Ustilaginaceae

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Ustilaginaceae
Huitlacoche.jpg
Ustilago maydis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Ustilaginomycetes
Order: Ustilaginales
Family: Ustilaginaceae
Tul. & C.Tul. (1847)
Type genus
Ustilago
(Pers.) Roussel (1806)

The Ustilaginaceae are a family of smut fungi in the order Ustilaginomycetes. Collectively, the family contains 17 genera and 607 species. [1]

Contents

Biotechnological relevance

Ustilaginaceae naturally produce a wide range of value-added chemicals (e.g. secondary metabolites, TCA cycle intermediates) with growing biotechnological interest. [2] Reported metabolites are polyols, organic acids, extracellular glycolipids, iron-chelating siderophores and tryptophan derivatives. [3] [4] Polyols, such as erythritol (ery) and mannitol, for example, have large markets as sweeteners for diabetics and as facilitating agents for the transportation of pharmaceuticals in medicine. [5] Itaconic, L-malic, succinic, l-itatartaric, and l-2-hydroxyparaconic acid are organic acids produced by many Ustilaginomycetes. [4] Applications for itaconic acid are for example the production of resins, plastics, adhesives, elastomers, coatings, and nowadays itaconate is discussed as a platform chemical in the production of biofuels. [6] Malic acid is used in many food products, primarily as an acidulant. [7] Succinic acid is utilized as a precursor to pharmaceutical ingredients, such as additives, solvents, and polymers, but also as a food additive and dietary supplement. [8] Another category of metabolites produced by smut fungi contains extracellular glycolipids, such as mannosylerythritol lipids and ustilagic acid. [9] [10] These lipids have biosurfactant properties and can be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications and are known for their strong fungicidal activity on many species. [3]

Genera

With authors and amount of species per genus; [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corn smut</span> Fungal plant disease on maize and teosint

Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. One of several cereal crop pathogens called smut, the fungus forms galls on all above-ground parts of corn species such as maize and teosinte. The infected corn is edible; in Mexico, it is considered a delicacy called huitlacoche, often eaten as a filling in quesadillas and other tortilla-based foods, as well as in soups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itaconic acid</span> Chemical compound

Itaconic acid, or methylidenesuccinic acid, is an organic compound. This dicarboxylic acid is a white solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Historically, itaconic acid was obtained by the distillation of citric acid, but currently it is produced by fermentation. The name itaconic acid was devised as an anagram of aconitic acid, another derivative of citric acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginales</span> Order of fungi

The Ustilaginales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contained 8 families, 49 genera, and 851 species in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginomycotina</span> Subdivision of fungi

The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi. It consists of the classes Ustilaginomycetes and Exobasidiomycetes, and in 2014 the subdivision was reclassified and the two additional classes Malasseziomycetes and Monilielliomycetes added. The name was first published by Doweld in 2001; Bauer and colleagues later published it in 2006 as an isonym. Ustilagomycotina and Agaricomycotina are considered to be sister groups, and they are in turn sister groups to the subdivision Pucciniomycotina.

Sporisorium sorghi, commonly known as sorghum smut, is a plant pathogen that belongs to the Ustilaginaceae family. This fungus is the causative agent of covered kernel smut disease and infects sorghum plants all around the world such as Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), S. sudanense, S. halepense and Sorghumvulgare var. technichum (broomcorn). Ineffective control of S. sorghi can have serious economic and ecological implications.

Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances.

Thecaphora is a genus of basidiomycote fungus which contains several species of plant pathogens. The widespread genus contained about 57 species in 2008. and held 61 species in 2020.

<i>Tilletia</i> Genus of fungi

Tilletia is a genus of smut fungi in the Tilletiaceae family. Species in this genus are plant pathogens that affect various grasses. Tilletia indica, which causes Karnal bunt of wheat, and Tilletia horrida, responsible for rice kernel smut, are examples of species that affect economically important crops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entorrhizomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Entorrhizomycetes is the sole class in the phylum Entorrhizomycota within the Fungi subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. It contains three genera and is a small group of teliosporic root parasites that form galls on plants in the Juncaceae (rush) and Cyperaceae (sedge) families. Prior to 2015 this phylum was placed under the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina. A 2015 study did a "comprehensive five-gene analyses" of Entorrhiza and concluded that the former class Entorrhizomycetes is possibly either a close sister group to the rest of Dikarya or Basidiomycota.

The Cintractiellaceae are a monotypic, family of smut fungi, in the order Cintractiellales, but unplaced beyond that. The family contains one genera, Cintractiella with 4 species. The family was circumscribed by mycologist Kálmán Vánky in 2003.

The Websdaneaceae are a family of smut fungi in the class Ustilaginomycetes. Collectively, the family contains 2 genera and 22 species.

Aizoago is a fungal genus in the family Ustilaginaceae. Circumscribed in 2013, it contains two species of smut fungi found in Australia. Aizoago tetragoniae grows on Tetragonia diptera, while A. tetragonioides grows on Tetragonia tetragonioides.

Sporisorium is a fungus genus in the Ustilaginaceae family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kálmán Vánky</span> Mycologist (1930–2021)

Kálmán Géza Vánky was a Hungarian mycologist with Swedish and Hungarian citizenship, who lived in Germany. He was considered to be the worldwide authority on the subject of smut fungi and has dominated the taxonomic study of Ustilaginomycetes for at least the past four decades.

Ustilagic acid is an organic compound with the formula C36H64O18. The acid is a cellobiose lipid produced by the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis under conditions of nitrogen starvation. The acid was discovered in 1950 and was proved to be an amphipathic glycolipid with surface active properties. The name comes from Latin ustus which means burnt and refers to the scorched appearance of the smut fungi.

<i>Doassansiopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Doassansiopsis is a genus of smut fungi belonging to the monotypic family DoassansiopsidaceaeBegerow, R.Bauer & Oberw., 1998, within the class Ustilaginomycetes and order Urocystidales.

Macalpinomyces is a fungus genus in the Ustilaginaceae family.

<i>Moesziomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Moesziomyces is a fungal genus in the family Ustilaginaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urocystidales</span> Order of fungi

The Urocystidales are an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes. The order contains 6 families and about 400 genera. They are a sister order to Ustilaginales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doassansiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Doassansiaceae are a family of fungi in the division Basidiomycota and order of Doassansiales. The family contains 11 genera and about 58 species. They have a widespread distribution. Doassansiaceae is also known and classified as a smut fungi.

References

  1. ↑ Kirk MP, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 716. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ↑ Geiser, Elena; Wiebach, Vincent; Wierckx, Nick; Blank, Lars M. (2014-01-01). "Prospecting the biodiversity of the fungal family Ustilaginaceae for the production of value-added chemicals". Fungal Biology and Biotechnology. 1: 2. doi: 10.1186/s40694-014-0002-y . ISSN   2054-3085. PMC   5598272 . PMID   28955444.
  3. 1 2 Feldbrügge, Michael; Kellner, Ronny; Schipper, Kerstin (2013-03-02). "The biotechnological use and potential of plant pathogenic smut fungi". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (8): 3253–3265. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4777-1. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   23455565. S2CID   18520974.
  4. 1 2 Guevarra, Elvira D.; Tabuchi, Takeshi (1990-01-01). "Accumulation of Itaconic, 2-Hydroxyparaconic, Itatartaric, and Malic Acids by Strains of the Genus Ustilago". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 54 (9): 2353–2358. doi: 10.1271/bbb1961.54.2353 .
  5. ↑ Moon, Hee-Jung; Jeya, Marimuthu; Kim, In-Won; Lee, Jung-Kul (2010-02-26). "Biotechnological production of erythritol and its applications". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 86 (4): 1017–1025. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2496-4. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   20186409. S2CID   9560435.
  6. ↑ Willke, Th; Vorlop, K.-D. (2001). "Biotechnological production of itaconic acid". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 56 (3–4): 289–295. doi:10.1007/s002530100685. ISSN   0175-7598. PMID   11548996. S2CID   206934753.
  7. ↑ Tsao, G. T.; Cao, N. J.; Du, J.; Gong, C. S. (1999-01-01). Tsao, Prof Dr G. T.; Brainard, A. P.; Bungay, H. R.; Cao, N. J.; Cen, P.; Chen, Z.; Du, J.; Foody, B.; Gong, C. S. (eds.). Production of Multifunctional Organic Acids from Renewable Resources. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology. Vol. 65. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 243–280. doi:10.1007/3-540-49194-5_10. ISBN   9783540655770. PMID   10533437.
  8. ↑ Zeikus, J. G.; Jain, M. K.; Elankovan, P. (1999). "Biotechnology of succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 51 (5): 545–552. doi:10.1007/s002530051431. ISSN   0175-7598. S2CID   38868987.
  9. ↑ Morita, Tomotake; Fukuoka, Tokuma; Imura, Tomohiro; Kitamoto, Dai (2009-05-01). "Production of glycolipid biosurfactants by basidiomycetous yeasts". Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 53 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1042/BA20090033. ISSN   1470-8744. PMID   19341364. S2CID   27322169.
  10. ↑ Bölker, Michael; Basse, Christoph W.; Schirawski, Jan (2008-08-01). "Ustilago maydis secondary metabolism—From genomics to biochemistry". Fungal Genetics and Biology. Thematic Issue: Ustilago maydis. 45, Supplement 1: S88–S93. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2008.05.007. PMID   18585066.
  11. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  12. ↑ Vánky K. (2011). "Bambusiomyces, a new genus of smut fungi" (PDF). Mycologia Balcanica. 8: 141–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-12.


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