Alternative successions to the English and British Crown

Last updated

British history provides several opportunities for alternative claimants to the English and later British Crown to arise, and historical scholars have on occasion traced to present times the heirs of those alternative claims.

Contents

Throughout this article, the names of "would-have-been" monarchs are in italics.

Abdication of Richard II

Richard II abdicated in favour of Henry Bolingbroke on 29 September 1399. However, Henry was not next in the line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, [1] [2] [3] [4] who descended from Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, whereas Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third surviving son.

Map of succession
Edward III
Edward
the Black Prince 		Lionel of Antwerp,
Duke of Clarence
Richard II Philippa,
5th Countess of Ulster
Roger Mortimer,
4th Earl of March
Edmund Mortimer,
5th Earl of March 		Anne de Mortimer
Richard of York,
3rd Duke of York
Edward IV

Had Edmund inherited instead, the alternative succession would have been short-lived, for it re-united with the historical crown when Edward IV was declared king in 1461.

  1. Edward III of England
  2. Edward, the Black Prince, first son of Edward III
  3. Richard II of England, second son of Edward, the Black Prince
  4. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, third son (second son to survive infancy) of Edward III
  5. Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster, only child of Lionel
  6. Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, first son of Philippa
  7. Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March , first son of Roger, died without issue
  8. Anne de Mortimer, first daughter of Roger, succeeded her childless brother Edmund
  9. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York , only son of Anne
  10. Edward IV of England, first son of Richard

Descendants of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

This line's claim to the Crown is based upon the argument that Edward IV was not the son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York , and thus had no legitimate claim to the Crown. [5] Therefore, when Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, his claim passed first to his eldest legitimate son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland , who was executed shortly after the battle, and then to George, Duke of Clarence . Another point is that Henry VI passed a law in 1470 that should both he and his son Edward of Westminster die without further legitimate male issue, the crown was to pass to Clarence, as Henry had placed an attainder upon Edward IV. When Henry VI and Edward both died in 1471, Clarence became the legal heir of the House of Lancaster. [6]

The current descendant of this line is Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun . The line of succession is as follows:

  1. George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence , third son (second "legitimate" son) of Richard, 3rd Duke of York
  2. Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick , first son of George
  3. Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, daughter of George, succeeded her childless brother Edward
  4. Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu , first son of Margaret
  5. Henry Pole, second son of Henry, his elder brother Thomas died in childhood
  6. Catherine Hastings, first daughter, succeeded her childless brother Henry
  7. Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon , first son of Catherine
  8. George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon , second son of Catherine, succeeded his childless brother Henry
  9. Francis Hastings, first son of George
  10. Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon , only son of Francis
  11. Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon , first son of Henry
  12. Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon , only son of Ferdinando
  13. George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon , second son of Theophilus, his elder brother died in childhood
  14. Theophilus Hastings, 9th Earl of Huntingdon , third son of Theophilus, his elder brother George had no legitimate children
  15. Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon , first son of Theophilus, 9th Earl
  16. Elizabeth Rawdon, 16th Baroness Botreaux, daughter of Theophilus, her brother Francis had no legitimate children
  17. Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings , first son of Elizabeth
  18. George Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Marquess of Hastings , eldest legitimate son of Francis
  19. Paulyn Rawdon-Hastings, 3rd Marquess of Hastings, first son of George
  20. Henry Rawdon-Hastings, 4th Marquess of Hastings , second son of George, his brother Paulyn died in childhood
  21. Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter of George, succeeded her childless brother Henry
  22. Charles Rawdon-Hastings, 11th Earl of Loudoun , first son of Edith, died without issue
  23. Paulyn Abney-Hastings, second son of Edith, succeeded his childless brother Charles
  24. Edith Maud Abney-Hastings, 12th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter of Paulyn
  25. Ian Huddleston Abney-Hastings, Lord Mauchline, only son of Edith, died in World War II without issue
  26. Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun, first daughter of Edith, succeeded her childless brother Ian
  27. Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun , eldest son of Barbara
  28. Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun , eldest son of Michael

Descendants of Mary Tudor, Queen of France

Parliament's Third Succession Act granted Henry VIII the right to bequeath the crown in his Will. His Will specified that, in default of heirs to his children, the throne was to pass to the children of the daughters of his younger sister Mary Tudor, Queen of France, bypassing the line of his elder sister Margaret Tudor, represented by the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. Edward VI confirmed this by letters patent. The legitimate and legal heir of Elizabeth I was therefore Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven (the marriage of Lady Katherine Grey having been annulled, and her children declared illegitimate, by Elizabeth I). [7]

Hypothetical succession in the female line from Henry VII, through his daughter Mary and her second marriage

Henry VII
Henry VIII Mary Tudor, Queen of France
Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I
Henry Frances Eleanor
Jane Katherine Mary Margaret
Edward Thomas Ferdinando
Anne Frances
George John
Margaret John
GeorgeElizabeth Scroop
GeorgeAnne
Henry George
HenryElizabeth George
George
Victor
George
George
Caroline

Her succession, under this theory, follows:

  1. Henry VIII of England
  2. Edward VI of England, only son of Henry VIII
  3. Mary I of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII
  4. Elizabeth I of England, second daughter of Henry VIII
  5. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, second daughter of Henry VII
  6. Lady Eleanor Brandon, second daughter, third line of Mary
  7. Lady Margaret Clifford, only daughter, third line of Eleanor
  8. Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, first son of Margaret
  9. Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven , first daughter of Ferdinando
  10. George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos , first son of Anne
  11. Margaret Brydges, first daughter of George
  12. Sir George Brydges Skipwith, 3rd Baronet , first son of Margaret
  13. Elizabeth Brownlow, first daughter of Margaret, succeeded their childless brother George
  14. George Brownlow Doughty, first son of Elizabeth
  15. Henry Doughty, only child of George
  16. Henry Doughty, only son of Henry
  17. Elizabeth Doughty, only daughter of Henry Doughty Sr

Since Lady Anne Stanley's line is thought to have become extinct with the death of Elizabeth Doughty, the line then passes to the descendants of Lady Anne's sister, Lady Frances Stanley:

  2. Lady Frances Stanley, second daughter of Ferdinando
  3. John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, first son of Frances
  4. John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater, first son of John
  5. Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, third son of John
  6. Lady Anne Egerton, first daughter of Scroop
  7. George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, only child of Anne
  8. George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey , first son of George, 4th Earl of Jersey
  9. George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey , first son of George, 5th Earl of Jersey
  10. Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey , only son of George, 6th Earl of Jersey
  11. George Child Villiers, 8th Earl of Jersey , first son of Victor, 7th Earl of Jersey
  12. George Child Villiers, 9th Earl of Jersey , first son of George, 8th Earl of Jersey
  13. Lady Caroline Child Villiers, only child of George's first marriage

Lady Caroline's heir-apparent is her son Timothy Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 7th Earl of Minto.

Although the 9th Earl of Jersey had sons from a third marriage, he had been divorced from his first wife, who was still alive when he married his third. Under a strict adherence to the succession laws and customs as they existed in 1603 (for it is argued that no laws passed by Parliament since 1603 are legitimate, as the heirs did not summon those Parliaments, nor did those laws receive the royal assent to become law), the 9th Earl of Jersey's divorce was not valid, and therefore both his remarriage during his ex-wife's lifetime was null and void, and the children of his third marriage illegitimate. Consequently, the current holder of the Stanley claim to the throne of England is the only child of the 9th Earl's first marriage, Lady Caroline Ogilvy (née Child Villiers). [8]

Descendants of Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp

Although the marriage of Lady Katherine Grey and Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, was annulled as illegal in 1562, and her children consequently rendered illegitimate, James I regarded the Seymour line as eligible heirs. This unofficial rehabilitation of the Seymours placed them ahead of the Stanleys in James's opinion. In 2012, Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss was listed as the heir to the Mary Tudor claim rather than Frances Stanley's descendants. [9] [10] [11]

Her succession follows:

  1. Henry VIII of England
  2. Edward VI of England, only son of Henry
  3. Mary I of England, eldest daughter of Henry
  4. Elizabeth I of England, second daughter of Henry
  5. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, third daughter of Henry VII of England, younger sister of Henry VIII of England
  6. Lady Frances Brandon, first daughter of Mary
  7. Lady Katherine Grey, second daughter of Frances
  8. Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp , first son of Katherine
  9. William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset , second son of Edward, succeeded their childless brother Edward
  10. Henry Seymour, Lord Beauchamp, third son of William, his elder brothers William and Robert died in childhood
  11. Lady Elizabeth Seymour, only daughter of Henry
  12. Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury , second son of Elizabeth, his elder brother Robert died in childhood
  13. Lady Mary Bruce, first daughter, succeeded their childless brothers Robert and George
  14. James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos , only son of Mary
  15. Lady Anne Elizabeth Brydges , only child of James
  16. Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos , first son of Anne
  17. Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos , only son of Richard
  18. Mary Morgan-Grenville, 11th Lady Kinloss , first daughter of Richard
  19. Luis Chandos Francis Temple Morgan-Grenville, second son of Mary, succeeded their childless brother Richard
  20. Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss , first daughter of Luis
  21. Teresa Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss , first daughter of Mary

Lady Kinloss's heir-presumptive is her sister Hester Josephine Anne Freeman-Grenville, who is married to Peter Haworth and has three sons.

Continuation of the House of Stuart

The Jacobite and Hanoverian/Windsor successions

James VI and I
Charles I Elizabeth
Charles II James VII and II Mary Henrietta Sophia
James VIII and III Mary II Anne William III Anne George I
Charles III Henry I and IX Charles Emmanuel George II
Victor Amadeus Frederick
Charles IV Victor George III
Mary II George IV William IV Edward
Francis I Ferdinand Victoria
Mary III Edward VII
Robert George V
Albert Edward VIII George VI
Francis II Elizabeth II
Charles III

The Catholic heirs of the deposed James II of England were passed over by the Act of Settlement 1701.

  1. Charles I of England
  2. James VII and II, second son of Charles I
  3. James Francis Edward Stuart , only son of James VII and II; called "James VIII and III" by Jacobites.
  4. Charles Edward Stuart , elder son of James Francis. He had no legitimate issue by his wife. He had an illegitimate daughter who has descendants, but they have no succession rights. Also known as "Charles III" by Jacobites or as "Bonnie Prince Charlie" more widely.
  5. Henry Benedict Stuart , younger son of James Francis. He was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church and had no issue. Called "Henry I and IX" by Jacobites.

At Henry's death the claim passed to his second cousin twice removed, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia , and then to his brother Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia . Charles Emmanuel and Victor Emmanuel were great-great-great-grandsons of King Charles I. [12]

  1. Charles I of England
  2. Henrietta Anne Stuart, youngest daughter of Charles
  3. Anne Marie d'Orléans, second daughter of Henrietta Anne
  4. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, second son of Anne Marie
  5. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, second son of Charles Emmanuel
  6. Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia , eldest son of Victor Amadeus
  7. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia , second son of Victor Amadeus
  8. Maria Beatrice of Savoy , eldest daughter of Victor Emmanuel
  9. Francis V, Duke of Modena , elder son of Maria Beatrice
  10. Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este, younger son of Maria Beatrice, succeeded their elder brother Francis who had no surviving adult children
  11. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este , only child of Ferdinand
  12. Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria , eldest son of Maria Theresia
  13. Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria , second son of Rupprecht, his elder brother Luitpold died in childhood
  14. Franz, Duke of Bavaria , elder son of Albrecht

When Franz dies, his claim on the English and Scottish crowns [13] will pass to his younger brother Prince Max. And after Max's death, this theoretical claim most likely will be inherited by Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein, daughter of Prince Max.

Related Research Articles

Duke of Buckingham, referring to Buckingham, is an extinct title that has been created several times in the peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. There were creations of double dukedoms of Buckingham and Normanby and of Buckingham and Chandos. The last holder of the dukedom died in 1889.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun</span> Australian politician (1942–2012)

Michael Edward Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun, was a British-Australian farmer, who is most noted because of the 2004 documentary Britain's Real Monarch, which alleged he was the rightful monarch of England instead of Queen Elizabeth II. From February 1960 until November 2002, he held the courtesy title Lord Mauchline.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viscount Cobham</span> Viscountcy in the Peerage of Great Britain

Viscount Cobham is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain that was created in 1718. Owing to its special remainder, the title has passed through several families. Since 1889, it has been held by members of the Lyttelton family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earl of Huntingdon</span> Title in the Peerage of England

Earl of Huntingdon is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England. The medieval title was associated with the ruling house of Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baron Hastings</span> Title in the Peerage of England

Baron Hastings is a title that has been created three times. The first creation was in the Peerage of England in 1290, and is extant. The second creation was in the Peerage of England in 1299, and became extinct on the death of the first holder in c. 1314. The third creation was in the Peerage of England in 1461, and has been in abeyance since 1960.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lord Kinloss</span>

Lord Kinloss is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1602 for Edward Bruce, later Master of the Rolls, with remainder to his heirs and assigns whatsoever. In 1604 he was also made Lord Bruce of Kinloss, with remainder to his heirs male, and in 1608 Lord Bruce of Kinloss, with remainder to any of his heirs. He was succeeded by his son, the second Lord, who was killed in a duel in 1613.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earl Temple of Stowe</span> Earldom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Earl Temple of Stowe, in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1822 for Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Marquess of Buckingham, who was created Marquess of Chandos and Duke of Buckingham and Chandos at the same time. In contrast to the Marquessate and Dukedom, which were created with remainder to the heirs male of his body only, the Earldom was created with remainder to (1) the heirs male of his body, failing which to (2) the heirs male of his deceased great-grandmother the 1st Countess Temple, failing which to (3) his granddaughter Lady Anna Grenville and the heirs male of her body, and then to possible younger daughters of Lord Temple and the heirs male of their bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baron Hungerford</span> Title in the Peerage of England

Baron Hungerford is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created on 7 January 1426 for Walter Hungerford, who was summoned to parliament, had been Member of Parliament, Speaker of the House and invested as Knight of the Order of the Garter before and was made Lord High Treasurer one year before he became a peer. The man who would later succeed as third baron was created Baron de Moleyns on 13 January 1445 by writ of summons; both titles merged when he succeeded as Baron Hungerford in 1459. The third baron was attainted and the peerage forfeit in 1461. This attainder was reversed in 1485 for the then 4th baroness of Hungerford, and so it came into the Hastings family of Earls of Huntingdon until 1789, when it came into the Rawdon(-Hastings) family of the Marquesses of Hastings until 1868 when it fell into abeyance. This abeyance was terminated three years later for a member of the Abney-Hastings family and an Earl of Loudoun. In 1920 it again fell into abeyance, which was terminated one year later for the Philipps family of the Viscounts of St Davids where it has remained since.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</span> British politician (1823–1889)

Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos,, styled Earl Temple until 1839 and Marquess of Chandos from 1839 to 1861, was a British soldier, politician and administrator of the 19th century. He was a close friend and subordinate of Benjamin Disraeli and served as the secretary of state for the colonies from 1867 to 1868 and governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon</span> English noble (1535–1595)

Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, KG, KB was an English Puritan nobleman. Educated alongside the future Edward VI, he was briefly imprisoned by Mary I, and later considered by some as a potential successor to Elizabeth I. He hotly opposed the scheme to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Duke of Norfolk, and was entrusted by Elizabeth to see that the Scottish queen did not escape at the time of the threatened uprising in 1569. He served as President of the Council of the North from 1572 until his death in 1595.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos</span> British Tory politician and bankrupt (1797–1861)

Richard Plantagenet Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos,, styled Viscount Cobham from birth until 1813, Earl Temple between 1813 and 1822 and Marquess of Chandos between 1822 and 1839, was a British Tory politician. He served as Lord Privy Seal between 1841 and 1842.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun</span> British noble (1833–1874)

Edith Maud Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun was a Scottish peer. She died aged 40 after caring for Rowallan Castle. Sir George Gilbert Scott designed an Eleanor Cross style monument to her which was erected in Ashby de la Zouch.

Baron Donington, of Donington Park in the County of Leicester, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 4 May 1880 for Charles Frederick Abney-Hastings. Born Charles Frederick Clifton, he was the widower of Edith Mary Abney-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun. He and his wife had in 1859 assumed by Royal licence the surname of Abney-Hastings on succeeding to the Abney-Hastings estates after the death of his wife's kinsman Sir Charles Abney-Hastings, 2nd Baronet in 1858. They were both succeeded by their eldest son Charles Edward Rawdon-Hastings, 11th Earl of Loudoun and 2nd Baron Donington. However, on his death in 1920 the titles separated. The Scottish earldom was inherited by his niece Edith, daughter of his second brother the Hon. Major Paulyn Francis Cuthbert Rawdon-Hastings. The barony of Donington, which could only be inherited by male heirs, passed to his third brother Gilbert Theophilus, who became the third Baron. He had four daughters but no sons, and on his death in 1927 the barony became extinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon</span> English noblewoman

Lady Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon was an English noble. She was the daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Catherine Woodville, sister of queen consort Elizabeth Woodville. She was first the wife of Sir Walter Herbert and then George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, and served in the household of King Henry VIII's daughter, the future Queen Mary I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon</span> English noble

Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, KG was the eldest son of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, the ex-mistress of Henry VIII.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos</span> 18th Century British peer and politician

James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos PC, styled Viscount Wilton from birth until 1744 and Marquess of Carnarvon from 1744 to 1771, was a British peer and politician.

Francis Hastings, Lord Hastings was the son of George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon and Dorothy Port. He married Sarah Harington, daughter of Sir James Harington and Lucy Sydney. They had five children:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury</span> British politician

Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesburyand 4th Earl of Elgin, of Ampthill, Bedfordshire and Savernake Park, Wiltshire, styled Viscount Bruce of Ampthill from 1685 to 1741, was a British landowner and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1705 until 1711 when he was raised to the peerage as one of Harley's Dozen and sat in the House of Lords.

Charles Edward Rawdon-Hastings, 11th Earl of Loudoun was a Scottish peer.

Teresa Mary Nugent Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss is a Scottish peer.

References

  1. ↑ Lehman, H. E. (2005). Lives of England's Monarchs: The Story of Our American English Heritage . AuthorHouse. p.  176. ISBN   978-1-4184-9692-0. was roger mortimer.
  2. ↑ "Edward IV, king of England". The Penny Cyclopedia. Vol. IX: Dionysius–Erne. 1837. p. 294.
  3. ↑ Willis, Browne (1755). The History and Antiquities of the Town, Hundred, and Deanry of Buckingham: Containing a Description of the Towns, Villages, Hamlets, Monasteries, Churches ... etc. p. 328.
  4. ↑ Sargeant, Carol (December 2011). Love, Honour and Royal Blood: Book Three: Rose Red, Royal Blue Lancaster. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 229. ISBN   978-1-4575-0763-2.
  5. ↑ "Britain's Real Monarch". Channel4 . 2004. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Rowse, A. L. (1966). Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses. Macmillan. p. 166.
  7. ↑ Reitwiesner, William Addams. "Descendants of Anne, Countess of Castlehaven". wargs.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  8. ↑ Reitwiesner, William Addams. "The Henrician succession to the Throne of England". wargs.com. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  9. ↑ "Obituary: Lady Kinloss". The Daily Telegraph . London, UK. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Lady Kinloss was Tudor claimant to the throne". Vancouver Sun . 2012.
  11. ↑ "Lady Kinloss". The Herald . Glasgow. 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  12. ↑ Aronson, Theo (1979). Kings Over the Water. London: Cassell. p. 229.
  13. ↑ The Jacobite claim is to the thrones held and claimed by James II and VII; as king of England, Scotland, France (claimed by English monarchs since the Hundred Years' War), and Ireland. The Acts of Union that created Great Britain and the United Kingdom are considered invalid by those who believe that the monarchs who gave the Acts the Royal Assent were not the legitimate occupants of the throne. Cf. The Legitimist Kalendar for the Year of Our Lord 1895 (London: Henry, 1895), p.22.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.