Sphaeropleales

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Sphaeropleales
Pediastrum duplex wagner.jpg
Pediastrum duplex , an algae within the order Sphaeropleales
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Sphaeropleales
Luerssen
Families [1]

incertae sedis:

Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. [2] The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as Scenedesmus and Pediastrum . [3] The Sphaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile unicellular, colonial , or filamentous taxa. They have biflagellate zoospores with flagella that are directly opposed in direction (the DO arrangement): Sphaeroplea , Atractomorpha , Neochloris , Hydrodictyon , and Pediastrum . All of these taxa have basal body core connections. [2] Motile cells generally lack cell walls or have only a very fine layer surrounding the cell membrane. [4] Other common characteristics include a robust vegetative cell wall, cup-shaped chloroplasts with large pyrenoids, and relatively large nuclei. [5]

With an increase in the number of taxa for which sequence data are available, there is evidence of an expanded DO clade that includes additional zoosporic ( Bracteacoccus , Schroederia ) and some strictly autosporic genera such as Ankistrodesmus , Scenedesmus , Selenastrum , and Monoraphidium . The filamentous Microspora has been allied with the coccoid genus Bracteacoccus based on molecular data.

Monophyly of the DO clade is supported by phylogenetic analysis of multi-gene data. [3] [4]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships (not all families are included): [5]

Sphaeropleales

Schizochlamydaceae

Tumidellaceae

Bracteamorphaceae

Pseudomuriellaceae

Radiococcaceae

Bracteacoccaceae

Nephrocytiaceae

Chromochloridaceae

Schroederiaceae

Neochloridaceae

Hydrodictyaceae

Selenastraceae

Dictyococcaceae

Rotundellaceae

Scenedesmaceae

Mychonastaceae

Dictyochloridaceae

Sphaeropleaceae

Taxonomists have had difficulties classifying Characiaceae and Microsporaceae using molecular genetics, because the taxonomic affiliations of the type species are unclear. At least some of their taxa are known to related to genera within Sphaeropleales, but others are not. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyta</span> Phylum of green algae

Chlorophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it is a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants (Viridiplantae) and thus includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. In newer classifications, it is the sister clade of the streptophytes/charophytes. The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta emerged. In this latter sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species. About 90% of all known species live in freshwater. Like the land plants, green algae contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch in their plastids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ulvophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data. The sea lettuce, Ulva, belongs here. Other well-known members include Caulerpa, Codium, Acetabularia, Cladophora, Trentepohlia and Monostroma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neochloridaceae</span> Family of algae

Neochloridaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenastraceae</span> Family of algae

Selenastraceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Members of this family are common components of the phytoplankton in freshwater habitats worldwide. A few species have been found in brackish and marine habitats, such as in the Baltic Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sphaeropleaceae</span> Family of algae

Sphaeropleaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.

<i>Ankistrodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Ankistrodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is one of the most common types of phytoplankton in freshwater habitats around the world.

<i>Bracteacoccus</i> Genus of algae

Bracteacoccus is a genus of green algae, the sole genus of the family Bracteacoccaceae. It is a terrestrial alga commonly found in soils, from the tropics to the poles.

Dictyochloris is a genus of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Dictyochloridaceae. It is commonly found in terrestrial and subaerial habitats.

<i>Dictyosphaerium</i> Genus of algae

Dictyosphaerium is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorellaceae. It occurs in freshwater habitats around the world and is planktonic.

<i>Golenkinia</i> Genus of algae

Golenkinia is a genus of green algae first described in 1894 by Robert Chodat. The genus is named for the Russian phycologist Mikhail Iljitsch Golenkin. Golenkinia species live in fresh water and are found around the world.

<i>Mychonastes</i> Genus of algae

Mychonastes is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Mychonastaceae.

<i>Parapediastrum</i> Genus of algae

Parapediastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is fairly common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Pediastrum</i> Genus of algae

Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a photoautotrophic, nonmotile coenobial green alga that inhabits freshwater environments.

Pseudomuriella is a genus of green algae, specifically of the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Pseudomuriellaceae. It is a terrestrial alga that inhabits soils.

<i>Pseudopediastrum</i> Genus of algae

Pseudopediastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<i>Selenastrum</i> Genus of algae

Selenastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is common in freshwater habitats around the world. Most species prefer temperate or warm-temperate waters.

<i>Stauridium</i> Genus of algae

Stauridium is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is very common in freshwater regions throughout the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Characiaceae</span> Family of algae

Characiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. It contains epiphytic or planktonic algae that are unicellular or colonial. The cells are heteropolar, with basal and apical ends having different shapes. The daughter cells are often retained in the cell wall of the old mother cell, whose cell wall becomes gelatinized.

Bracteamorpha is a genus of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales, and is the only genus in the family Bracteamorphaceae. It contains a single species, Bracteamorpha trainorii.

References

  1. ↑ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Sphaeropleales". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  2. 1 2 Lewis, LA; McCourt, RM (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID   21652308.
  3. 1 2 Leliaert, F; Smith, DR; Moreau, H; Herron, MD; Verbruggen, H; Delwiche, CF; De Clerck, O (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705. S2CID   17603352.
  4. 1 2 Tippery, NP; Fučíková, K; Lewis, PO; Lewis, LA (2012). "Probing the monophyly of the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae) using data from five genes". Journal of Phycology. 48 (6): 1482–1493. doi:10.1111/jpy.12003. PMID   27009998. S2CID   1386675.
  5. 1 2 Silva, Thaís Garcia; Štenclová, Lenka; Archanjo, Naiara Carolina Pereira; Bagatini, Inessa Lacativa (2021). "Revised phylogenetic position of Nephrocytium Nägeli (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), with the description of Nephrocytiaceae fam. nov. And Nephrocytium vieirae sp. nov". Taxon. 70 (5): 917–930. doi:10.1002/tax.12560. S2CID   239685638.
  6. ↑ Fučíková, Karolina; Lewis, Paul O.; Lewis, Louise A. (2014). "Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: A proposal for ten new families and three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 50 (1): 14–25. doi:10.1111/jpy.12118. PMID   26988005. S2CID   24770288.


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