1221

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Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1221 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1221
MCCXXI
Ab urbe condita 1974
Armenian calendar 670
ԹՎ ՈՀ
Assyrian calendar 5971
Balinese saka calendar 1142–1143
Bengali calendar 628
Berber calendar 2171
English Regnal year 5  Hen. 3   6  Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar 1765
Burmese calendar 583
Byzantine calendar 6729–6730
Chinese calendar 庚辰年 (Metal  Dragon)
3918 or 3711
     to 
辛巳年 (Metal  Snake)
3919 or 3712
Coptic calendar 937–938
Discordian calendar 2387
Ethiopian calendar 1213–1214
Hebrew calendar 4981–4982
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1277–1278
 - Shaka Samvat 1142–1143
 - Kali Yuga 4321–4322
Holocene calendar 11221
Igbo calendar 221–222
Iranian calendar 599–600
Islamic calendar 617–618
Japanese calendar Jōkyū 3
(承久3年)
Javanese calendar 1129–1130
Julian calendar 1221
MCCXXI
Korean calendar 3554
Minguo calendar 691 before ROC
民前691年
Nanakshahi calendar −247
Thai solar calendar 1763–1764
Tibetan calendar 阳金龙年
(male Iron-Dragon)
1347 or 966 or 194
     to 
阴金蛇年
(female Iron-Snake)
1348 or 967 or 195
Jalal al-Din Mangburni (left) crosses the Indus River and escapes Genghis Khan. Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid Indus river, escaping Chinggis Khan and his army.jpg
Jalal al-Din Mangburni (left) crosses the Indus River and escapes Genghis Khan.

Year 1221 ( MCCXXI ) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Contents

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

Fifth Crusade

  • June Sultan Al-Kamil again offers peace terms to Cardinal Pelagius with the cession of Jerusalem and all Palestine apart from Oultrejordain, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under Louis I of Bavaria arrives at Damietta, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on Cairo until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into Egypt towards Mansoura, where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the Nile, on June 29. [2]
  • July 4 Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King John I of Jerusalem arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards Sheremsah, halfway between Faraskur and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on July 12. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta. [3]
  • July 24 Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near Ashmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent Alice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in Syria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near Lake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians. [4]
  • August 2628 Battle of Mansoura: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron under Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians. [5] The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The Teutonic Knights set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured. [6]
  • August 28 Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on September 8. The Fifth Crusade ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings. [7]

Mongol Empire

  • Spring Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the Caucasus (consisting of Georgia and Armenia) under the command of Subutai and Jebe ("the Arrow"). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to besiege the capital city. During the fighting, King George IV of Georgia himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return to Azerbaijan and Persia, and burn and pillage a few more cities. [8]
  • February The cities of Merv (perhaps the world's largest up to this date), Herat and Nishapur which have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his son Tolui to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide. [9]
  • September Battle of Parwan: Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrother Shikhikhutug. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves to Parwan (modern Afghanistan), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army. [10]
  • October The Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through the Caucasus Mountains. [8]
  • November 24 Battle of the Indus: Left with some 20,000 men, Jalal al-Din Mangburni has headed for the Indus River where Genghis catches up with him. In a desperate battle the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, completing the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India. [9]

Europe

Britain

Asia

Mesoamerica

Births

Deaths

Related Research Articles

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Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1229</span> Calendar year

Year 1229 (MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1238</span> Calendar year

Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1248</span> Calendar year

Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1225</span> Calendar year

Year 1225 (MCCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1227</span> Calendar year

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1228</span> Calendar year

Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

The 1220s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1220, and ended on December 31, 1229.

The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.

The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1271</span> Calendar year

Year 1271 (MCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1218</span> Calendar year

Year 1218 (MCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1219</span> Year 1219 in the Gregorian calendar

Year 1219 (MCCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1191</span> Calendar year

Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1231</span> Calendar year

Year 1231 (MCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1239</span> Calendar year

Year 1239 (MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1249</span> Calendar year

Year 1249 (MCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fifth Crusade</span> 1217–1221 attempted conquest of the Holy Land

The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.

The battle of Mansurah took place from 26–28 August 1221 near the Egyptian city of Mansurah and was the final battle in the Fifth Crusade (1217–1221). It pitted the Crusader forces under papal legate Pelagius Galvani and John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, against the Ayyubid forces of the sultan al-Kamil. The result was a decisive victory for the Egyptians and forced the surrender of the Crusaders and their departure from Egypt.

References

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  2. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 140. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  3. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 140–141. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  4. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 141. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  5. Maalouf, Amin (2006). The Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 225–226. Saqi Books. ISBN   978-0-863-56023-1.
  6. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 141–142. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  7. Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 142–143. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. 1 2 Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 207. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  9. 1 2 Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 205–206. ISBN   978-0-241-29877-0.
  10. Tanner, Stephen (2009). Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban, p. 94. Da Capo Press.
  11. Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957). The Foundations of Scotland, p. 251.
  12. Perkins, George W. (August 1998). "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN   0804763887.
  13. Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN   978-1846036910. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  14. Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
  15. V.A. Kuchkin (1986). О дате рождения Александра Невского [About the Birthdate of Alexander Nevsky]. Вопросы истории [Questions of History] (in Russian) (2): 174–176. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015.
  16. Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN   978-0786468317.
  17. Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN   0940940434.
  18. M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints . New York: HarperCollins. p.  216. ISBN   9780060692995.
  19. Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p.  19. Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.