| Xylographaceae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Herbarium specimen of Xylographa parallela growing on driftwood; 30X magnification | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Baeomycetales |
| Family: | Xylographaceae Tuck. (1888) |
| Type genus | |
| Xylographa (Fr.) Fr. (1836) | |
| Genera | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Xylographaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Baeomycetales. It contains four genera and 25 species. [2]
The family was circumscribed in 1888 by American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman (as "Xylographei"). His concept of the family included only Agyrium , and the type genus, Xylographa . [3] In 1929, British lichenologist Walter Watson published a system of lichen classification and included the genera Lithographa , Ptychographa , and Encephalographa in the Xylographaceae, leaving out Agyrium. [4] After that, the family was rarely used until it was resurrected in 2015 following molecular phylogenetic analysis of trapelioid fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae. In this analysis, it was determined that trapelioid taxa fall into two major phylogenetic groups; the first group – containing the genera Rimularia , Placynthiella , Trapeliopsis , Trapelia , and Placopsis – are part of the family Trapeliaceae. The remaining trapelioid genera are in the Xylographaceae. [1]
Most species in the Xylographaceae have linearized, hysteriothecial ascomata. [1] These are ascomata with elongated ascocarps that are initially closed but open by means of a longitudinal fissure that exposes the hymenium.
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.
The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species.
The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.
The Lecanoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.
The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions.
The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.
The Mycocaliciaceae are a family of seven genera and about 90 species of fungi in the order Mycocaliciales.
Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.
Lithographa is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Xylographaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1857 by Finnish botanist William Nylander, with Lithographa petraea assigned as the type species. This species is now known as Lithographa tesserata.
Pilophorus is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. They are commonly known as matchstick lichens. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains 11 species. The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1857, with Pilophorus robustus assigned as the type species.
Xanthopyreniaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Collemopsidiales. The family was circumscribed by lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1926.
The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.
Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.
Varicellaria is a genus of crustose lichens. It is the only genus in the family Varicellariaceae.
Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.
Leprocaulaceae is a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi. It is the single family in the monotypic order Leprocaulales. Leprocaulaceae contains three genera and about 33 species.
Thelenellaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole family in the monotypic order Thelenellales, and contains three genera and about 50 species.
Pyrenidium is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It is the only genus in the family Pyrenidiaceae. It has 13 species.
Cryptoschizotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species. The genus was circumscribed in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot, Robert Lücking, and Marcela Cáceres. The genus name alludes to the similarity in anatomy with Schizotrema species. This resemblance is due to the partially carbonized, concentrically layered, and fissured excipulum, which gives the impression that the Schizotrema-like excipulum is concealed beneath a protective layer. The type species was originally described by William Nylander in 1867, as a species of Thelotrema.