Yellowstripe scad

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Yellowstripe scad
Yellowstripe scad.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Subfamily: Caranginae
Genus: Selaroides
Bleeker, 1851
Species:
S. leptolepis
Binomial name
Selaroides leptolepis
(G. Cuvier, 1833)
Selaroides leptolepis distribution.png
Approximate range of the yellowstripe scad
Synonyms

Caranx leptolepisCuvier, 1833
Leptaspis leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833)
Caranx mertensiiCuvier, 1833
Caranx procaranxDe Vis, 1884
Caranx bidiiDay, 1873
Caranx chevertiAlleyne & Macleay, 1877

Contents

The yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis), also known as the yellowstripe trevally, yellow-banded trevally, smooth-tailed trevally, slender-scaled trevally and slender trevally, is a species of small inshore fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, and the only member of the genus Selaroides. The yellowstripe trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region, ranging from the Persian Gulf in the west to Vanuatu and New Caledonia in the east. The species is distinguished by its prominent lateral yellow band, and differs from the scads of the genus Selar in having a smaller eye and different dentition. Although the yellowstripe scad reaches a maximum recorded length of 22 cm, it is normally encountered at sizes less than 15 cm. Phylogenetic studies indicate the yellowstripe scad is closely related to the scads of the genus Selar, although its exact placement in the family Carangidae is less well agreed upon.

A schooling species that predominantly inhabits inshore waters, the yellowstripe scad is a predatory fish, taking crustaceans, small fish and a variety of other planktonic prey. Feeding occurs at different times of the day and night throughout its range. The species reaches sexual maturity at around 8–13 cm, with spawning in India shown to occur in two peak periods between January to April and July to October. The yellowstripe scad is an important commercial species, with between 113,000 t and 195,000 t reported worldwide between 1990 and 2010. The species is predominantly harvested with trawls, however is also taken with smaller traditional nets. The yellowstripe scad is marketed fresh, frozen, as a dried fish snack as well as several novel ways including fish powder, surimi and burgers.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The yellowstripe scad is the only member of the monotypic genus Selaroides, one of around thirty genera in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, which in turn is part of the order Carangiformes. [2]

The yellowstripe scad was first scientifically described by the famed French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1833 based on the holotype specimen taken from the waters of Java, Indonesia. He named the species Caranx leptolepis, with the specific epithet derived from Greek, meaning 'thin scales'. [3] In 1851 the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker re-examined the species and concluded it warranted placement in its own genus, which he named Selaroides meaning 'like Selar ' in reference to the similarity between these fishes. [4] For unknown reasons Bleeker later reassigned the species to another new genus, Leptaspis, without stating any reason for the change. [5] As Selaroides was published first it has priority according to ICZN rules and Leptaspis is rendered an invalid junior synonym. [6] In the same volume he described Caranx leptolepis, Cuvier also described Caranx mertensii based on a sketch alone. [3] This name is now considered to be synonymous with S. leptolepis. Between 1883 and 1877 the species was redescribed a further three times, with all these names also considered to be junior synonyms. [6] [7]

The species is commonly referred to as the 'yellowstripe', 'yellow-banded' or 'gold-banded' scad or trevally in reference to the distinctive yellow strip running along the side of the species. Other names applied to the species include 'smooth-tailed trevally', 'slender-scaled' or 'thin scaled' trevally or scad and 'slender trevally', with an extensive list of non-English names also used. [8]

The yellowstripe scad has been included in several phylogenetic analyses of the Carangidae, with each study suggesting slightly different relationships. All studies confirmed its placement in the subfamily Caranginae, a monophyletic grouping including the trevallies, jacks, scads and horse mackerels. The first of these studies by Soko Gushiken was based on morphological characteristics and found the species was part of a monophyletic clade of the scads and horse mackerels with Atule , Selar , Trachurus and Decapterus , being most closely related to Atule. [9] A 1987 analysis of genetic divergence amongst the scads and horse mackerels using isozyme electrophoresis indicated the species was most closely related to Selar, forming a monophyletic clade with Trachurus, but being more distant from Decapterus. [10] Two studies in 2002 and 2007 of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences generally agreed that Selaroides was most closely related to Selar (depending on analysis type), however both indicated a closer relationship to the deeper bodied genera such as Caranx and Hemicaranx than to the scads of Trachurus and Decapterus. [11] [12]

Description

A trio of yellowstripe scad displaying their prominent yellow band Selaroides leptolepis.jpg
A trio of yellowstripe scad displaying their prominent yellow band

The yellowstripe scad is a small species, attaining a maximum length of 22 cm, but is more common at lengths less than 15 cm. [8] The species has a body shape typical of many scads, with a compressed elongate, oblong body with the dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved. [13] There is a fairly well developed adipose eyelid on the latter half of the eye. [14] The dentition of the yellowstripe scad is one of the diagnostic features of the species, with the upper jaw and mouth being devoid of any teeth while the lower has a single series of fine villiform teeth. [15] The dorsal fin is in two parts; the first having 8 spines and the second 1 spine and 24 to 26 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 detached spines followed by 20 to 23 soft rays. In one recorded case these two spines were not present. [16] The soft dorsal and anal fins both have scaly basal sheaths. The pectoral fin is falcate and doesn't reach the junction of the curved and straight sections of the lateral line. [14] The pectoral girdle has no groove, and is another defining characteristic. [14] The anterior curve in the lateral line is moderate, with the straight section containing 13 to 25 scales and 24 to 29 small scutes. The breast is completely scaled. There are 40 to 46 gill rakers in total and 24 vertebrae. [13]

The yellowstripe scad is a metallic blue to blue-green colour above grading to a silvery white below with a characteristic broad yellow stripe extending from the upper margin of the eye to the caudal peduncle. A black opercular spot is prominent and often extends onto the shoulder. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are pale to dusky yellow, the pelvic fins are white and the pectoral fins hyaline. [15] [17] [18]

Distribution and habitat

The yellowstripe scad is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean its ranges from the Persian Gulf and the northern Arabian Peninsula, eastward to India and South East Asia, [8] and down to northern Australia where it is known from Shark Bay in the west to Brisbane in the east. [15] The species is also known from offshore islands such as the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. The yellowstripe scad inhabits the western Pacific Ocean from Japan in the north south to the Indonesian Archipelago and several east Pacific Islands including New Caledonia and Vanuatu. [8]

The yellowstripe scad is predominantly an inshore species, and occurs in large demersal schools over soft substrates. In Australia it inhabits inshore and shallow shelf waters to depths of 50m, [15] while in Malaysia has been recorded to 70 m depth, although is most common between 40 and 60 m depth. [19]

Biology and ecology

The yellowstripe scad is a common schooling species throughout its range, and due to its importance to fisheries has been well studied. In northern Australia, [15] the Philippines [20] and parts of India [21] it has been found to be one of the most common species in these waters. Schools of yellowstripe scad is known to seasonally migrate to coastal waters in summer and back to deeper shelf waters in Taiwan, [22] with no other clear movements recorded throughout its range.

The yellowstripe scad is a predatory fish, taking a variety of crustaceans and other small prey items, with its exact diet varying both spatially and temporally. In northern Australia the most common prey items are ostracods, gastropods and euphausiids. [15] The diet of individuals in India is more varied, with crustaceans, notably decapods and copepods making up the main part of the diet. Small fishes of the genus Anchoviella , pteropods, algal material, diatoms, molluscan larvae and foramanifera make up a lesser part of the diet here also. The species shows some diet partitioning between size classes, and during the year, the diet shifts as prey items vary in abundance. The species is diurnally active in India, while elsewhere in its range, nocturnal feeding has been reported. [13] Unlike some of its relatives, feeding continues during spawning, with no apparent change in food preferences. [23] [24]

The published length that yellowstripe scad become sexually mature at varies between 8.8 cm when less than a year old [25] and 11.4 cm. [26] In his research, Tandon noted that his estimate was much lower than previous studies had suggested, which he explained as sampling bias due to larger net mesh size in the previous work. [25] There is a prolonged breeding season in India, with each individual spawning only once a year. The season extends from July to March with two peaks in January to April and July to October. [25] [26] In morphometric studies conducted in the same area, it was found some morphometric and meristic characters had a variation that was difficult to reconcile as being due to different generations or populations. Instead it was suggested that due to the two major periods of spawning occurring in different seasons, the markedly different water temperature and salinity during these peaks possibly influenced these traits. [27] During spawning, the male to female ratio is close to parity at 1:1, but at other times of the year it varies by location, with females usually being more abundant. The reason for this is unclear however, and might suggest segregation of the sexes between spawning periods. [25] The fecundity of yellowstripe scad is directly correlated with the size of the fish, [26] with 6300 ova documented for an individual of 9.5 cm and up to 37400 ova for a 13.1 cm individual. [25] The egg characteristics and stages of ova maturity are well documented, [25] as are the early stages of post-egg growth. [28] The eggs are pelagic, and are known from coastal as well as lower estuarine waters. [28] Like the young of other carangids, the larvae and juveniles of the yellowstripe scad are known to associate with large jellyfish, using them as protection. Unlike most species however, the yellowstripe scad travels ahead of the umbrella, only moving in advanced jerks in rhythm with the jellyfish. [29]

Relationship to humans

The yellowstripe scad is an important species for commercial and subsistence fisheries throughout its range. Between 1990 and 2010 the FAO reported worldwide catch has ranged between 113,000 and 195,000 t, with a consistent trend towards higher catches. [30] These statistics only include Indonesia, Malaysia and the UAE, suggesting true catch sizes to be higher. Of the countries that report catches to the FAO, Indonesia takes the highest amount, with between 129,000 t and 180,000 t reported each year between 2000 and 2010. [30] Locally yellowstripe scad make up a high percentage of the catch; in an Indian example, it accounted for up to 36% of total landings in one survey. [21] However, in India overall, yellowstripe scad makes up only 1.5% of total carangid catches. [31] The species is predominantly taken in trawls, [21] however is also caught by gill net, bag net, purse seines or ring nets, and push nets. [20] The species is most abundant during spawning periods in India and consists of 8–13 cm individuals. [25] A study on the population dynamics in an Indian fishery during 1994 found there was low fishing pressure on the stocks, [21] however a later assessment found stocks elsewhere in India to be overexploited. [32] The novel use of hydroacoustic sounding to estimate the school size of yellowstripe scad, as well as other scad species, has been trialled with varying levels of effectiveness. [33]

The yellowstripe scad is a dark fleshed species [34] of fair eating quality. [17] The species is marketed in a variety of ways apart from being sold fresh or frozen [35] at market. The yellowstripe scad is commonly used as a dried fish snack in Asian countries, processed either by salting, curing or mechanical drying, with extensive trials on the optimum conditions and chemical agents for production. [36] [37] The yellowtail scad has also been part of trials into use as fish powder, with a high protein content considered to make the species a candidate. The fat content of the powder can be reduced by treatment, but this negatively affects solubility and other properties. [38] With high lipid and myoglobin content, the species has been considered a poor candidate for surimi (seafood sticks) in the past, however experiments with heating of the surimi gel have shown that this can improve its properties and make it more cohesive. [34]

In Singapore and Malaysia, the yellowtail scad (known locally as ikan kuning) is often deep-fried until crispy and served with nasi lemak. [39] In Malaysia, where the species is considered underutilised, a trial of yellowtail scad use in fish burgers with threadfin bream found the product to be acceptable, leading to a favourable market trial. [40]

Related Research Articles

Horse mackerel is a vague vernacular term for a range of species of fish throughout the English-speaking world. It is commonly applied to pelagic fishes, especially of the Carangidae family, most commonly those of the genera Trachurus or Caranx. Species known as "horse mackerel" in one English dialect or another include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carangidae</span> Family of fishes

The Carangidae are a family of ray-finned fish that includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, runners, trevallies, and scads. It is the largest of the six families included within the order Carangiformes. Some authorities classify it as the only family within that order but molecular and anatomical studies indicate that there is a close relationship between this family and the five former Perciform families which make up the Carangiformes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific jack mackerel</span> Species of fish

The Pacific jack mackerel, also known as the Californian jack mackerel or simply jack mackerel, is an abundant species of pelagic marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed along the western coast of North America, ranging from Alaska in the north to the Gulf of California in the south, inhabiting both offshore and inshore environments. The Pacific jack mackerel is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 81 cm, although commonly seen below 55 cm. It is very similar in appearance to other members of its genus, Trachurus, especially T. murphyi, which was once thought to be a subspecies of T. symmetricus, and inhabits waters further south. Pacific jack mackerel travel in large schools, ranging up to 600 miles offshore and to depths of 400 m, generally moving through the upper part of the water column.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bigeye trevally</span> Species of fish

The bigeye trevally, also known as the bigeye jack, great trevally, six-banded trevally and dusky jack, is a species of widespread large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bigeye trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to California and Ecuador in the east, including Australia to the south and Japan in the north. The bigeye trevally is best distinguished by its colouration, having a dark second dorsal fin with a white tip on the lobe, and also possessing a small dark spot on the operculum. Other more detailed anatomical features also set the species apart from other members of Caranx. The species is known to grow to a length of 120 cm and 18 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-spotted trevally</span> Species of fish

The orange-spotted trevally, Carangoides bajad is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is fairly common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from Madagascar in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs. The species has characteristic orange-yellow spots on its sides, although counts of fin rays and scutes are needed to distinguish it from related species with similar colouring. Orange-spotted trevallies are powerful predators, taking a variety of small fish, nekton, and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity around 25 cm long. It is a moderately large fish, reaching a maximum known length of 55 cm. The species is occasionally taken by fishermen throughout its range, and is generally considered to be bycatch. The exception to this is in the southern Persian Gulf, where it makes up a large proportion of the fishery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp scad</span> Species of fish

The shrimp scad, is a species of widespread tropical marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The shrimp scad is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical western Indian Ocean and areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan and Australia to the north and south. The species is commonly found on inshore reefs and sandy substrates. It has the common body profile of a scad, and may be difficult to differentiate from others in the genus Alepes. It is one of the larger scads, growing to 40 cm, but often is encountered at much smaller sizes. The shrimp scad often forms large schools, and is carnivorous, consuming a variety of crustaceans and small fish. It is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Razorbelly scad</span> Species of fish

The razorbelly scad is a small species of tropical marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species inhabits coastal waters in the Indo-Pacific, from Pakistan in the west to Japan and Australia in the east, often found over reefs. The razorbelly scad has a complex taxonomic history, and even recently has had its position in the genus Alepes challenged, but appears to be stable after a molecular phylogeny study supported its placement in Alepes. It is very similar to other scads in the same genus, but is readily identified by its unique teeth. Razorbelly scad are predatory fish, taking a variety of crustaceans and shrimps, and show a change in feeding intensity over the year. Reproduction and development have been extensively studied in India, where spawning occurs in a single event from January to September. The species is commonly taken in tropical fisheries, where it is marketed fresh or dried.

<i>Alepes</i> Genus of fishes

Alepes is a genus containing five extant species of tropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are commonly known as scads, a term applied to many genera of carangid fishes. Their body form, however, differs from these other scads by being much more ovate in shape, more similar to the larger jacks taken as game fish, although scads are generally much smaller. They are found in coastal waters throughout the Indo-West Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herring scad</span> Species of fish

The herring scad, is a common species of tropical marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the surface waters of coastal regions throughout the Indo-West Pacific region, feeding on a variety of crustaceans and small fishes. It is the largest fish of the scad genus Alepes, growing to a recorded length of 56 cm. The herring scad is identified among the genus Alepes by its more numerous and smaller scutes and the number of gill rakers on the first arch. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowtail scad</span> Species of fish

The yellowtail scad, is an abundant species of small inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific region from east Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, extending north to Japan and south to Australia. The yellowtail scad is the only member of the monotypic genus Atule and is distinguished from similar species by a well-developed adipose eyelid and finlet-like extensions of the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins. It inhabits coastal areas such as bays and coral reefs, preying on small fishes and crustaceans. Spawning has been well studied in Hawaii, where fish enter bays to spawn, releasing up to 161,000 eggs each between March and October. The yellowtail scad is an important component of fisheries throughout its range, taken by a number of netting and hook-and-line methods. It is a prized food fish in some regions and is cooked or preserved by a variety of methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longnose trevally</span> Species of fish

The longnose trevally, also known as the tea-leaf trevally, club-nosed trevally, grunting trevally or dusky trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans from South Africa to New Zealand and Japan, inhabiting coastal waters, especially reefs, to a depth of 90 m. The longnose trevally is distinguished from similar species by a combination of a scaleless breast and the number of gill rakers and fin rays. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum known length of 72 cm and 4.35 kg. The longnose trevally is a predatory fish, consuming small fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The species is of minor commercial importance throughout its range, and is considered to be a good table fish.

<i>Decapterus</i> Genus of fishes

Decapterus is a genus of marine fishes of jack family, Carangidae, commonly known as mackerel scads, round scads, or horse mackerel. They are found throughout the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green jack</span> Species of fish

The green jack, also known as the horse jack, is an abundant species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the American coastline from Santa Cruz Island off California in the north to Peru in the south, as well as a number of islands including the Galapagos and recently, Hawaii. The green jack is distinguished from other similar carangid species by a number of features including gill raker and lateral line scale counts, and the presence of an adipose eyelid. It is a moderately large species, growing to at least 55 cm in length and 2.81 kg, although unconfirmed reports suggest a much larger maximum size. It lives in a wide range of continental shelf environments including estuaries, bays, reefs and offshore seamounts, living both pelagically and demersally. The green jack is a predatory species, preying on a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, as well as zooplankton. Most fish are sexually mature by the time they attain 38 cm, with spawning occurring between May and October. The species is of high importance to fisheries throughout its range, caught by pelagic trawls, a variety of netting methods and hook and line. The green jack is also of interest to anglers, taken by bait and lures, although is considered to only be fair in eating quality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bumpnose trevally</span> Species of fish

The bumpnose trevally, also known as the bumpnose kingfish or onion kingfish, is a species of relatively small inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bumpnose trevally is fairly common in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan and Samoa in the east. It is a small species by carangid standards, reaching a maximum known length of 32 cm, and can be distinguished from the similarly shaped Carangoides armatus by a distinct 'bump' on the snout, which gives the fish its common name. The species inhabits coastal waters, often living along bays and beaches, where it takes shrimp, small crabs, and juvenile fish as prey. The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, trawls, and seine nets. It is also of minor importance to anglers, taken by baits from beaches and piers, and is considered a modest table fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coachwhip trevally</span> Species of fish

The coachwhip trevally, also known as the oblong trevally or oblique-banded trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The coachwhip trevally is distributed through the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji and Japan in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a known maximum length of 46 cm and can be distinguished from similar species by an array of detailed morphological features including dentition, fin ray counts and scale patterns. The coachwhip trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, known to prefer estuarine waters in a number of localities. Nothing is known of its diet or reproductive biology, and is of little importance to fisheries, occasionally taken as bycatch in trawl and hook and line fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacktip trevally</span> Species of fish

The blacktip trevally, also known as the blacktip kingfish or yellowtail kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The blacktip trevally is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and northern Australia in the east. It inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, preferring moderately deep clear waters over rocky and coral reefs. The blacktip trevally is easily distinguished by its yellow fins and a dark upper caudal fin lobe which gives the species its common name, as well as a host of other anatomical features. The species is known to reach a maximum size of 1 m. It is a benthopelagic predator, commonly forming small shoals where it takes a variety of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans as prey. Little is known of reproduction in the species, and spawning is assumed to take place in more tropical regions of its range, with juveniles known to inhabit bays and large estuaries. Blacktip trevally are often caught using hook and line and various nets in commercial fisheries although don't make up a large part of the market. They are also popular with anglers due to their fighting ability and decent table qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">False scad</span> Species of fish

The false scad, also known as the spotfin scad, ten-finned horse mackerel and yellow horse mackerel, is a species of medium-sized marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The false scad is distributed throughout the tropical and temperate waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Namibia in the south to Spain and throughout most of the Mediterranean in the north. The species has an atypical body form compared to other species of Caranx, and can be distinguished from these on its elongate 'scad-like' body shape alone. Distinguishing the species from members of Decapterus and Trachurus is more difficult, requiring detailed anatomical analysis. The false scad is known to grow to a length of 60 cm and a weight of 1 kg. The species lives both pelagically and demersally in continental shelf waters, ranging from depths of 15 to 200 m. It is a predatory fish, taking small fishes, crustaceans including euphausiids and shrimps, and cephalopods as its main prey, with significant dietary shifts as it ages. The false scad reaches sexual maturity at 2 years of age, with spawning occurring between April and July in shallow inshore waters, where the juveniles remain. The species is of major importance to fisheries throughout its range, but particularly from Morocco to Senegal, with annual catches ranging from 500 to 19000 t. The species is caught using trawls, seine nets and gill nets and sold fresh, frozen or salted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tille trevally</span> Species of fish

The tille trevally, also known as the tille kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The tille trevally is distributed through the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and Australia in the east. The species is best distinguished by its rounded, strongly convex anterior profile, with other detailed anatomical features also useful. The tille trevally reaches a maximum length of 80 cm and a weight of 7.2 kg. It is predominantly an inshore species, inhabiting coastal reef and lagoon environments, although has been recorded on deep offshore seamounts. It is a predatory fish, taking various species of fish and crustaceans as prey, with little known of its reproductive cycle. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, gill nets and purse seines. The tille trevally is also considered a good game fish, and an excellent table fish. The species acquired its scientific and common names from a local name used by Pondicherry fishermen, koton tille, which Georges Cuvier then used when he named the species in 1833.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fringefin trevally</span> Species of fish

The fringefin trevally, also called fringe-finned trevally, round-finned trevally or reef herring, is a species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae. A relatively small fish, the fringefin trevally is known to reach 40 cm (16 in), but is mostly encountered at lengths less than 25 cm (9.8 in). The fringefin trevally has an ovate body, with distinctive orange-yellow fins and a black opercular spot. The dental patterns of the species distinguish it from the closely related scads of the genus Alepes. Males have characteristic elongated dorsal and anal fins which produce a series of trailing filaments. The fringefin trevally is restricted to the waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from northern Australia to Papua New Guinea and eastern Indonesia. An inshore species, it is found in coastal and estuarine environments and exhibits daily and seasonal movements. The fringefin trevally is predatory, taking crustaceans as prey. The species is often taken as bycatch in prawn trawls and occasionally taken by anglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longrakered trevally</span> Species of fish

The longrakered trevally, also known as the cale cale trevally and heavyjawed kingfish, is a species of marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae. The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from Mozambique and Madagascar in the west, to Japan and northern Australia in the east. A large species growing to a recorded length of 1 m, the longrakered trevally is distinguished by is protruding lower jaw, elongated gill rakers and lack of villiform teeth on its tongue. It is an inshore species, restricted to coastal and estuarine regions, where it preys on fishes and crustaceans. Little is known of the species reproductive cycle or growth. The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to fisheries and is often taken as bycatch in finfish and prawn trawls, as well as by recreational fishermen.

References

  1. ↑ Smith-Vaniz, W.F. & Williams, I. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Selaroides leptolepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T20435470A115382686. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20435470A46664129.en .
  2. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. 1 2 Cuvier, G.; A. Valenciennes (1833). Histoire naturelle des poissons Vol. 9. Strasbourg: Pitois-Levrault. p. 512.
  4. ↑ Bleeker, P. (1851). Over eenige nieuwe geslachten en soorten van Makreelachtige visschen van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. pp. 341–372.
  5. ↑ Bleeker, P. (1851). Bijdrage tot de kennis der Makreelachtige visschen van den Soenda-Molukschen Archipel. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Batavia. p. 88.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. 1 2 California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology (September 2009). "Catalog of Fishes". CAS. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  7. ↑ Hosese, D.F.; Bray, D.J.; Paxton, J.R.; Alen, G.R. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1150. ISBN   978-0-643-09334-8.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Selaroides leptolepis" in FishBase . October 2012 version.
  9. ↑ Gushiken, S. (1986). "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Perciform Genera of the Family Carangidae". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 34 (4): 443–461. ISSN   0021-5090.
  10. ↑ Kijima, A.; N. Taniguchi; A. Ochiai (1988). "Genetic divergence and relationship among fifteen species of genera Trachurus, Decapterus, Selar and Selaroides". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 35 (2): 167–175. doi:10.1007/BF02905402. S2CID   81725982.
  11. ↑ Reed, David L.; Carpenter, Kent E.; deGravelle, Martin J. (2002). "Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 513–524. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2. PMID   12099802.
  12. ↑ Zhu, Shi-Hua; Zheng, Wen-Juan; Zou, Ji-Xing; Yang, Ying-Chun; Shen, Xi-Quan (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Acta Zoologica Sinica. 53 (4): 641–650. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  13. 1 2 3 Smith-Vaniz, W. (1999). "Carangidae" (PDF). In Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome: FAO. pp. 2659–2757. ISBN   92-5-104301-9.
  14. 1 2 3 Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (1999). "A review of the carangid fishes (family Carangidae) from Taiwan with descriptions of four new records" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 38 (1): 33–68. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gunn, John S. (1990). "A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters". Records of the Australian Museum Supplement. 12: 1–78. doi: 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 .
  16. ↑ Tandon, K.K. (1959). "On a specimen of Selaroides leptolepis Cuvier and Valenciennes without the usual detached anal spines". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 1 (1): 95–96.
  17. 1 2 Allen, G.R. (2009). Field Guide to Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-East Asia. Welshpool, WA: West Australian Museum. p. 287. ISBN   978-1-920843-39-7.
  18. ↑ Randall, John E. (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 183. ISBN   0-8248-1808-3.
  19. ↑ Isa, M.M.; Ahmad Arshad, A.H.H.; Basir, S. (1999). "Distribution, Abundance and Biological Studies of Economically Important Fishes in the South China Sea, Area I: East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). Proceedings of the First Technical Seminar on Marine Fishery Resources Survey in the South China Sea Area, Area 1: Gulf of Thailand and East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 24–26 November 1997, Bangkok Thailand: 147–155.
  20. 1 2 Cavelo, R.R. (1987). "Biology and relative abundance of yellow striped crevalle, Selaroides leptolepis (Cuv. and Val) in Manilla Bay [Philippines]". Philippine Journal of Fisheries. 20 (1–2): 44–91.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Kasim, H.M.; K.M.S Ameer Hamsa (1994). "Carangid fishery and yield per recruit analysis of Carangus carangus and Caranx leptolepis Cuvier and Valenciennes from Tuticorin waters" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 36 (1–2): 63–71. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  22. ↑ Yazhi, Z.Q.Z. (1982). "Preliminary Study on Seasonal Changes of SpeciesCompositions of Demersal Fishes in South-FujianTaiwan Bank Fishing Ground". Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science). 1: 49–55.
  23. ↑ Tandon, K.K. (1960). "Biology and fishery of 'Choo Parai' Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 1. Food and feeding habits" (PDF). Indian Journal of Fisheries. 7 (1): 82–100. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  24. ↑ Tandon, K.K. (1960). "The food and feeding habits of Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier and Valenciennes)". Current Science. 29: 62–63. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tandon, K.K. (1961). "Biology and fishery of 'Choo parai' - Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Part II. Biology and fishery". Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 8 (1): 127–144.
  26. 1 2 3 Venkataramani, V.K.; N. Ramanathan; K. Venkataramanujam (1995). "Breeding biology of a carangid fish Selaroides leptolepis Cuv. (Perciformes) along Tuticorin, southeast coast of India". Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 24 (4): 207–210.
  27. ↑ Tandon, K.K. (1962). "Biology and fishery of 'Choo Parai'— Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Part III. Population studies". Indian Journal of Fisheries. 9A (1): 10–36. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  28. 1 2 Thangaraja, M. (1985). "On the laboratory reared fish eggs and larvae of five species of carangid from the Vellar Estuary, Porto Novo". Mahasagar. 18 (4): 477–488. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  29. ↑ Jones, S. (1960). "Notes on animal associations. 2. The scyphomedusa, Acromitus flagellatus Stainsy and Young and young Selaroides leptolepis Cuvier and Valenciennes with the latter forming a vanguard". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 2 (1): 51–52.
  30. 1 2 Food and Agricultural Organisation. "Global Production Statistics 1950-2010". Yellowstripe trevally. FAO. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
  31. ↑ Kasim, H.M. (2003). "9. Carangids". In M. Mohan Joseph; A.A. Jayaprakash (eds.). Status of Exploited Marine Fishery Resources of India. Kochi, India: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. pp. 66–75.
  32. ↑ Radhakrishnan Nair, P.N. (2000). "22. Carangid Resources of India". In V.N. Pillai; N.G. Menon (eds.). Marine Fisheries Research and Management. Cochin, India: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. pp. 317–348.
  33. ↑ Hermawan, M. (1998). Target strength and school size assessment of scads using hydroacoustic. Masters Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia. p. 119.
  34. 1 2 Arfat, Y.A.; S. Benjakul (2012). "Gelling characteristics of surimi from yellow stripe trevally (Selaroides leptolepis)". International Aquatic Research. 4 (5): 1–13. doi: 10.1186/2008-6970-4-5 .
  35. ↑ Abdullah, M.I.; Y.S. Yean (1985). "Quality changes in fish caught off the coast of Peninsular Malaysia: Frozen storage of chub mackerel (Raetrelliger kanagurta), yellow-banded trevally (Selaroides leptolepis) and threadfin bream (Nemipterus tolu)". Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Conjunction with the Sixth Session of the Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission Working Party on Fish Technology and Marketing. Melbourne Australia: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology: 162–176.
  36. ↑ Irianto, H.E.; S. Sugiyono; N. Indriati (2000). "Study on the processing of dried fish snack from yellow stripe travelly (Selaroides leptolepis)". Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 4 (3–4): 101.
  37. ↑ Phomajun, P.; K. Kijroongrojana (2005). "Water activity reduction of intermediate moisture yellowstrip trevally" (PDF). Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 27 (3): 617–631. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  38. ↑ Huda, N.; F.R. Zakaira; D. Muchtadi; D. Suparno (1998). "Functional properties of fish powder from yellowstrip trevally (Selaroides leptoleptis)". Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 4 (2): 49–57. doi: 10.15578/jppi.4.2.1998.49-57 .
  39. ↑ "9 Asian Fish That Are Good For You". Shape. SPH Magazines Pte Ltd. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  40. ↑ Yu, S.Y.; W.M. Siah (1998). "Development and accaeptibility of burgers made from Selaroides leptolepis and Aristichthys noblis". Asian Fisheries Science. 10 (4): 329–337. doi: 10.33997/j.afs.1998.10.4.006 . S2CID   125919026.
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