![]() Sputnik rocket | |
Function | Early (first) carrier rocket |
---|---|
Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
Country of origin | USSR |
Size | |
Height | 8K71PS: 30.0 m (98.4 ft) 8A91: 31.1 m (102 ft) |
Diameter | 2.99 m (9.8 ft) |
Mass | 8K71PS: 267,000 kg (589,000 lb) 8A91: 269,300 kg (593,700 lb) |
Stages | 2 |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO (8K71PS) | |
Mass | 8K71PS: 500 kg (1,100 lb) 8A91: 1,327 kg (2,926 lb) |
Associated rockets | |
Family | R-7 |
Comparable | Vanguard Juno I |
Launch history | |
Status | Retired (No Longer In Use) |
Launch sites | LC-1/5, Baikonur |
Total launches | 4 (2 8K71PS, 2 8A91) |
Success(es) | 3 |
Failure(s) | 1 (8A91) |
First flight | 8K71PS: 4 October 1957 8A91: 27 April 1958 |
Last flight | 8K71PS: 3 November 1957 8A91: 15 May 1958 |
Type of passengers/cargo | Sputnik 1 Sputnik 2 Sputnik 3 |
Boosters (Block B, V, G, D) | |
No. boosters | 4 |
Powered by | 1 RD-107 |
Maximum thrust | 970 kN (220,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 306 s |
Burn time | 120 s |
Propellant | LOX/Kerosene |
First stage (Block A) | |
Powered by | 1 RD-108 |
Maximum thrust | 912 kN (205,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 308 s |
Burn time | 330 s |
Propellant | LOX/Kerosene |
The Sputnik rocket was an uncrewed orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergei Korolev in the Soviet Union,derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957,it was used to perform the world's first satellite launch,placing Sputnik 1 into a low Earth orbit.
Two versions of the Sputnik were built,the Sputnik-PS (GRAU index 8K71PS),which was used to launch Sputnik 1 and later Sputnik 2 ,and the Sputnik (8A91),which failed to launch a satellite in April 1958,and subsequently launched Sputnik 3 on 15 May 1958. [1]
A later member of the R-7 family,the Polyot,used the same configuration as the Sputnik rocket,but was constructed from Voskhod components. Because of the similarity,the Polyot was sometimes known as the Sputnik 11A59.
The Sputnik 8A91 had more powerful 8D76 and 8D77 engines installed, [2] increasing its payload capacity,and allowing it to launch much heavier satellites than Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2. It was launched two times,in 1958. [3] The first launch,on 27 April,failed due to vibrations that unexpectedly occurred during the flight along the longitudinal axis of the rocket. On 15 May,it successfully launched Sputnik 3. [4] [5]
A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder;The inception of gunpowder rockets in warfare can be credited to ancient Chinese ingenuity,and in the 13th century,the Mongols played a pivotal role in facilitating their westward adoption.
Specific impulse is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine,such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel,generates thrust.
Soyuz is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara,Russia. The Soyuz is the rocket with the most launches in the history of spaceflight.
The R-7 Semyorka,officially the GRAU index 8K71,was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War,and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961. A derivative,the R-7A,was operational from 1960 to 1968. To the West it was unknown until its launch. In modified form,it launched Sputnik 1,the first artificial satellite,into orbit,and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik,Luna,Molniya,Vostok,and Voskhod space launchers,as well as later Soyuz variants. Various modifications are still in use and it has become the world’s most reliable space launcher.
Vostok was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.
The Voskhod was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Union's space program for human spaceflight as part of the Voskhod programme. It was a development of and a follow-on to the Vostok spacecraft. Voskhod 1 was used for a three-man flight whereas Voskhod 2 had a crew of two. They consisted of a spherical descent module,which housed the cosmonauts,and instruments,and a conical equipment module,which contained propellant and the engine system. Voskhod was superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft in 1967.
The Vanguard rocket was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead,the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S.,after the failure of Vanguard TV-3,to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket,making Vanguard 1 the second successful U.S. orbital launch.
The Angara rocket family is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) and 24,500 kg (54,000 lb) into low Earth orbit and are intended,along with Soyuz-2 variants,to replace several existing launch vehicles.
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is a class of expendable launch systems operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). GSLV has been used in fifteen launches since 2001.
The staged combustion cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle,propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers,and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency,measured through specific impulse,while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity.
The Sea Dragon was a 1962 conceptualized design study for a two-stage sea-launched orbital super heavy-lift launch vehicle. The project was led by Robert Truax while working at Aerojet,one of a number of designs he created that were to be launched by floating the rocket in the ocean. Although there was some interest at both NASA and Todd Shipyards,the project was not implemented.
The RD-58 is a rocket engine,developed in the 1960s by OKB-1,now RKK Energia. The project was managed by Mikhail Melnikov,and it was based on the previous S1.5400 which was the first staged combustion engine in the world. The engine was initially created to power the Block D stage of the Soviet Union's abortive N-1 rocket. Derivatives of this stage are now used as upper stages on some Proton and Zenit rockets. An alternative version of the RD-58 chamber,featuring a shorter nozzle,was used as the N-1's roll-control engine.
Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (CADB),also KB Khimavtomatika,is a Russian design bureau founded by the NKAP in 1941 and led by Semyon Kosberg until his death in 1965. Its origin dates back to a 1940 Moscow carburetor factory,evacuated to Berdsk in 1941,and then relocated to Voronezh city in 1945,where it now operates. Originally designated OKB-296 and tasked to develop fuel equipment for aviation engines,it was redesignated OKB-154 in 1946.
The Keldysh bomber was a Soviet design for a rocket-powered sub-orbital bomber spaceplane,which drew heavily upon work carried out by Eugen Sänger and Irene Bredt for the German Silbervogel project.
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The RD-701 is a liquid-fuel rocket engine developed by Energomash,Russia. It was briefly proposed to propel the reusable MAKS space plane,but the project was cancelled shortly before the end of USSR. The RD-701 is a tripropellant engine that uses a staged combustion cycle with afterburning of oxidizer-rich hot turbine gas. The RD-701 has two modes. Mode 1 uses three components:LOX as an oxidizer and a fuel mixture of RP-1 / LH2 which is used in the lower atmosphere. Mode 2 also uses LOX,with LH2 as fuel in vacuum where atmospheric influence is negligible.
The RD-120 is a liquid upper stage rocket engine burning RG-1 and LOX in an oxidizer rich staged combustion cycle with an O/F ratio of 2.6. It is used in the second stage of the Zenit family of launch vehicles. It has a single,fixed combustion chamber and thus on the Zenit it is paired with the RD-8 vernier engine. The engine was developed from 1976 to 1985 by NPO Energomash with V.P. Radovsky leading the development. It is manufactured by,among others,Yuzhmash in Ukraine.
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Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed and manufactured by SpaceX. The engine is a full-flow staged combustion cycle (FFSC) engine powered by cryogenic liquid methane and liquid oxygen ("methalox").