2011 Kashgar attacks

Last updated

2011 Kashgar attacks
Part of Xinjiang conflict
Xinjiang Kashgar.svg
Kashgar is in the northeast part of Kashgar Prefecture.
Location Kashgar, Xinjiang, China
DateJuly 30–31, 2011
TargetCivilians
Attack type
Vehicular, IED, knife attack
WeaponsExplosives, truck, guns, knives
Deaths23 total (including 8 attackers)
Injured42 total (including 3 police officers) [1]
Perpetrators East Turkestan Islamic Movement

The 2011 Kashgar attacks were a series of knife and bomb attacks in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China on July 30 and 31, 2011. On July 30, two Uyghur men hijacked a truck, killed its driver, and drove into a crowd of pedestrians. They got out of the truck and stabbed six people to death and injured 27 others. One of the attackers was killed by the crowd; the other was brought into custody. On July 31, a chain of two explosions started a fire at a downtown restaurant. A group of armed Uyghur men killed two people inside of the restaurant and four people outside, injuring 15 other people. Police shot five suspects dead, detained four, and killed two others who initially escaped arrest.

Contents

The government says the attackers confessed to jihadist motives and membership in the terrorist group East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), while an overseas pro-Uyghur independence group claims the attackers were frustrated by a lack of options for nonviolent anti-government protest. Businesses temporarily closed down and riot police patrolled the city until August 4. ETIM acknowledged responsibility for the attack on September 8, as well as for the attack in Hotan earlier that same July. Six men were given prison or death sentences for their involvement in both attacks later in September.

Background

Kashgar is "one of the most volatile cities in China", near to the border with Afghanistan and Pakistan, and contains many cultural icons for the Chinese Muslim Uyghur minority. [2] The proximity of the jihadist activity in Afghanistan and Pakistan serve as an inspiration for Uyghur extremists. [3] Han people form about 20% of the population and live apart from the local Uyghurs. [4] Anthropologist Dru Gladney said that in Kashgar, "any small incident quickly overheats and boils into something much larger". [2] From 2003 to 2006, a Xinjiang-wide "crackdown on extremism" reduced the incidence of terrorist attacks, but alienated many Uyghurs and aided extremist recruitment. [3] In the run-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics in August, two Uyghur men killed 16 people in Kashgar with a combination truck collision and stabbing. [5]

Because Kashgar lies in a seismic zone, the city is undergoing a $1.1 billion urban renewal plan to replace mudbrick structures with new foundations that meet modern standards of earthquake safety and sanitation. Some Uyghurs oppose the renovations, citing the cultural value of the old buildings. [6] Outside investment has fueled the town's economic growth of 20% since the city was designated a Special Economic Zone in 2010. However, many Uyghurs, including the suspects in the 2011 Kashgar attacks, do not have even a primary education, and still more are not proficient in Standard Chinese. As a result, unemployment is high and salaries are low even among Uyghurs with university degrees is unfounded. [6]

The designated terror group known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), is a UK-based Pan-Islamic group operating in Xinjiang with similar ideals to Al-Qaeda, but with less technological capability. Since explosives are tightly controlled in Xinjiang and in the border regions, the ETIM has resorted to knife, pin prick, and vehicular attacks against civilians and security forces to achieve its goals. Chinese HUMINT in Xinjiang is stunted by the Uyghurs' unwillingness to cooperate with police, so state security forces find difficulty in anticipating and planning for terrorist attacks. [7] The 2011 attacks in Kashgar came on the eve of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan [2] and one month after Kashgar opened a railway to Hotan, a city that had been the site of violence on July 18. [8]

Attacks

First day

At 10:30 pm on July 30, two car bombs exploded prematurely: [3] one in a parked minivan, [5] another on a street lined with restaurants. Three bystanders immediately died from the blasts, [9] as well as the driver of the minivan; two suspects fled the scene. [3] Injured people were carried out of restaurants on stretchers and police cordoned off the area. [10] Five miles from the site of the explosions [3] at 11:45 pm, [5] two armed [11] Uyghur men hijacked a blue truck waiting at a traffic light by stabbing its driver to death. [9] According to the Hong Kong-based Ming Pao , the two hijackers were the same suspects who fled the earlier explosion. [3] With control of the truck, they drove into a crowded sidewalk lined with food stalls, jumped out, and started stabbing pedestrians. [10] Eventually the crowd overpowered the attackers, beating one of them to death before police detained the other. [12] 27 people emerged alive with injuries, while eight victims died. A tourist operator in Kashgar told The Hindu that the police closed off several areas of the city, [13] although residents said that the atmosphere in the city immediately afterwards was calm. [11] [14]

Second day

At 4:30 PM on the following day, [3] a group of 12 Uyghur men armed with guns [15] [16] and knives [17] threw explosives into busy Kashgar dapanji restaurant, causing a fire. [1] [17] The targeted restaurant was located at the end of Gourmet Food Street, a crowded street lined with restaurants and shops that are popular with Han people. [18] As restaurantgoers tried to flee into the street, the assailants hacked at them with knives, [19] leaving "pool[s] of blood" and overturned tables in their wake. [20] The restaurant owner, a waiter and four patrons were killed; [3] 12 other Han people suffered injuries. [19] [15] Firefighters arrived to put out the fire and police engaged in a firefight with the armed men, shooting five but sustaining three injuries of their own. [9] [19] Four of the shot suspects died immediately, and another died in hospital. [15] Another four suspects were taken into custody. [19] Memtieli Tiliwaldi (买买提艾力·铁力瓦尔地) and Turson Hasan (吐逊·艾山), two Uyghur men who had warrants for their arrest issued, were fatally shot by police one day later in a corn field on the outskirts of Kashgar. [21] [22]

Attribution

State media confirmed that all the suspected attackers were Uyghur, [4] and an investigation from the Kashgar government concluded that the attacks on both days were related [23] [24] and that the perpetrators were recruited in Pakistan and gained explosives and firearms training at ETIM bases in Pakistan along with Taliban and al-Qaeda groups. [18] [25] [26] The suspects, some of whom openly confessed to an ETIM connection, [17] were reportedly influenced by jihadist ideology. [26] Terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna said that the violence could either be "conducted or influenced by the East Turkestan Islamic Movement", although he said the movement had been weakened by Pakistani counter-terror operations from 2003, which included ETIM leaders like Hasan Mahsum and Abdul Haq al-Turkistani being killed. [27]

Credit for the attacks was professed by the Turkistan Islamic Party. [28]

The Turkistan Islamic Party supporting website "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı" praised a TIP member, Hamza (Muhammad Ali Told Rahim), who joined the Turkistan Islamic Party as one of the "mujahideen" fighting in Khorasan (Afghanistan) on December 15, 2006, and returned to Kashgar to participate in the 2011 Kashgar attacks in which he was killed, citing from a Human Rights Watch report which praised Hamza. [29]

Reactions

Chinese media condemned both days' attacks, [10] followed by the Government of Pakistan which said that "all incidents of terrorism are deplorable" and promised full cooperation with China against ETIM. [15] Chinese president Hu Jintao called Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari to discuss ETIM's activities before holding the upcoming China-Eurasia Expo in September, while the chief of the Inter-Services Intelligence left for Beijing to address Chinese concerns. [30] The Pakistan Army announced that it would continue operations against ETIM, [25] although some analysts doubt the strength of the Pakistani government in controlling terrorism. [18] [19] Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council issued a terror alert to travelers in Xinjiang, citing the attacks' increased seriousness above the 2011 Hotan attack because they "targeted innocent civilians" rather than security forces. [31]

Dilxadi Rexiti, a representative from the pro-Uyghur independence World Uyghur Congress (WUC), claimed that the attacks were "a matter of Uyghurs having no peaceful way to oppose the Chinese government so some have taken to extreme measures." [23] He also alleged that martial law had been declared in the city, but Reuters reported that it was not possible to determine if an actual order for martial law had been issued. [32] Rebiya Kadeer, also of the WUC, said "I cannot blame the Uyghurs who carry out such attacks for they have been pushed to despair by Chinese policies." [33] She also unfavorably compared the Chinese authorities' killing of Tiliwaldi and Hasan to the Norwegian authorities' leniency towards the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks. [34]

Aftermath

The city was reported to have virtually "shut down" immediately after the attacks, as Uyghur shops closed down for Ramadan and Han shops closed and Han people stayed indoors out of fear. [33] [35] Tour groups scheduled to arrive at Kashgar were rerouted to Kanas Lake in northern Xinjiang. [36] Riot police were deployed to the city and security checkpoints were established in the city center. Authorities tried to stem the spread of inciteful rumors, [18] including by deleting blog posts from residents. Around 200 Han people protested the loss of "innocent lives" on the streets of Kashgar on August 1; [35] most of the victims were also Han. [31] Governor of Xinjiang Nur Bekri visited Kashgar that same day pledging to punish the attackers, [18] and the Kashgar and Xinjiang governments established a fund to pay for the medical treatment of survivors. [37] Prayers at the Id Kah Mosque proceeded as usual, [27] [33] where religious leaders from the Islamic Association of China characterized the attacks as un-Islamic and pledged to offer Muslims new interpretations of Islamic texts that did not lend themselves to extremism. [1]

The Chinese Communist Party hosted an emergency anti-terrorism work conference in Ürümqi at which Zhang Chunxian, the Xinjiang CCP party chief, resolved to crack down on "religious extremist forces", saying that "terrorist attackers are the common enemies of all ethnic groups". [38] Minister of Public Security Meng Jianzhu added that, in addition to a crackdown, the government will address the social grievances that can lead to terrorism by expanding compulsory education and community development efforts. [39] Except for those closed for Ramadan, businesses in the city reopened on August 4. [36] On August 13, the elite counterterrorist Snow Leopard Commando Unit was deployed to Hotan and Kashgar to secure the cities ahead of the China-Eurasia Expo in September. [40] On September 8, the US-based terrorist monitoring group SITE reported on a video made by ETIM leader Abdul Shakoor Damla claiming responsibility for the July Hotan and Kashgar attacks on behalf of his group. [41] Damla confirmed that one of the perpetrators shot by police, Tiliwaldi, prepared for the attacks in an ETIM training camp in Pakistan. [42] On September 14, the Xinjiang Legal Daily reported that six men were tried for their involvement in the Hotan and Kashgar attacks. Four were given death sentences, and two were given 19-year jail terms, for charges including "leading and organizing a terror group, manufacturing illegal explosives, intentional homicide, [and] arson". [42] Xinjiang authorities have unveiled a package of policy responses to the attacks to placate Muslim Uyghurs, which include increasing quotas for Uyghur participation in local government and increasing government subsidies for religious schools. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan</span> Historical Province in Central Asia

East Turkestan is a loosely-defined geographical and historical region in the western provinces of the People's Republic of China, which varies in meaning by context and usage. The term was coined in the 19th century by Russian Turkologists, including Nikita Bichurin, who intended the name to replace the common Western term for the region, Chinese Turkestan, which referred to the Tarim Basin in the southwestern part of Xinjiang during the Qing dynasty. The medieval Persian toponym "Turkestan" and its derivatives were used by the local population as early as the 7th century. Historical manuscripts, dating back to the 7th and 9th century, found in the Turpan and Khotan regions, show that the name Turkestan was used to describe the region. The opening of the 11th century literary work Kutadgu Bilig by Kara-Khanid statesman Yusuf Khass Hajib also describes the region as Turkestan. Beginning in the 17th century, Altishahr, which means "Six Cities" in Uyghur, became the Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin. Uyghurs also called the Tarim Basin "Yettishar," which means "Seven Cities," and even "Sekkizshahr", which means "Eight Cities" in Uyghur. Chinese dynasties from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty had called an overlapping area the "Western Regions". The parts of this area conquered by the Manchu Qing Dynasty were termed "Xinjiang" from the 18th century on.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkistan Islamic Party</span> Islamic extremist organization in China

The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) which has often been confused as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and other names, is a Uyghur Islamic extremist organization founded in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum. Its stated goals are to establish an Islamic state in Xinjiang and Central Asia, and eventually a Caliphate. The United States removed the "East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM)," which had been confused as the "East Turkistan Islamic Party / Turkistan Islamic Party," from its list of Terrorist Organizations in 2020, claiming it ceased to exist. However, the U.S. State Department later stated that "ETIM was removed from the list because, for more than a decade, there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist as the same organization that was conducting terrorist attacks in Syria at the time of their designation." The U.S. State Department further stated that "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)"and that the TIP is "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Turkestan Liberation Organization</span> Uyghur secessionist organization

The East Turkestan Liberation Organization (ETLO) was a secessionist Uyghur organization that advocated for an independent Uyghur state named East Turkestan in the Western Chinese province known as Xinjiang. The organization was established in Turkey in 1990 or 1996 to fight against the Chinese government in Xinjiang, a territory of ethnic Uyghur majority. ETLO is a designated terrorist organization by the governments of China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

Hasan Mahsum, also known as Abu-Muhammad al-Turkestani and Ashan Sumut, was the leader of the Islamic extremist group Turkistan Islamic Party and suspected of having ties with Al Qaeda. He was shot dead in a counter-terrorism operation on October 2, 2003 by the Pakistani Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Xinjiang raid</span> Chinese military operation during the Xinjiang conflict

The January 2007 Xinjiang raid was carried out on January 5, 2007, by Chinese paramilitary police against a suspected East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) training camp in Akto County in the Pamir plateau.

Terrorism in China refers to the use or threatened use of violence to effect political or ideological change in the People's Republic of China. The definition of terrorism differs among scholars, between international and national bodies and across time and there is no legally binding definition internationally. In the cultural setting of China, the term is relatively new and ambiguous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Uyghur unrest</span>

The 2008 Uyghur unrest is a loose name for incidents of communal violence by Uyghur people in Hotan and Qaraqash county of Western China, with incidents in March, April, and August 2008. The protests were spurred by the death in police custody of Mutallip Hajim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Kashgar attack</span>

The 2008 Kashgar attack occurred on the morning of 4 August 2008, in the city of Kashgar in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang. According to Chinese government sources, it was a terrorist attack perpetrated by two men with suspected ties to the Uyghur separatist movement. The men reportedly drove a truck into a group of approximately 70 jogging police officers, and proceeded to attack them with grenades and machetes, resulting in the death of sixteen officers.

Abdul Haq al-Turkistani is a Uyghur Islamic militant who leads the Turkistan Islamic Party. The United States Treasury reported he took over leadership of the organization in 2003, following the death of its previous leader, and took a seat on al-Qaeda's shura in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Hotan attack</span> Terrorist attack in Xinjiang, China

The 2011 Hotan attack was a bomb-and-knife attack that occurred in Hotan, Xinjiang, China on 18 July 2011. According to witnesses, the assailants were a group of 18 young Uyghur men who opposed the local government's campaign against the burqa, which had grown popular among older Hotan women in 2009 but were also used in a series of violent crimes. The men occupied a police station on Nuerbage Street at noon, killing two security guards with knives and bombs and taking eight hostages. The attackers then yelled religious slogans, including ones associated with Jihadism, as they replaced the Chinese flag on top of a police station with another flag, the identity of which is disputed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pishan hostage crisis</span>

The Pishan hostage crisis occurred on the night of December 28, 2011, in Koxtag, Pishan/Guma County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. A group of 15 Uyghur youths kidnapped two goat shepherds for directions. They were soon confronted by a group of five Pishan policemen, who tried to negotiate for the shepherds' release. The group attacked the policemen with knives, killing one and injuring another. The police shot back, killing seven hostage-takers, wounding and capturing four, freeing the two shepherds. The Xinjiang government called the kidnappers "violent terrorists", while a Uyghur exile group claimed the kidnappers' actions were the result of "police repression".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani</span>

Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani, also known as Abdul Shakoor Damla and Emeti Yakuf Uyghur: ئەخمەت ياقۇپ‎, Exmet Yaqup, was the emir of the East Turkistan Islamic Party, an Islamist organisation that seeks independence for China's Xinjiang province and for it to become an Islamic state. In August 2011, Abdul Shakoor reportedly appeared in a video with his face obscured taking responsibility for the 2011 Kashgar attacks and 2011 Hotan attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</span> 2012 attempted aircraft hijacking

Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 was a scheduled passenger flight between Hotan and Ürümqi in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The aircraft operating this route on 29 June 2012, an Embraer 190, took off from Hotan at 12:25 pm; within ten minutes, six ethnic Uyghur men, one of whom allegedly professed his motivation as jihad, announced their intent to hijack the aircraft, according to multiple witnesses. In response, passengers and crew resisted and successfully restrained the hijackers, who were armed with aluminium crutches and explosives.

The 2012 Yecheng attack was a terrorist attack by Uyghur separatist extremists that occurred on February 28, 2012, in Yecheng, Xinjiang, a remote town situated about 150 miles from China's border with Pakistan. Details of the attack are disputed: according to Chinese government reports and court documents, at around 6 p.m. that day, a group of eight Uyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Local police fought with the attackers, ultimately killing all and capturing Mamuti. State-run media reported that one police officer died and four police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured. Chinese officials characterized the event as a "terrorist attack."

On 24 April 2013, ethnic clashes occurred in Marelbeshi (Bachu), Xinjiang, China. The violence left at least 21 people dead, including 15 police and officials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xinjiang conflict</span> Geopolitical conflict in Central Asia

The Xinjiang conflict, also known as the East Turkistan conflict, Uyghur–Chinese conflict or Sino-East Turkistan conflict, is an ongoing ethnic geopolitical conflict in what is now China's far-northwest autonomous region of Xinjiang also known as East Turkistan. It is centred around the Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group who constitute a plurality of the region's population.

On 26 June 2013, rioting broke out in Shanshan County, in the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers.

On 28 October 2013, a car ran over pedestrians and crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, in a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; three inside the vehicle and two others nearby. Police identified the driver as Usmen Hasan and the two passengers as his wife, Gulkiz Gini, and his mother, Kuwanhan Reyim. An additional 38 people were injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</span> Terrorist attack by Uighur separatists in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China

On 30 April 2014, a bomb-and-knife attack occurred in the Chinese city of Ürümqi, Xinjiang. The terrorist attack killed 3 people, and injured 79 others. The attack coincided with the conclusion of a visit by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party to the region.

On the early morning of Wednesday, 30 July 2014, Juma Tahir, the imam of China's largest mosque, the Id Kah Mosque in northwestern Kashgar, was stabbed to death by three young male Uyghur extremists. Religious leaders across denominations condemned the attack.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Shao, Wei; Zhao, Yinan (August 3, 2011). "Imam condemns attacks in Kashgar". China Daily. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 Demick, Barbara (July 31, 2011). "Uighur violence in China leaves at least 14 dead". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cheng, Yongsun; Yu, Xiaodong (October 2011). "The Bloody Weekend". News China: 23–25.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. 1 2 Buckley, Chris (August 1, 2011). "China blames Muslim extremists for attack in Xinjiang". Reuters. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 Branigan, Tania (July 31, 2011). "China knife attack and explosions leave several dead". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  6. 1 2 Barriaux, Marianne (August 6, 2011). "China remodels Silk Road city but scars run deep". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  7. ↑ Raman, Bahukutumbi (August 7, 2011). "China: Situation In Xinjiang – Analysis". The Eurasia Review. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Let them shoot hoops". The Economist. July 30, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 "China: Unrest in Kashgar, Xinjiang, leaves 15 dead". BBC News. July 31, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 "Deadly violence hits China's restive Xinjiang". Agence France-Presse. July 31, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  11. 1 2 Krishnan, Ananth (August 1, 2011). "Terrorists trained in Pak. camps behind Xinjiang attack: China". The Hindu. India. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  12. ↑ Waldmeir, Patti. "Xinjiang unrest leaves 14 dead". Financial Times.
  13. ↑ Krishnan, Ananth (July 31, 2011). "14 killed as attacks, blasts rock Xinjiang region". The Hindu . Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  14. ↑ Wines, Michael (July 31, 2011). "Violence in China's West Leaves 14 Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "China blames deadly Xinjiang attack on separatists". BBC News. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  16. ↑ "Xinjiang Attackers Trained in Pakistan, Says China" (PDF). defense.gov. August 1, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 Dean, Jason; Page, Jeremy (August 1, 2011). "China Blames Extremists for Xinjiang Attack". The Wall Street Journal.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Wee, Sui-Lee (August 2, 2011). "China boosts security in Xinjiang after attacks". Reuters. Kashgar. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "China blames terror camps in Pakistan as 20 killed in Xinjiang". The Times of India . India. August 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Chinese police kill two suspects in Kashgar violence". Agence France-Presse. August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  21. ↑ 中國：喀什襲擊在逃嫌疑人被擊斃. BBC News (in Chinese). August 2, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  22. ↑ Wines, Michael (August 2, 2011). "Chinese Police Kill Two Suspects in Xinjiang Violence". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  23. 1 2 Watt, Louise (July 31, 2011). "11 killed in 2 attacks in troubled NW China". Associated Press. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  24. ↑ Wivell, David (August 2, 2011). "Security heavy in west China city hit by attacks". Kashgar. Associated Press. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  25. 1 2 "Pak takes action against East Turkestan Islamic Movement". Press Trust of India. August 6, 2011. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  26. 1 2 Barriaux, Marianne (August 1, 2011). "China blames unrest on Pakistan-trained 'terrorists'". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  27. 1 2 Demick, Barbara (August 2, 2011). "China says Islamic radicals were behind violence in Kashgar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  28. ↑ Lee, Raymond (February 20, 2014). "Unrest in Xinjiang, Uyghur Province in China". Al Jazeera Center for Studies.
  29. ↑ "Türkistan İslam Cemaati Mücahidi Şehit Muhammed Turkistani'nin Hayatı". Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  30. ↑ Raman, Bahukutumbi (August 1, 2011). "Violence In Xinjiang: ISI Chief Rushes To Beijing To Address Chinese Concerns". The Eurasia Review. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  31. 1 2 Chen, Hung-chin; Wu, Sofia (August 4, 2011). "Terror alert issued for Xinjiang after several attacks". Taipei. Central News Agency. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  32. ↑ Jones, Terril (July 31, 2011). "Police kill 4 after blasts, attacks in China's west". Reuters. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 "Kashgar Attackers 'Pakistan-Trained'". Radio Free Asia. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  34. ↑ Hoshur, Shohret Hoshur (August 4, 2011). "'Excessive' Force in Suspect Killings". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  35. 1 2 Wee, Sui-Lee (August 3, 2011). "Fear stalks Chinese residents in Kashgar after attacks". Reuters. Kashgar. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  36. 1 2 Shao, Wei; Sun, Yuqing (August 5, 2011). "Attacks slowing tourism in Kashgar". China Daily. Kashgar. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Crackdown on crimes pledged". China Daily. Ürümqi. August 5, 2011. p. 4. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  38. ↑ Haddadi, Anissa (August 1, 2011). "Pakistan-Trained Extremists Responsible for Xinjiang Attack, China says". International Business Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Taming the terrorism devil". China Daily. August 6, 2011. p. 5. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  40. ↑ "China sends anti-terror unit to restive Xinjiang". Agence France-Presse. August 13, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Islamic militant group 'behind Xinjiang attacks'". BBC News . September 8, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  42. 1 2 Olsen, Alexa (September 4, 2011). "China sentences 4 Uighur men to death over attacks". Associated Press. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.