The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)

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The Lord of the Rings
LordOfTheRingsBBCRadioAdaptation1981Cover.jpg
BBC Radio Collection cover
Genre Radio drama
Running time30 minutes per episode
Country of origin United Kingdom
Language(s) English
Home station BBC Radio 4
Starring Ian Holm
Michael Hordern
Robert Stephens
Bill Nighy
James Grout
Simon Cadell
John Le Mesurier
Jack May
Peter Vaughan
Created by J. R. R. Tolkien
Written by Brian Sibley [1]
Michael Bakewell
Directed byJane Morgan
Penny Leicester
Narrated by Gerard Murphy
Original release8 March –
30 August 1981
No. of episodes26

The Lord of the Rings 1981 radio series is an epic fantasy adventure for BBC Radio 4, adapted from J.R.R. Tolkien's 1955 novel of the same name. It is the third radio dramatisation of the novel, following a 1955 BBC Radio adaptation, and a 1979 adaptation for NPR in the United States.

Contents

Like the novel on which it is based, the radio series tells the story of an epic struggle between the Dark Lord Sauron of Mordor, the primary villain of the work, and an alliance of heroes who join forces to save the world from falling under his shadow.

Development

Early stages and commissioning

The BBC entered negotiations with The Saul Zaentz Company to obtain the radio rights to adapt The Lord of the Rings in 1979, following the release of the Ralph Bakshi animated film. [2] [3] J. R. R. Tolkien had sold the film, stage and merchandising rights to United Artists in 1969, who had subsequently sold them to The Saul Zaentz Company in 1976. [4] The negotiations were protracted but ironically entirely unnecessary as the radio rights had never passed to the film company and were still controlled by the Tolkien estate. [2]

Brian Sibley was a young scriptwriter who had written a number of radio features for the BBC, but lacked experience adapting works of literature, having previously only adapted a short fantasy by James Thurber. [2] In 1979, Sibley submitted an idea for an original radio drama to Head of Drama Script Unit, Richard Imison, but was rejected. In his rejection letter, Imison asked Sibley to suggest a list of novels he would like to see adapted. Sibley submitted “about a baker’s dozen” suggestions, and added The Lord of the Rings in a postscript, declaring it “the one book I would really like to adapt for radio.” [2] Some weeks later in a chance meeting on a corridor in Broadcasting House, Imison asked Sibley how he had learned that the BBC were in negotiations to obtain the rights. Sibley stated that he had not been aware, and had suggested the book because he was "simply in love with [it]", having read it for the first time during an extended hospital stay a few years earlier. [2] The BBC commissioned the adaptation and offered it to Sibley as the lead writer. The commissioners had determined that it should comprise 26 half-hour episodes (6 months' worth of weekly broadcasts), and that scriptwriting should be divided between two writers. [2] Michael Bakewell was brought in as the second writer – a former producer and writer whose previous credits included a radio adaptation of Tolstoy’s War and Peace. [5]

Writing

Sibley and Bakewell began the process of adapting the books by arranging the core storyline into 26 episode synopses, each with its own conventional narrative structure and ending on a natural ‘cliffhanger’. From these synopses, the full episode scripts would be developed. The source material presented a variety of challenges to the adaptation process. Sibley recalls pacing difficulties due to the book's fluctuations between "sections rich in description, others containing lengthy historical resumés, some having an abundance of dialogue, while others are almost entirely narrative." [2] These challenges led to decisions to omit sections and characters that were deemed not to meaningfully advance the core plot. As such, the serial omits several sequences, most notably those in Book 1 [ broken anchor ] in which the hobbits come to Crickhollow, enter the Old Forest, and encounter the Barrow-wights, Old Man Willow, and ultimately Tom Bombadil. [6] On the latter, Sibley has stated he considers Bombadil to be a character Tolkien created independently of The Lord of the Rings, [3] and that it was preferable to "excise one large episode than to dramatically reduce several others." On the decision to excise some minor characters who appeared for only a few lines of the book, Sibley stated he felt it preferable to remove the character altogether than the alternative, "which would have been to fabricate dialogue for them." [2] The adaptation radically restructured the chronology of the chapters in Books 3-6, flattening out Tolkien's interlacing by splicing the journey of Frodo and Sam with events in the West. This aligned them with the timeline of events provided by Tolkien in the Appendices, and kept more of the actors employed for more of the episodes. [2]

The script attempts to be as faithful as possible to the original novel [6] with many sections of dialogue lifted directly from the source material, such as the conversations between Frodo, Sam and Faramir in The Window on the West. [7] The script also includes an arc where Wormtongue is waylaid by the Ringwraiths, as narrated in Unfinished Tales, [8] a newly published volume at that time. In the final episode, Bilbo's Last Song , a Tolkien poem which does not appear in the novel, is used to flesh out the sequence at the Grey Havens. [9] [10] The author's son and editor Christopher Tolkien reviewed and approved the final scripts for each episode. He recorded an audio cassette of correct pronunciations for Middle-earth words and names to assist the cast during recordings. [2]

Recording

Recording took place at BBC Broadcasting House over two months in 1980. [2] One-and-a-half days was allotted for each of the 26 episodes to be rehearsed and recorded. [11] Sibley recalls the recording sessions having "quite a lot of laughter, quite a few tears, and a number of frazzled tempers". [2] Gandalf-actor Michael Hordern recalled the sessions as "a bit of a slog". [12]

Elizabeth Parker of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop produced the sound effects. [13] The composer Stephen Oliver, who had previously scored the RSC's successful production of Nicholas Nickleby , scored the music, with over 100 cues through the original 26-episode serial. [14] The series was directed by Jane Morgan and Penny Leicester. Morgan stated she was anxious to avoid sound effects that were "too literal", and wished to incorporate music in complex battle scenes. [11]

Episodes

EpisodeTitleFirst broadcastCovering (Book.Chapter)
The Lord of the Rings
1The Long Awaited Party8 March 19811.1 The hobbit protagonists are introduced.
2The Shadow of the Past15 March 19811.2 The wizard Gandalf tells Frodo the history of the Ring, and why it must be destroyed.
3The Black Riders22 March 19811.3 * The hobbits are pursued by deadly Black Riders.
4Trouble at The Prancing Pony29 March 19811.9–1.10 The hobbits try to rest in an inn, but Frodo 'accidentally' puts on the Ring, making him invisible.
5The Knife in the Dark5 April 19811.11–1.12 Frodo is stabbed with a magic knife by a Black Rider. He starts to fade.
6The Council of Elrond12 April 19812.1–2.2 The half-elven Elrond calls a Council to decide the fate of the Ring.
7The Fellowship of the Ring19 April 19812.3 Gandalf, the hobbits, two men – Aragorn and Boromir, an elf, Legolas, and a dwarf, Gimli, set out to destroy the Ring.
8The Mines of Moria26 April 19812.4–2.5 They try to cross the Misty Mountains through the tunnels of Moria. Gandalf dies fighting a monstrous Balrog.
9The Mirror of Galadriel3 May 19812.6–2.7 The rest of the Fellowship are helped, tested, and counselled by the elf-lady Galadriel.
10The Breaking of the Fellowship10 May 19812.8–2.10, 3.1 The Fellowship breaks up as Boromir tries to take the Ring and is killed.
11The Riders of Rohan17 May 19813.2–3.3 Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet a resurrected Gandalf and the Riders of Rohan.
12Treebeard of Fangorn24 May 19813.4 Two of the hobbits, Merry and Pippin, encounter a tree-giant, Treebeard.
13The King of the Golden Hall31 May 19813.5–3.6 Gandalf frees Théoden, King of Rohan, free from a spell.
14Helm's Deep7 June 19813.7 Théoden fights off the wizard Saruman's army at the fortress of Helm's Deep.
15The Voice of Saruman14 June 19813.8–3.11 Gandalf and Théoden go to Saruman's tower, Orthanc, and speak with him. Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff.
16The Black Gate Is Closed21 June 19814.1–4.3 The other two hobbits, Frodo and Sam, guided by the monstrous Gollum, travel to Mordor to destroy the Ring, but the Black Gate is shut.
17The Window on the West28 June 19814.4–4.6 Frodo and Sam travel south to find another way into Mordor, but are captured by Boromir's brother, Faramir.
18Minas Tirith5 July 19815.1 Gandalf and Pippin find the city of Minas Tirith preparing for war.
19Shelob's Lair12 July 19814.7–4.10 Frodo and Sam try to cross the pass of Cirith Ungol into Mordor, but are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Frodo is stung and trussed up like a fly.
20The Siege of Gondor19 July 19815.4 Minas Tirith is besieged by the forces of Mordor.
21The Battle of Pelennor Fields26 July 19815.6 Minas Tirith is attacked by an immense army. The Riders of Rohan arrive to break the siege; Aragorn and an army of Gondor arrive by ship.
22The Houses of Healing2 August 19815.8 The wounded are healed in Minas Tirith.
23Mount Doom9 August 19816.1–6.3 Frodo and Sam travel to Mount Doom to destroy the Ring. Gollum takes the ring from Frodo, and falls into the mountain's fire.
24The Return of the King16 August 19816.4–6.5 Aragorn becomes King of Gondor, and marries Elrond's daughter, Arwen.
25Homeward Bound23 August 19816.6–6.8 The hobbits travel home.
26The Grey Havens30 August 19816.9 Frodo, scarred by his journey, sails from Middle-earth to elvenhome.

*1.4–1.8 on Crickhollow, Fatty Bolger, the Old Forest, Barrow-wights and Tom Bombadil omitted [15]

Broadcasts and release

The serial was first broadcast from 8 March to 30 August 1981 on BBC Radio 4 on Sundays from 12 noon to 12:30pm; each episode was repeated on the following Wednesday from 10:30pm to 11:00pm. [16] A soundtrack album featuring a re-recorded and in some cases expanded suite of Stephen Oliver's music was released in 1981. [17]

The 26-part series was edited into 13 hour-long episodes broadcast from 17 July to 9 October 1982, restoring some dialogue originally cut for timing. [16] Following the success of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy in the early 2000s, the BBC reissued its radio series in three sets (audiobooks) corresponding to the three original volumes ( The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King ). This version omitted the original episode divisions, and included new opening and closing monologues for the first two sets, and an opening monologue only for the last, written by Sibley and performed by Ian Holm as Frodo Baggins. The soundtrack with Stephen Oliver's music, digitally remastered, was included with The Return of the King set, with a demo of John Le Mesurier singing Bilbo's Last Song as a bonus track. [18]

Analysis

The scriptwriter Brian Sibley found the performances of three of the leading actors particularly excellent, namely Ian Holm as Frodo, Michael Hordern as Gandalf, and John Le Mesurier as Bilbo (all three actors pictured during the production). Holm Hordern Le Mesurier in BBC Radio 4 Lord of the Rings.jpg
The scriptwriter Brian Sibley found the performances of three of the leading actors particularly excellent, namely Ian Holm as Frodo, Michael Hordern as Gandalf, and John Le Mesurier as Bilbo (all three actors pictured during the production).

Sibley thought the casting of Ian Holm as Frodo "simply inspired", his performance "of unswerving determination, tempered always with humour and vulnerability." [1] He felt that Hordern managed to "become" Gandalf, "by intuition or some other theatrical magic ... by turn wise, stern and compassionate, a force for good, a constant light in an ever-darkening storm." [1] As for John Le Mesurier's Bilbo, the comic actor who had played Sergeant Wilson in Dad's Army gave the part "a weary melancholy". [1]

The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury sets out criteria for adapting a complex work like The Lord of the Rings. The adaptation, he writes, must not simply use characters and names to relabel some existing formula, or rewrite the story into a generic style; it must retain as much as possible of the original when translating the narrative into a drama; it must keep the presentation fresh, avoid repetition, and retain plausibility; and it must especially retain the coherent feeling of a Middle-earth under threat, along with the book's momentum, coherence, moral conviction, and subtlety. Rosebury states that a radio production is "fundamentally hampered" by not being able to "suggest the physical and cultural presence of Middle-earth", [6] other than through the limited medium of sound effects. In his view, the few passages of narration in the production "give tantalising glimpses of [Tolkien's] breadth of vision which fades painfully as the studio-bound dialogues resume." [6] He finds the dialogue well delivered by the actors, admiring especially Peter Woodthorpe's "fine Gollum", and the abridgement skilful though subtly flattening Tolkien's text "in the direction of an adventure story." [6] The version's strength, Rosebury writes, is in its rather faithful and almost complete rendering of the book's events, though as in Ralph Bakshi's animated version and Peter Jackson's live-action version, without Tom Bombadil. [6]

The Tolkien scholar Christina Scull thought it a "masterly adaptation", that stayed faithful to Tolkien's story, presented most of the characters "as he depicted them", and especially "caught the spirit of the books". [16] She found the handling of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields with alliterative verse "a brilliant idea", and praised Gerard Murphy's narration. [16] Comparing the production with Jackson's interpretation, she felt that her "happiness with the BBC production made [her] even less happy with Jackson than I might have been without it", disliking the films' additional material, violence, and "the weakening of almost all the characters". [16] In her view, the BBC dramatisation presented "the characters I [met] in the book", whereas the film version did not. [16]

Peter Woodthorpe (Gollum/Sméagol) and Michael Graham Cox (Boromir) had previously voiced the same roles in Bakshi's film in 1978. [19] Ian Holm, who voiced Frodo Baggins in the radio serial, went on to play Bilbo Baggins in Jackson's film trilogy in the early 2000s. [20]

Cast and credits

The Lord of the Rings was dramatised for radio by Sibley and Michael Bakewell. [21] The music was composed by Stephen Oliver. [22] Radiophonic sound was provided by Elizabeth Parker. The series was produced and directed by Jane Morgan and Penny Leicester.

The cast for the production was: [21]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Sibley, Brian. "THE RING GOES EVER ON: The Making of BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings". Brian Sibley. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sibley, Brian (1997). The Lord of the Rings Audio CD Boxset - Booklet. BBC. pp. 7–13. ISBN   978-0563388128.
  3. 1 2 "BRIAN SIBLEY : The Works" . Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  4. ↑ "Tolkiens Aghast at Warner Bros.' Exploitation". www.courthousenews.com. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "Michael Bakewell Radio Plays". suttonelms.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rosebury, Brian (2003) [1992]. Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 204–207. ISBN   978-1403-91263-3.
  7. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Allen & Unwin., book 2, ch. 5 "The Window on the West"
  8. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Unfinished Tales . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN   978-0-395-29917-3., part 3, ch. 4, "The Hunt for the Ring: Of the Journey of the Black Riders"
  9. ↑ Scull, Christina and Hammond, Wayne G.: The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide , 2nd edition; HarperCollins, 2017; Vol. 2, pp. 17–18
  10. ↑ Smith, Ian D. (ed.): Microphones in Middle Earth ; 1982
  11. 1 2 Morgan, Jane (1997). The Lord of the Rings Audio CD Boxset - Booklet. BBC. pp. 14–15. ISBN   978-0563388128.
  12. ↑ Hordern, Michael (1993). A World Elsewhere. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN   978-1-85479-188-7.
  13. ↑ "About". Elizabeth Parker. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023. She created special sound for The Day of the Triffids, and Lord of the Rings,
  14. ↑ Oliver, Stephen (1981). Music From The BBC Radio Dramatisation Of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord Of The Rings (LP). BBC Records. 2960 063.
  15. ↑ "The Fellowship of the Ring". Tolkien Gateway. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scull, Christina (28 February 2015). "I Didn't Know What I Was Getting Into". Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (Tolkien scholars). Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  17. ↑ Oliver, Stephen (composer); Clarke, Oz; James, David; Vine, Jeremy (vocals) (1981). Music From The BBC Radio Dramatisation Of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord Of The Rings (Vinyl (LP)). London: BBC Records. REH 415.
  18. ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. BBC Worldwide. Audible release 5 September 2007.
  19. ↑ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 154. ISBN   978-1-56976-222-6.
  20. ↑ "The Tolkien Library review of the Lord of the Rings Radio Adaptation". The Tolkien Library. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  21. 1 2 Pearse, Edward (15 January 2009). "The Lord of the Rings, Episode 2". Radio Riel. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020.
  22. ↑ Oliver, Stephen. Music from the BBC Radio Dramatisation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings; BBC Records; LP REH 415
  23. ↑ "Obituary: Ian Holm". BBC . 19 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020. he took the part of Frodo Baggins in BBC Radio 4's massive adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, which featured Holm alongside a host of other stars including Michael Hordern and Robert Stephens.
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