Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian

As used for Egyptology, transliteration of Ancient Egyptian is the process of converting (or mapping) texts written as Egyptian language symbols to alphabetic symbols representing uniliteral hieroglyphs or their hieratic and demotic counterparts. This process facilitates the publication of texts where the inclusion of photographs or drawings of an actual Egyptian document is impractical.

Transliteration is not the same as transcription. Transliteration is the representation of written symbols in a consistent way in a different writing system, while transcription indicates the pronunciation of a text. For the case of Ancient Egyptian, precise details of the phonology are not known completely. Transcription systems for Ancient Egyptian do exist, but they rely on linguistic reconstruction (depending on evidence from the Coptic language and other details) and are thus theoretical in nature. Egyptologists rely on transliteration in scientific publications.

Standards

Important as transliteration is for Egyptology, there is no one standard scheme in use for hieroglyphic and hieratic texts. However, there are a few closely related systems that can be regarded as conventional. Many non-German-speaking Egyptologists use the system described in Gardiner 1954, whereas many German-speaking scholars opt for that used in the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (Erman and Grapow 1926–1953), the standard dictionary of the ancient Egyptian language. However, there is a growing trend, even among English-speaking scholars, to adopt a modified version of the method used in the Wörterbuch (e.g., Allen 2000).

Although these conventional methods of transliteration have been used since the second half of the nineteenth century to the present time, there have been some attempts to adopt a modified system that seeks to use the International Phonetic Alphabet to a certain extent. The most successful of these is that developed by Wolfgang Schenkel (1990), and it is being used fairly widely in Germany and other German-speaking countries. More recent is a proposal by Thomas Schneider (2003) that is even closer to the IPA, but its usage is not presently common. The major criticism of both of these systems is that they give an impression of being scientifically accurate with regard to the pronunciation of Egyptian, though the actual accuracy is debatable. Moreover, the systems represent only the theoretical pronunciation of Middle Egyptian and not the older and later phases of the language, which are themselves to be transliterated with the same system.

Table of transliteration schemes

Although the system of Egyptian hieroglyphs is very complicated, there are only 24 consonantal phonemes distinguished, according to Edel (1955) ^[1] transliterated and ordered alphabetically in the sequence:

ꜣ j ꜥ w b p f m n r h ḥ ḫ ẖ z s š q k g t ṯ d ḏ

A number of variant conventions are used interchangeably depending on the author.

The following table shows several transliteration schemes. The first column shows the uniliteral hieroglyph (see #Uniliteral signs below) corresponding to the sound.

Conventional Transliteration Schemes

Glyph	Brugsch	Erman	Budge	Erman & Grapow	Gardiner	Edel	Manuel de Codage	Hodge	Schenkel	Hannig; Allen	Hoch	Schneider	Leiden Unified	Conventional Egyptological pronunciation
	1889	1894	1910	1926–1953	1957	1955 [1]	1988	1990	1991	1995; 2000	1997	2003	2023
𓄿	ꜣ	ꜣ	a	ꜣ	ꜣ	ꜣ	A	ꜣ	ꜣ	ꜣ	ꜣ	ɹ	ꜣ	/ɑ,ɑː/
𓇋	ʾ	ı͗	ȧ	ı͗, j	ı͗	j	i	ʔ	ı͗	j	ı͗	ı͗	ı͗	/i,iː,j/
𓏭	"	ï	i	j	y	j	y	y	ı͗	j	y	ı͗	ï	/iː/
𓇌	ʾʾ	y	i	j	y	jj, j	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	/iː/
𓂝	ꜥ	ꜥ	ā	ꜥ	ꜥ	ꜥ	a	ꜥ	ꜥ	ꜥ	ꜥ	ɗ	ꜥ	/ɑː/
𓅱	w	w	u	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	/w,uː/
𓃀	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	/b/
𓊪	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	p	/p/
𓆑	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	/f/
𓅓	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	/m/
𓈖	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	/n/
𓂋	r, l	r	r, l	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	r	l	r	/ɾ/
𓉔	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	/h/
𓎛	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	H	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	ḥ	/ħ,h/
𓐍	ḫ	ḫ	χ, kh	ḫ	ḫ	ḫ	x	x	ḫ	ḫ	ḫ	ḫ	ḫ	/x/
𓄡	ḫ	ḫ	χ, kh	ẖ	ẖ	ẖ	X	x̯	ẖ	ẖ	ẖ	ẖ	ẖ	/ç/
𓊃	s	s	s	s	s (z)	z	s, z	z	s	z	s	s	z	/z,s/
𓋴	s	s	s	ś	s (ś)	s	s	s	ś	s	s	ś	s	/s/
𓈙	š	š	ś, sh	š	š	š	S	š	š	š	š	š	š	/ʃ/
𓈎	ḳ	ḳ	q	ḳ	ḳ	q	q	q	ḳ	q	q	ḳ	q	/k,q/
𓎡	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	/k/
𓎼	g	g	ḳ	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	/ɡ/
𓏏	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	/t/
𓍿	ṯ	ṯ	θ, th	ṯ	ṯ	ṯ	T	č	č	ṯ	ṯ	c	ṯ	/tʃ/
𓂧	d	d	ṭ	d	d	d	d	d	ṭ	d	d	ḍ	d	/d/
𓆓	ḏ	ḏ	t', tch	ḏ	ḏ	ḏ	D	ǧ	č̣	ḏ	ḏ	c̣	ḏ	/dʒ/

The vowel /ɛ/ is conventionally inserted between consonants to make Egyptian words pronounceable in English.

Examples

The following text is transliterated below in some of the more common schemes. Note that most of the hieroglyphs in this text are not uniliteral signs, but can be found in the List of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

{{ Template:Hiero }}:

Unicode:

𓇓𓏏𓐰𓊵𓏙𓊩𓐰𓁹𓏃𓋀𓅂𓊹𓉻𓐰𓎟𓍋𓈋𓃀𓊖𓐰𓏤𓄋𓐰𓈐𓏦𓎟𓐰𓇾𓐰𓈅𓐱𓏤𓂦𓐰𓈉

(This text is conventionally translated into English as "an offering that the king gives; and Osiris, Foremost of Westerners [i.e., the Dead], the Great God, Lord of Abydos; and Wepwawet, Lord of the Sacred Land [i.e., the Necropolis]." It can also be translated "a royal offering of Osiris, Foremost of the Westerners, the Great God, Lord of Abydos; and of Wepwawet, Lord of the Sacred Land" [Allen 2000:§24.10].)

Erman and Grapow 1926–1953

• ḥtp-dỉ-nśwt wśỉr ḫntj ỉmntjw nṯr ꜥꜣ nb ꜣbḏw wp-wꜣwt nb tꜣ ḏśr

Gardiner 1953

• ḥtp-dỉ-nswt wsỉr ḫnty ỉmntỉw nṯr ꜥꜣ nb ꜣbḏw wp-wꜣwt nb tꜣ ḏsr

Buurman, Grimal, et al. 1988

• Htp-di-nswt wsir xnty imntiw nTr aA nb AbDw wp-wAwt nb tA Dsr

A fully encoded, machine-readable version of the same text is:

• M23-X1:R4-X8-Q2:D4-W17-R14-G4-R8-O29:V30-U23-N26-D58-O49:Z1-F13:N31-Z2-V30:N16:N21*Z1-D45:N25

Schenkel 1991

• ḥtp-dỉ-nswt wsỉr ḫnty ỉmntjw nčr ꜥꜣ nb ꜣbč̣w wp-wꜣwt nb tꜣ č̣sr

Allen 2000

• ḥtp-dj-nswt wsjr ḫntj jmntjw nṯr ꜥꜣ nb ꜣbḏw wp-wꜣwt nb tꜣ ḏsr

Schneider 2003

• ḥtp-ḍỉ-nśwt wśỉr ḫnty ỉmntjw ncr ɗɹ nb ɹbc̣w wp-wɹwt nb tɹ c̣śr

Demotic

Further information: Demotic (Egyptian)

As the latest stage of pre-Coptic Egyptian, demotic texts have long been transliterated using the same system(s) used for hieroglyphic and hieratic texts. However, in 1980, Demotists adopted a single, uniform, international standard based on the traditional system used for hieroglyphic, but with the addition of some extra symbols for vowels and other letters that were written in the demotic script. The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (or CDD) utilises this method. As this system is likely only of interest to specialists^{[ according to whom? ]}, for details see the references below.

• Cenival, Françoise de (1980). "Unification des méthodes de translittération". Enchoria. 10: 2–4.
• Johnson, Janet H (1980). "CDDP Transliteration System". Enchoria. 10: 5–6.
• Johnson, Janet (2000). Thus wrote 'Onchsheshonqy: an introductory grammar of Demotic, Third Edition. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN   978-0-918986-49-8 . Retrieved 28 August 2018.
• Tait, William John (1982). "The Transliteration of Demotic". Enchoria. 11: 67–76.
• Thissen, Heinz-Josef (1980). "Zur Transkription demotischer Texte". Enchoria. 10: 7–9.

Encoding

In 1984 a standard, ASCII-based transliteration system was proposed by an international group of Egyptologists at the first Table ronde informatique et égyptologie and published in 1988 (see Buurman, Grimal, et al., 1988). This has come to be known as the Manuel de Codage (or MdC) system, based on the title of the publication, Inventaire des signes hiéroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie informatique: Manuel de codage des textes hiéroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie sur ordinateur. It is widely used in e-mail discussion lists and internet forums catering to professional Egyptologists and the interested public.

Although the Manuel de codage system allows for simple "alphabetic" transliterations, it also specifies a complex method for electronically encoding complete ancient Egyptian texts, indicating features such as the placement, orientation, and even size of individual hieroglyphs. This system is used (though frequently with modifications) by various computer programs developed for typesetting hieroglyphic texts (such as SignWriter, WinGlyph, MacScribe, InScribe, Glyphotext, WikiHiero, and others).

Unicode

With the introduction of the Latin Extended Additional block to Unicode version 1.1 (1992), the addition of Egyptological alef and ayin to Unicode version 5.1 (2008) and the addition of Glottal I alias Egyptological yod to Unicode version 12.0 (2019), it is now possible to fully transliterate Egyptian texts using a Unicode typeface. The following table lists only the special characters used for various transliteration schemes (see above).

Transcription characters in Unicode

Minuscule	ꜣ ( )	ʾ ( )	ꞽ ( )	i̯	ï	ꜥ ( )	u̯	ḥ	ḫ	ẖ	h̭
Unicode	U+A723	U+02BE	U+A7BD	U+0069 U+032F	U+00EF	U+A725	U+0075 U+032F	U+1E25	U+1E2B	U+1E96	U+0068 U+032D
Majuscule	Ꜣ		Ꞽ ( )			Ꜥ		Ḥ	Ḫ	H̱	H̭
Unicode	U+A722		U+A7BC			U+A724		U+1E24	U+1E2A	U+0048 U+0331	U+0048 U+032D
Minuscule	ś	š	ḳ	č	ṯ	ṭ	ṱ	č̣	ḏ
Unicode	U+015B	U+0161	U+1E33	U+010D	U+1E6F	U+1E6D	U+1E71	U+010D U+0323	U+1E0F
Majuscule	Ś	Š	Ḳ	Č	Ṯ	Ṭ	Ṱ	Č̣	Ḏ
Unicode	U+015A	U+0160	U+1E32	U+010C	U+1E6E	U+1E6C	U+1E70	U+010C U+0323	U+1E0E
Brackets/ interpunction	⸗	⟨	⟩	⸢	⸣
Unicode	U+2E17	U+27E8	U+27E9	U+2E22	U+2E23

Egyptological alef, ayin, and yod

Three characters that are specific to the discipline are required for transliterating Egyptian:

• Alef ( , two Semitistic alephs, one set over the other (Lepsius); approximated by the digit ⟨3⟩ in ASCII); ^[2]
• Ayin ( , a Semitistic ayin);
• Yod ( , i with a Semitistic aleph instead of the dot, both yod and alef being considered possible sound values in the 19th century). ^[3]

Although three Egyptological and Ugariticist letters were proposed in August 2000, ^[4] it was not until 2008 (Unicode 5.1) two of the three letters were encoded: aleph and ayin (minor and capital). Another two proposals were made regarding the Egyptological yod, ^{[5] [6]} the eventual result of which was to accept the use of the Cyrillic psili pneumata (U+0486◌҆COMBINING CYRILLIC PSILI PNEUMATA) as one of several possible diacritics for this purpose. The other options use the superscript comma (U+0313) and the right half ring above (U+0357). A new attempt for a sign called LETTER I WITH SPIRITUS LENIS was made in 2017. ^[7] Within the Egyptological community objections were made concerning this name. ^[8] The proposed name was changed to EGYPTOLOGICAL YOD ^[9] before finally becoming GLOTTAL I. ^[10] The sign was added in March 2019 with the release of Unicode 12.0. One of the first fonts that implemented the full set of signs is New Athena Unicode. ^[11]

Designation	Lowercase	Capital
Egyptological alef	ꜣ U+A723	Ꜣ U+A722
Egyptological ayin	ꜥ U+A725	Ꜥ U+A724
Egyptological yod	U+A7BD	Ꞽ U+A7BC

Before the usage of the above-mentioned Unicode signs, various workarounds were in practice, e.g.

Egyptological workarounds

Designation	Lowercase	Capital
Middle English yogh [12]	ȝ U+021D
Reverse sicilicus [12]	ʿ U+02BF
Right half ring above  [13]	i͗ U+0069 U+0357	I͗ U+0049 U+0357
	ı͗ U+0131 U+0357  [14]
I with hook above  [12]	ỉ U+1EC9	Ỉ U+1EC8
Cyrillic psili pneumata	i҆ U+0069 U+0486	I҆ U+0049 U+0486
Superscript comma	i̓ U+0069 U+0313	I̓ U+0049 U+0313

Phonetic signs

Uniliteral signs

Middle Egyptian is reconstructed as having had 24 consonantal phonemes. There is at least one hieroglyph with a phonetic value corresponding to each of these phonemes.

The table below gives a list of such "uniliteral signs" along with their conventional transcription and their conventional "Egyptological pronunciation" and probable phonetic value.

Many hieroglyphs are coloured, though the paint has worn off most stone inscriptions. Colors vary, but many glyphs are predominantly one colour or another, or a particular combination (such as red on the top and blue on the bottom). In some cases, two graphically similar glyphs may be distinguished solely by colour, though in other cases it's not known if the choice of colour had any meaning.

Uniliteral signs

Sign			Egyptological transliteration and pronunciation			Phonetic values (IPA) [15] [16] [17] [18]
Hieroglyph	Sign Colour	Depiction	Transliteration	Say (modern) [19]	Notes	Old Egyptian	Middle Egyptian
𓄿	Polychrome	Egyptian vulture	ꜣ	ah	Called alef or hamza, a glottal stop	some form of liquid; proposed values include /ʀ/, /r/, /l/, /ɫ/	variously /ʀ/, /ʔ/, and /j/
𓇋	Green	Flowering reed	ꞽ or j	ee	Called iod	/j/ or /ʔ/ (?)
𓇌	Green	Pair of reeds	y or j	y or ee	Called yod or y	not used	/j/
𓏭	Blue	Pair of strokes	y or j or ï			not used	/j/ or /i/ (?)
𓂝	Red	Forearm	ꜥ	ah	Called aayin	/ʕ/, or debatably /d/ [20]	/ʕ/; /d/ perhaps retained in some words and dialects
𓅱 𓏲	Yellow	Quail chick or its hieratic abbreviation	w	w or oo	Called wau	/w/
𓃀	Red	Lower leg	b	b		/b/
𓊪	Green	Reed mat or stool	p	p		/p/
𓆑	Yellow	Horned viper	f	f		/f/
𓅓	Yellow	Owl	m	m		/m/
𓈖	Black	Ripple of water	n	n		/n/
𓂋	Red	Human mouth	r	r		/ɾ/, sometimes /l/ (dialectally always /l/)	variously /ɾ/, /l/, /j/, ∅ (dialectally /l/, /j/, ∅)
𓉔	Blue	Reed shelter	h	h		/h/
𓎛	Green	Twisted wick	ḥ	h	An emphatic h, a voiceless pharyngeal fricative	/ħ/
𓐍	Green	Sieve or placenta	ḫ	kh	Voiceless velar fricative	/χ/ ~ /x/, or speculatively /​ɣ/(?)
𓄡	Attested in multiple colors	Animal belly and tail	ẖ	kh; hy as in human	A softer sound, a voiceless palatal fricative	/ç/, or speculatively /x/(?)
𓊃	Red	Door bolt	z or s	z/s		very unclear; proposed values include /z/, /t͡s/, /sʼ/, /θ/	/s/
𓋴	Red	Folded cloth	s or ś	s		/s/
𓈙 𓈚 𓈛 𓈜	Blue	Garden pool	š	sh		/ʃ/
𓈎	Blue	Hill slope	ḳ or q	q	An emphatic k, a voiceless uvular plosive	/kʼ/ or /qʼ/(?) (exact phonetic distinction from ⟨g⟩ unclear)
𓎡 𓎢	Green	Basket with handle	k	k		/k/
𓎽 𓎼	Red	Jar stand	g	g		/kʼ/ or /g/(?) (exact phonetic distinction from ⟨q⟩ unclear)
𓏏	Blue	Bread loaf	t	t		/t/	/t/ ~ ∅
𓍿	Green	Tethering rope or hobble	ṯ or č	ch	As in English church	/c/	/c/ ~ /t/ ~ ∅
𓂧	Red	Hand	d or ṭ	d		/tʼ/
𓆓	Yellow	Cobra	ḏ or č̣	j		/cʼ/	/cʼ/ ~ /tʼ/

Biliteral signs

The biliteral Egyptian hieroglyphs are hieroglyphs which represent a specific sequence of two consonants. The listed hieroglyphs focus on the consonant combinations rather than the meanings behind the hieroglyphs. ^[21]

Egyptian Biliteral Hieroglyphs
	ꜣ	ỉ	ꜥ	w	b	p	m	n	r	ḥ	ḫ	z	s	q	k	t	ṯ	d	ḏ
ꜣ				𓄫 ꜣw F40	𓍋 ꜣb U23						𓅜𓇇 ꜣḫ G25 M15		𓊨𓄼 ꜣs Q1 F51c
ỉ				𓂻𓃛 ỉw D54 E9	𓃙𓄣 ỉb E8 F34		𓐛𓏶 ỉm Aa13 Z11	𓀟𓆛𓏌𓏎 ỉn A27 K1 W24 W25	𓀹𓁹 ỉr A48 D4	𓌤 ỉḥ T24		𓇩 ỉz M40			𓀗 ỉk A19	𓆊 ỉt I3	𓎁 ỉṯ V15
ꜥ	𓉻 ꜥꜣ O29				𓄏 ꜥb F16					𓌤 ꜥḥ T24				𓅧 ꜥq G35					𓆝𓎙𓎚 ꜥḏ K3 V26 V27
w	𓍯 wꜣ V4		𓌡 wꜥ T21			𓄋 wp F13		𓃹𓇬 wn E34 M42	𓅨 wr G36				𓄼𓊨𓊩 ws F51c Q1 Q2						𓇅𓎗𓎘 wḏ M13 V24 V25
b	𓅡𓎺𓎻 bꜣ G29 W10 W10a									𓄑 bḥ F18
p	𓅮𓅯 pꜣ G40 G41								𓉐 pr O1	𓄖 pḥ F22								𓂾 pd D56	𓌒 pḏ T9
m	𓌳 mꜣ U1	𓂝𓂟𓈘𓏇 mỉ D36 D38 N36 W19		𓈗 mw N35a			𓅔 mm G18	𓌇𓏠 mn T1 Y5	𓈘𓉕𓌸𓍋 mr N36 O5 U6 U23	𓎔 mḥ V22			𓄟 ms F31			𓂸𓅐 mt D52 G14		𓌃 md S43
n		𓂜𓂢 nỉ D35 D41		𓍇𓏌 nw U19 W24	𓎟 nb V30		𓉕𓌰𓌱 nm O5 T34 T35	𓇒 nn M22a	𓆂 nr H4	𓅘 nḥ G21			𓄓 ns F20						𓐩 nḏ Aa27
r				𓃭 rw E23									𓌘 rs T13
h					𓍁 hb U13
ḥ	𓇉 ḥꜣ M16			𓄑 ḥw F18		𓐑 ḥp Aa5	𓈟𓍛 ḥm N42 U36	𓆰𓌼𓎨 ḥn M2 U8 V36	𓁷𓈐 ḥr D2 N31			𓎿 ḥz W14							𓌉𓌋 ḥḏ T3 T4
ḫ	𓆩𓆼 ḫꜣ L6 M12		𓈍 ḫꜥ N28	𓂤 ḫw D43			𓋉 ḫm R22									𓆱 ḫt M3
ẖ	𓆞 ẖꜣ K4							𓂙𓄚 ẖn D33 F26	𓌨 ẖr T28
z	𓅭𓎂𓎃 zꜣ G39 V16 V17					𓊗 zp O50
s	𓐟𓐠 sꜣ Aa17 Aa18			𓇓 sw M23				𓌢 sn T22							𓎝 sk V29	𓄝𓊨 st F29 Q1	𓋫 sṯ S22		𓏴 sḏ Z9
š	𓆆𓆷 šꜣ H7 M8			𓆄 šw H6			𓈝 šm N40	𓍢𓍲 šn V1 V7					𓍱 šs V6					𓄞 šd F30
q								𓐖 qn Aa8					𓌟 qs T19					𓐪 qd Aa28
k	𓂓 kꜣ D28					𓊶 kp R5	𓆎 km I6
g					𓅬 gb G38		𓅠 gm G28						𓐛𓐞 gs Aa13 Aa16
t	𓇾𓇿𓍔 tꜣ N16 N17 U30	𓍘 tỉ U33				𓁶𓌐 tp D1 T8	𓍃 tm U15		𓆵 tr M6
ṯ	𓅷 ṯꜣ G47											𓋭 ṯz S24
d		𓂞𓏙 dỉ D37 X8
ḏ	𓍑𓍒 ḏꜣ U28 U29	𓏙 ḏỉ X8		𓈋 ḏw N26	𓅙 ḏb G22				𓇥 ḏr M36									𓊽 ḏd R11	𓆕 ḏḏ I11

Triliteral signs

The following is a list of Egyptian hieroglyphs with triconsonantal phonetic value.

	Gardiner	Unicode	Unicode	Transl.	Description	Notes
	E26	U+130F0	𓃰	ꜣbw
	O28	U+1327A	𓉺	iwn
	F44	U+1312F	𓄯	isw , iwꜥ	Bone with meat	isꜣ "reward"; iw' "thigh bone"; iw "heir, inheritance, ancestry"
	S39	U+132FF	𓋿	ꜥwt
	Aa20	U+13422	𓐢	ꜥpr
	S34	U+132F9	𓋹	ꜥnḫ	Ankh symbol	Ideogram for "life", "live"
	P6	U+132A2	𓊢	ꜥḥꜥ	Mast
	I1	U+13188	𓆈	ꜥšꜣ	Lizard
	V29	U+1339D	𓎝	wꜣḥ	Swab
	S40	U+13300	𓌀	wꜣs	Was Sceptre
	M13	U+131C5	𓇅	wꜣḏ	Papyrus Stem
	D60	U+130C2	𓃂	wꜥb	Foot with water streaming	Ideogram for pure or clean
	F25	U+13119	𓄙	wḥm	Leg and hoof of an ox
	F12	U+1310A	𓄊	wsr
	Aa11	U+13419	𓐙	mꜣꜥ
	S12	U+132DE	𓋞	nbw
	F35	U+13124	𓄤	nfr
	R8	U+132B9	𓊹	nṯr
	T12	U+13317	𓌗	rwḏ
	S38	U+132FE	𓋾	ḥqꜣ
	R4	U+132B5	𓊵	ḥtp
	L1	U+131A3	𓆣	ḫpr
	W17	U+133C3	𓏃	ḫnt
	S42	U+13302	𓌂	ḫrp
	P8	U+132A4	𓊤	ḫrw
	U34	U+13359	𓍙	ḫsf
	W9	U+133B8	𓎸	ẖnm
	N14	U+131FC	𓇼	sbꜣ
	F42	U+1312D	𓄭	spr
	F36	U+13125	𓄥	zmꜣ
	S29	U+132F4	𓋴	snb
	G54	U+1317E	𓅾	snḏ
	T31	U+1332B	𓌫	sšm
	U21	U+13349	𓍉	stp
	F21	U+13114	𓄔	sḏm
	A50	U+1303B	𓀻	šps
	M26	U+131D7	𓇗	šmꜥ
	T18	U+1331E	𓌞	šms
	U17	U+13345	𓍅	grg
	G4	U+13142	𓅂	tiw	Buzzard
	T25	U+13325	𓌥	ḏbꜣ

See also

• List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
• Egyptian transliteration schemes

References

Citations

1. E. Edel, Altägyptische Grammatik, Analecta Orientalia 34, 39, Rome (1955, 1964).
2. Carsten Peust, Egyptian Phonology: Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language (Göttingen, 1999), 127.
3. Peust, Egyptian Phonology, p. 50, 99ff.
4. Everson, Michael. Proposal to add 6 Egyptological characters to the UCS, 2000-08-27
5. Everson, Michael and Bob Richmond, EGYPTOLOGICAL YOD and Cyrillic breathing, 2008-04-08
6. Everson, Michael, Proposal to encode Egyptological Yod and similar characters in the UCS, 2008-08-04
7. Michel Suignard, Proposal to encode Egyptological Yod and similar characters in the UCS, 2017-05-09 (cf. the later 2008 proposal).
8. "The Egyptian June 2017 Archive by thread". evertype.com. Retrieved Dec 29, 2022.
9. Moore, Lisa (2018-02-02). "L2/17-362: UTC #153 Minutes".
10. Moore, Lisa (2018-11-20). "L2/18-183: UTC #156 Minutes".
11. "New Athena Unicode Font Download". apagreekkeys.org. Retrieved Dec 29, 2022.
12. See IFAO - Polices de caractères
13. "New Athena Unicode Font Download". ucbclassics.dreamhosters.com. Retrieved Dec 29, 2022.
14. "Unicode - Glossing Ancient Languages". wikis.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved Dec 29, 2022.
15. Loprieno, Antonio (2001) "From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic" in Haspelmath, Martin et al. (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals
16. Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language, Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
17. Allen, James P. (2013) The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
18. Kammerzell, Frank (2005). Old Egyptian and Pre-Old Egyptian : Tracing Linguistic Diversity in Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Egyptian Language. Achet. ISBN   9783933684202 . Retrieved Dec 29, 2022– via edoc.bbaw.de.
19. Allen, James Paul. 2000. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, chapter 2.6.
20. Gensler, Orin D. (2014) "A typological look at Egyptian *d > ʕ" in Grossman, Eitan; Haspelmath, Martin; and Richter, Tonio Sebastian (eds.), Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective
21. James P. Allen, Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge University Press, 15 Apr 2010 25ff.

Bibliography

• Allen, James Paul (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Buurman, Jan; Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe; Hainsworth, Michael; Hallof, Jochen; van der Plas, Dirk (1988). Inventaire des signes hiéroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie informatique: Manuel de codage des textes hiéroglyphiques en vue de leur saisie sur ordinateur. Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belle-Lettres (Nouvelle Série). Vol. 8 (3rd ed.). Paris: Institut de France.
• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann, eds. (1971) [published 1926–1953, J. C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen, Liepzig]. Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache im Auftrage der deutschen Akademien. Vol. 1–6. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
• Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1957). Egyptian Grammar; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs (3rd ed.). Oxford: Griffith Institute.
• Hannig, Rainer (1995). Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch–Deutsch: die Sprache der Pharaonen (2800–950 v. Chr.). Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt. Vol. 64. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern. ISBN   9783805317719.
• Kammerzell, Frank (2005). "Old Egyptian and Pre-Old Egyptian: Tracing linguistic diversity in Archaic Egypt and the creation of the Egyptian language". In Seidlmayer, Stephan Johannes (ed.). Texte und Denkmäler des ägyptischen Alten Reiches. Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae. Vol. 3. Berlin: Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 165–247. ISBN   3-933684-20-X.
• Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990). Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft. Orientalistische Einführungen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. doi:10.11588/diglit.47786. ISBN   3-534-03506-2.
• Schenkel, Wolfgang (1991). Tübinger Einführung in die klassisch-ägyptische Sprache und Schrift. Tübingen: W. Schenkel. doi:10.11588/diglit.13942.
• Schneider, Thomas (2003). "Etymologische Methode, die Historizität der Phoneme und das ägyptologische Transkriptionsalphabet". Lingua Aegyptia: Journal of Egyptian Language Studies (in German). 11: 187–199.
• International Congress of Egyptologists (2023). "The Leiden Unified Transliteration". Archived from the original on 2023-08-13.

External links

• omniglot.com
• Manuel de Codage: technical details of electronic transliteration of Egyptian texts
• Unicode-based transliteration system adopted by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Description and downloadable keyboard layouts.
• Online encoding converter for converting ASCII-based transliterations into Unicode.