Seven of the nine surviving hunger strikers, clockwise from top left: John Crowley, Peter Crowley, Joseph Kenny, Michael Burke, Seán Hennessy, Michael O'Reilly, Christopher Upton
The 1920 Cork hunger strike occurred in late 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, when 65 men interned without trial in Cork County Gaol went on hunger strike, demanding release from prison, and reinstatement of their status as political prisoners. Beginning on 11 August 1920, they were joined the following day by the Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney.[1] A week into the hunger strike, all but 11 of the hunger strikers were released or deported to prison in England, with MacSwiney being among the latter.
After the death of Thomas Ashe on hunger strike (25 September 1917) Irish Republicans prisoners carried out several hunger strikes with their demands being granted. In late 1920, British authorities then decided to resist the hunger strike tactic and warned that there would be no further concessions to the men on strike in Cork jail.[1]Michael Fitzgerald died after 68 days,[2] while Joe Murphy died after 79 days.[3] The nine surviving hunger strikers - Michael Burke, John Crowley,[lower-alpha 1]Peter Crowley,[lower-alpha 1] Seán Hennessy, Joseph Kenny, Thomas O'Donovan, Michael O'Reilly, John Power, and Christopher Upton - continued on for 94 days, ending their fast on 12 November 1920, following orders from Arthur Griffith.[4][5]
The nine survivors of the 1920 Cork hunger strike hold the Guinness World Record for the longest hunger strike in history, in which no food was consumed, whether as a result of force-feeding or otherwise.[6]
Timeline
On 11 August 1920, just over 60 men in Cork County Gaol went on hunger strike, demanding that the status of political prisoners be granted to them, and that they be released from prison. Terence MacSwiney, the Lord Mayor of Cork, was, around the same time, charged with possession of "seditious articles and documents", before being imprisoned in Cork with a two-year sentence.
On 12 August, MacSwiney joined the others on strike. In an attempt to break it up, the majority of the men on strike in Cork, including MacSwiney, were sent to various prisons across Britain, including Brixton and Winchester. The British authorities hoped that this would serve to demoralise the prisoners in Cork and bring about the strike’s end. Eleven men remained on strike in Cork: Peter and John Crowley, Christopher Upton, and Michael O'Reilly, as well as Joseph Kenny of Grenagh, Cork, Seán Hennessy of Limerick City, Michael Burke of Foulkstown, Tipperary, John Power of Rosegreen, Tipperary, Thomas O'Donovan of Emly, Limerick, Michael Fitzgerald of Fermoy, and Joseph Murphy of Cork City.
Documentation, published in The Nine Survivors (2021), indicates that nine days into the strike, JJ Kinsella, the prison’s chief medical officer, warned that "an appalling incident is imminent", and called on the British government to intervene and release the hunger strikers.[5] It was however decided, early on, that the government would take an approach of ignoring the strikers' demands, out of fear that to do otherwise would undermine the judicial system and serve as a morale boost to the IRA. This was the view expressed by Andrew Bonar Law, who was deputising at Westminster due to Prime Minister David Lloyd George being on holiday. Lloyd George returned two weeks into the strike, and repeated Bonar Law's decision that the hunger strikers' demands would not be met.[7] This was despite a personal request from King George V to release them, as well as criticism from Winston Churchill, who was Secretary of State for War at the time.[5]
Public opinion across Ireland was largely in support of the hunger strike, and, at three points throughout the strike, on 24 August, 22 September, and 15 October, the workers of Cork City, as part of an action organised by the Cork Civic and Labour Council, did not attend work, so as to allow themselves to go to Masses being held for the strikers. There were also near-constant vigils held by members of the public and relatives of the hunger strikers outside of Cork Gaol. As the historian Gabriel Doherty put it in his article on the hunger strike: "over the course of the strike a truly staggering number of Masses for their intentions were sponsored by practically every firm, every residential area, and every public body and private organisation in Cork (and many well beyond)".[7]
Religion played a role in the hunger strike's success, due to the backing the strike received from the Catholic hierarchy, both in Ireland and abroad. While it was denounced by some priests, mainly in England, as leading to suicide and therefore a sin, the majority of the clergy in Ireland threw their support behind it, portraying the strikers as soldiers willing to fight and die for their country. On a trip to Cork, Archbishop Spence of Adelaide, Australia, criticised the response of the British government to the hunger strike.[7]
Gabriel Doherty notes in his article on the strike that another factor in the significance of the Cork hunger strike was the coverage it received in newspapers across the world. In Ireland, most newspapers were supportive of the strike, including the Cork Examiner. Several newspapers in Britain, while not necessarily favourable of the strikers' IRA activities, held sympathy for their suffering in prison, a sentiment which influenced how the British public felt about the hunger strike, while the reporting on the strike also further informed them about what was going on in Ireland during the War of Independence. As time went on, sections of British public began to resent their government's actions in Ireland as a result of this coverage.[7]
A number of other British newspapers spread rumours that the hunger strikers were being fed by visitors in an attempt to undermine support for them, though any effectiveness of this strategy was lost following the deaths in October 1920 of Michael Fitzgerald and Joseph Murphy in Cork, and Terence MacSwiney in Brixton, proving that the hunger strikers were not being fed.
Beyond the British Isles, there was support from America, home to a large Irish community. Support there was further drummed up by Fr. Patrick Crowley, a priest in Montana, and a brother of Peter and John Crowley, who gave interviews to the American press. Future international leaders, among them India's Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh, and Italy's Benito Mussolini, all noted at various points that they were moved by the hunger strike.[5][pageneeded]
As the strike neared the end of October, after the death of Murphy, it was reported that three of the strikers, O'Donovan, Burke, and Kenny, were on the verge of death, with the Cork Constitution noting that they were "not expected to survive another day". Despite this, the three of them, along with the six others still on hunger strike, survived for two more weeks, when the strike was finally called off by the orders of Arthur Griffith, the acting President of the Irish Republic. As it was increasingly clear that the British would not change their policy of refusing the hunger strikers' demands, he ordered the strike to end on 12 November 1920, saying: "I am of the opinion that our countrymen in Cork Prison have sufficiently proved their devotion and fidelity, and that they should now, as they were prepared to die for Ireland, prepare again to live for her".[4]
Despite its success in that regard, the strike still had long-lasting negative effects on its nine survivors. Five of them suffered early deaths following related health problems, while others, such as Peter Crowley, experienced ill health for the rest of their lives, something described in painful detail in Crowley's Military Service Pension File.[8]
In October 1923, mass hunger strikes were undertaken by thousands of Irish republican prisoners protesting the continuation of their internment without trial following the Irish Civil War (see 1923 Irish hunger strikes). Three deaths occurred during this large scale hunger strike: Joseph Whitty (aged 19), Denny Barry and Andy O'Sullivan. In total, 22 Irish Republicans died on hunger strikes during the 20th century.[9]
Burke, Jack (29 November 2021). "Remembering Limerick IRB man Timothy Crowley on the 100th anniversary of his death". The Avondhu.
Related Research Articles
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are named dry hunger strikers.
The 1981 Irish hunger strike was the culmination of a five-year protest during the Troubles by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland. The protest began as the blanket protest in 1976, when the British government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners. In 1978, the dispute escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash and covered the walls of their cells with excrement. In 1980, seven prisoners participated in the first hunger strike, which ended after 53 days.
Events from the year 1920 in Ireland.
Terence James MacSwiney was an Irish playwright, author and politician. He was elected as Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork during the Irish War of Independence in 1920. He was arrested by the British Government on charges of sedition and imprisoned in Brixton Prison. His death there in October 1920 after 74 days on hunger strike brought him and the Irish Republican campaign to international attention.
Kieran Doherty was an Irish republican hunger striker and politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cavan–Monaghan constituency from June 1981 to August 1981. He was a volunteer in the Belfast Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).
Mary MacSwiney was an Irish republican activist and politician, as well as a teacher. MacSwiney was thrust into both the national and international spotlight in 1920 when her brother Terence MacSwiney, then the Lord Mayor of Cork, went on hunger strike in protest of British policy in Ireland. Mary, alongside her sister-in-law Muriel MacSwiney kept daily vigil over Terence and effectively became spokespeople for the campaign. Terence MacSwiney would ultimately die in October 1920, and from then on Mary MacSwiney acted as an unofficial custodian of his legacy, becoming a dogged and zealous advocate of Irish Republicanism. Following a high-profile seven-month tour of the United States in 1921 in which she and Muriel raised the profile of the Irish independence movement, Mary was elected to Dáil Eireann amidst the ongoing Irish War of Independence. During debates of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, a proposed peace deal between the British and the Irish, MacSwiney was amongst the most outspoken advocates against it. During the ensuing Irish Civil War, MacSwiney supported the Anti-Treaty IRA and was imprisoned for it, resulting in her partaking in two hunger strikes herself.
Joseph Patrick Murphy was one of 22 Irish Republicans who died on hunger strike in the 20th century. He was an Officer in the Irish Republican Army who died as a result of his participation in the 1920 Cork hunger strike at Cork Gaol.
Michael Fitzgerald also known as Mick Fitzgerald, was among the first members of the Irish Republican Army and played a significant role in organising it. He rose to the rank of Commandant, Officer Commanding (OC) in the First Battalion, Cork Number 2 Brigade. He died during the 1920 Cork hunger strike at Cork Gaol. Fitzgerald led 65 men in the hunger strike which was in protest at their detention without being either charged or convicted of any crime. The hunger strike is credited with bringing additional world-wide attention to the Irish cause for independence.
Denis "Denny" Barry was an Irish Republican who died during the 1923 Irish hunger strikes, shortly after the Irish Civil War.
Tadhg Crowley was an Irish revolutionary and Fianna Fáil politician. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick constituency at the June 1927 general election.
Tony D'Arcy was a senior leader in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) who died as a result of a 52 day Hunger-strike at the age of 32.
Cork County Gaol was a former prison located in Cork, Ireland. The main walls and gate entrance of the prison are today incorporated in the perimeter of University College Cork.
Tadhg Barry was a veteran Irish republican, leading trade unionist, journalist, poet, Gaelic Athletic Association official, and alderman on Cork Corporation who was actively involved in, and eventually was killed during, the Irish revolutionary period.
Muriel MacSwiney was an Irish republican and left-wing activist, and the first woman to be given the Freedom of New York City. She was the wife of Terence MacSwiney, mother of Máire MacSwiney Brugha and sister-in-law of Mary MacSwiney. The 1920 hunger strike of her husband Terence became an international cause célèbre, and following his death she became one of the most high profile Irish republican activists in the world, widely campaigning in the United States throughout the early 1920s. Following the defeat of the Anti-Treaty IRA in the Irish Civil War in 1923, Muriel never again lived in Ireland and instead embarked upon a bohemian life on the European continent. However, this led to a falling out with her daughter Máire, resulting in a bitter custody battle when Máire attempted to return to Ireland and ultimately total estrangement after 1934. MacSwiney spent most of the 1930s in Paris, France and from 1940 onwards lived in England, where she still occasionally involved herself in left-wing and republican causes.
Peter William Crowley was an Irish revolutionary and hunger striker, holding the Guinness World Records for the longest hunger strike in history. From 11 August to 12 November 1920, Crowley, along with 10 others, underwent a hunger strike for 94 days in Cork County Gaol, demanding the reinstatement of their political status and release from prison. The 1920 Cork hunger strike took place at the same time as that of Terence MacSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork.
Timothy Crowley was an Irish revolutionary who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). He was involved in the Fenian Rising of 1867, and was the secretary of the IRB in Hospital, County Limerick. He was the patriarch of the prominent Irish republican Crowley family of Ballylanders, and the father of the longest hunger strikers in history, John Crowley and Peter Crowley, and the Fianna Fáil Politician Tadhg Crowley.
In October 1923 mass hunger strikes were undertaken by Irish republican prisoners protesting the continuation of their internment without trial. The Irish Civil War had ended six months earlier yet the newly formed Provisional Government of the Irish Free State was slow in releasing the thousands of Irish republican prisoners opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Michael Joseph Whitty was the youngest of the 22 Irish republicans who died while under on hunger strike in the 20th century. Decades after his death another Volunteer also died on 2 August during the 1981 Irish hunger strike. Volunteer Whitty fought with the IRA in the Irish War of Independence, on the Anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and died while under internment by the Irish Free State government.
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