum in Cisalpine Gaul. [43]
  • Titus Secundius Titianus, dedicated a monument at Lugdunum to his mother, Coelia Rustica. [44]
  • Secundia V[...], the daughter of Vitalis, made a libationary offering to Mercury at Mediolanum. [45]
  • Secundia Victoria, buried at Rome, with a monument from her husband, Gaius Cluturius Filetion. [46]
  • Secundia Victoria, buried at Madaurus in Africa Proconsularis, with a monument from her daughter. [47]
  • Gaius Secundius Vitalis Appa, made an offering to Anvallus at Augustodunum in Gallia Lugdunensis. [48]
Dalheim Ricciacum human settlement in Luxembourg

Dalheim Ricciacum is the site of a Gallo-Roman vicus at Dalheim in south eastern Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Founded during the reign of the Emperor Augustus, the site was at a strategic point on the Via Agrippa, the main Roman road from the Mediterranean to the Rhine. The well-preserved theatre dating from the 2nd century AD could accommodate 3,500 people.

Gallia Belgica Roman province

Gallia Belgica was a province of the Roman empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany.

Mercury (mythology) Ancient Roman god of trade, merchants, and travel

Mercury is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon. He is the god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication, travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery and thieves; he also serves as the guide of souls to the underworld. He was considered the son of Maia, who was a daughter of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter in Roman mythology. His name is possibly related to the Latin word merx, mercari, and merces (wages); another possible connection is the Proto-Indo-European root merĝ- for "boundary, border" and Greek οὖρος, as the "keeper of boundaries," referring to his role as bridge between the upper and lower worlds. In his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the Etruscan deity Turms; both gods share characteristics with the Greek god Hermes. He is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. Similar to his Greek equivalent Hermes, he was awarded the caduceus by Apollo who handed him a magic wand, which later turned into the caduceus.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Chase, pp. 150, 151, 172.
  2. ↑ Chase, pp. 111, 150, 151.
  3. ↑ New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. quadratus.
  4. ↑ CIL XIII, 4158.
  5. ↑ AE 1996, 1341.
  6. 1 2 CIL V, 1047.
  7. 1 2 CIL IX, 1168.
  8. ↑ CIL III, 11132.
  9. ↑ AE 1994, 1334.
  10. ↑ AE 1996, 1160.
  11. ↑ CIL III, 3999.
  12. ↑ CIL VI, 1057.
  13. ↑ AE 1906, 10.
  14. ↑ CIL XIII, 1850.
  15. ↑ ICUR, i. 976.
  16. ↑ CIL XIII, 4063.
  17. ↑ CIL XIII, 6263.
  18. ↑ AEA, 2007, 16.
  19. 1 2 CIL XIII, 2261.
  20. ↑ AE 1986, 497.
  21. 1 2 AE 1991, 1172.
  22. ↑ CIL XIII, 5993.
  23. ↑ CIL XIII, 4124.
  24. ↑ CIL XIII, 3707.
  25. 1 2 CIL XII, 704.
  26. 1 2 CIL XIII, 2260.
  27. ↑ CIL XII, 2764.
  28. 1 2 3 CIL XII, 2763.
  29. ↑ CIL XII, 988.
  30. ↑ CIL XIII, 6685.
  31. ↑ CIL XIII, 7861.
  32. ↑ CIL XIII, 2028.
  33. ↑ Finke, "Neue Inschriften", 14.
  34. ↑ BCTH, 1905, 239.
  35. ↑ AE 1989, 885, AE 1989, 886.
  36. 1 2 CIL VIII, 4666.
  37. ↑ CIL XIII, 7356.
  38. ↑ CIL V, 5371.
  39. ↑ AE 1924, 17.
  40. ↑ Finke, "Neue Inschriften", 70.
  41. ↑ CIL III, 5815.
  42. ↑ AE 1973, 365.
  43. ↑ CIL V, 5481.
  44. ↑ CIL XIII, 2110.
  45. ↑ CIL V, 5563.
  46. ↑ CIL VI, 15860.
  47. ↑ AE 1919, 40.
  48. ↑ CIL XIII, 11226.

Bibliography

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