Antoinette Galvin

Last updated
Antoinette Broe Galvin
Alma materUniversity of Maryland
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of New Hampshire
Thesis Charge states of heavy ions in the energy range in the order of 30-130 keV/Q observed in upstream events associated with the earth's bow shock  (1982)

Antoinette (Toni) Galvin is space physicist at the University of New Hampshire. She is known for her research on the solar wind.

Contents

Education and career

Galvin earned her B.S. in physics from Purdue University, and has an M.S. and a Ph.D. [1] in physics from the University of Maryland. [2] Galvin was a research faculty member of the University of Maryland before moving to the University of New Hampshire in 1997. [3] As of 2011, Galvin is a research professor in physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire and the director of the New Hampshire NASA Space Grant program and the New Hampshire NASA EPSCoR program. [3]

In 2019, Galvin was named a fellow of the American Geophysical Union, who cited her "for exceptional contributions to our understanding of the properties of the solar wind, its solar sources, and its structure in the heliosphere." [4]

Research

Galvin is a space physicist whose research is on heliophysics, the science of the sun. Galvin's early research included working on the Ultra-Low Energy Charge Analyzer (ULECA) instrumentation for two of the NASA-ESA International Sun-Earth Explorer spacecraft (ISEE-1 and ISEE-3) with which she examined the ions upstream of Earth's bow shock [5] and used changes in the charge state of heavy ions to track the solar wind ionization temperature. [6] Galvin has also examined heavy ions in the comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner. [7] Galvin worked on the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) instrumentation for the Ulysses spacecraft that was a shared venture between NASA and the European Space Agency. [8] Ulysses enabled Galvin and colleagues to identify interstellar hydrogen [9] and to identify events associated with coronal mass ejections, also known as solar explosions. [10]

Galvin also worked on the Mass Time-of-Flight (MTOF) and Proton Monitor (PM) instrumentation on the NASA-ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission and on the development of a supra-thermal ion experiment that flew on the NASA-Japan Geotail mission. Galvin was the lead for the Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrometer (STICS) on the NASA Wind spacecraft. Galvin is the principal investigator for the PLasma and SupraThermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) instruments on the two Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory STEREO spacecraft. [11] [12] In 2009, data from PLASTIC provided the solar wind measurements for the first three-dimensional images of a coronal mass ejection from the sun. [13] In 2012, Galvin and colleagues observed an extreme storm which will help establish the conditions that lead to the prediction of sun storms and thereby reduce their impact on communications on Earth. [14] [13] On the Solar Orbiter platform, Galvin is the lead for the group that developed the time of flight section of the Heavy Ion Sensor on the Solar Wind Analyser platform. [15] [16] She is a team member of the HelioSwarm NASA MIDEX mission, currently under development.

Selected publications

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar wind</span> Stream of charged particles from the Sun

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei such as C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. There are also rarer traces of some other nuclei and isotopes such as P, Ti, Cr, 54Fe and 56Fe, and 58Ni, 60Ni, and 62Ni. Superimposed with the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field. The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field. The boundary separating the corona from the solar wind is called the Alfvén surface.

<i>Ulysses</i> (spacecraft) 1990 robotic space probe; studied the Sun from a near-polar orbit

Ulysses was a robotic space probe whose primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes. It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008. In addition, the probe studied several comets. Ulysses was a joint venture of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's National Research Council. The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was 30 June 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet Hyakutake</span> Comet that passed close to Earth in March 1996

Comet Hyakutake is a comet discovered on 31 January 1996. It was dubbed the Great Comet of 1996; its passage to within 0.1 AU (15 Gm) of the Earth on 25 March was one of the closest cometary approaches of the previous 200 years. Reaching an apparent visual magnitude of zero and spanning nearly 80°, Hyakutake appeared very bright in the night sky and was widely seen around the world. The comet temporarily upstaged the much anticipated Comet Hale–Bopp, which was approaching the inner Solar System at the time.

<i>Genesis</i> (spacecraft) NASA sample return probe

Genesis was a NASA sample-return probe that collected a sample of solar wind particles and returned them to Earth for analysis. It was the first NASA sample-return mission to return material since the Apollo program, and the first to return material from beyond the orbit of the Moon. Genesis was launched on August 8, 2001, and the sample return capsule crash-landed in Utah on September 8, 2004, after a design flaw prevented the deployment of its drogue parachute. The crash contaminated many of the sample collectors. Although most were damaged, some of the collectors were successfully recovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronal mass ejection</span> Ejecta from the Suns corona

A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of magnetic field and accompanying plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</span> European space observatory

The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas IIAS launch vehicle on 2 December 1995, to study the Sun. It has also discovered over 4,000 comets. It began normal operations in May 1996. It is a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. SOHO was part of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP). Originally planned as a two-year mission, SOHO continues to operate after over 25 years in space; the mission has been extended until the end of 2025, subject to review and confirmation by ESA's Science Programme Committee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advanced Composition Explorer</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

Advanced Composition Explorer is a NASA Explorer program satellite and space exploration mission to study matter comprising energetic particles from the solar wind, the interplanetary medium, and other sources.

<i>Wind</i> (spacecraft) NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA science spacecraft launched on 1 November 1994, at 09:31:00 UTC, from launch pad LC-17B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Merritt Island, Florida, aboard a McDonnell Douglas Delta II 7925-10 rocket. Wind was designed and manufactured by Martin Marietta Astro Space Division in East Windsor Township, New Jersey. The satellite is a spin-stabilized cylindrical satellite with a diameter of 2.4 m and a height of 1.8 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STEREO</span> Solar observation mission (2006–present)

STEREO is a solar observation mission. Two nearly identical spacecraft were launched in 2006 into orbits around the Sun that cause them to respectively pull farther ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enabled stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</span>

The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is a research institute in astronomy and astrophysics located in Göttingen, Germany, where it relocated in February 2014 from the nearby village of Lindau. The exploration of the Solar System is the central theme for research done at this institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet McNaught</span> Non-periodic comet

Comet McNaught, also known as the Great Comet of 2007 and given the designation C/2006 P1, is a non-periodic comet discovered on 7 August 2006 by British-Australian astronomer Robert H. McNaught using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope. It was the brightest comet in over 40 years, and was easily visible to the naked eye for observers in the Southern Hemisphere in January and February 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAVEN</span> NASA Mars orbiter

MAVEN is a NASA spacecraft orbiting Mars to study the loss of its atmospheric gases to space, providing insight into the history of the planet's climate and water. The spacecraft name is an acronym for "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution" and also a word that means "a person who has special knowledge or experience; an expert". MAVEN was launched on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on 18 November 2013 UTC and went into orbit around Mars on 22 September 2014 UTC. The mission is the first by NASA to study the Mars atmosphere. The probe is analyzing the planet's upper atmosphere and ionosphere to examine how and at what rate the solar wind is stripping away volatile compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliophysics Science Division</span>

The Heliophysics Science Division of the Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) conducts research on the Sun, its extended Solar System environment, and interactions of Earth, other planets, small bodies, and interstellar gas with the heliosphere. Division research also encompasses geospace—Earth's uppermost atmosphere, the ionosphere, and the magnetosphere—and the changing environmental conditions throughout the coupled heliosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">July 2012 solar storm</span> Notable coronal mass ejection

The solar storm of 2012 was a solar storm involving an unusually large and strong coronal mass ejection that occurred on July 23, 2012. It missed Earth with a margin of approximately nine days, as the equator of the Sun rotates around its own axis with a period of about 25 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar phenomena</span> Natural phenomena within the Suns atmosphere

Solar phenomena are natural phenomena which occur within the atmosphere of the Sun. These phenomena take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, coronal heating and sunspots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pickup ion</span>

In solar physics, heliospheric pickup ions are created when neutral particles inside the heliosphere are ionized by either solar ultraviolet radiation, charge exchange with solar wind protons or electron impact ionization. Pickup ions are generally characterized by their single charge state, a typical velocity that ranges between 0 km/s and twice the solar wind velocity (~800 km/s), a composition that reflects their neutral seed population and their spatial distribution in the heliosphere. The neutral seed population of these ions can either be of interstellar origin or of lunar-, cometary, or inner-source origin. Just after the ionization, the singly charged ions are picked up by the magnetized solar wind plasma and develop strong anisotropic and toroidal velocity distribution functions, which gradually transform into a more isotropic state. After their creation, pickup ions move with the solar wind radially outwards from the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SWEAP</span>

SWEAP is an instrument on the unmanned space probe to the Sun, the Parker Solar Probe. The spacecraft with SWEAP on board was launched by a Delta IV Heavy on 12 August 2018 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. SWEAP includes two types of instruments, the Solar Probe Cup (SPC) and Solar Probe Analyzers (SPAN). SWEAP has four sensors overall, and is designed to take measurements of the Solar wind including electrons and ions of hydrogen (protons) and helium.

Lynn Kistler is a physicist known for her research on the magnetosphere that protects Earth from radiation from space.

Margaret Ann ("Peggy") Shea is a space scientist known for research on the connections between cosmic radiation and Earth's magnetic field.

Susan Lepri is an American space scientist and is currently Professor of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan. She led development of portions of the Heavy Ion Sensor (HIS) which was launched onboard the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter mission in February 2020. She has been director of the University of Michigan Space Physics Research Laboratory (SPRL) since 2021.

References

  1. ↑ Galvin, Antoinette Broe (1982). "Charge states of heavy ions in the energy range in the order of 30-130 keV/Q observed in upstream events associated with the earth's bow shock". University Microfilms. Bibcode:1982PhDT.........3G. OCLC   946012050.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ "Galvin, Antoinette". findscholars.unh.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  3. 1 2 "NHSGC Director Toni Galvin". www.nhsgc.unh.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
  4. 1 2 "Galvin". Honors Program. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Ipavich, F. M.; Galvin, A. B.; Gloeckler, G.; Scholer, M.; Hovestadt, D. (1981). "A statistical survey of ions observed upstream of the Earth's bow shock: Energy spectra, composition, and spatial variation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 86 (A6): 4337–4342. Bibcode:1981JGR....86.4337I. doi:10.1029/JA086iA06p04337. ISSN   2156-2202.
  6. ↑ Galvin, A. B.; Ipavich, F. M.; Gloeckler, G.; Hovestadt, D.; Klecker, B.; Scholer, M. (1984). "Solar wind ionization temperatures inferred from the charge state composition of diffuse particle events". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 89 (A5): 2655–2671. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.2655G. doi:10.1029/JA089iA05p02655. ISSN   2156-2202.
  7. ↑ Ipavich, F. M.; Galvin, A. B.; Gloeckler, G.; Hovestadt, D.; Klecker, B.; Scholer, M. (1986-04-18). "Comet Giacobini-Zinner: In Situ Observations of Energetic Heavy Ions". Science. 232 (4748): 366–369. Bibcode:1986Sci...232..366I. doi:10.1126/science.232.4748.366. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17792146. S2CID   22856104.
  8. ↑ "Ulysses Offers New Insights on Conditions over Sun's Poles". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). October 26, 1995. Archived from the original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  9. ↑ Gloeckler, G.; Galvin, A. B.; Ipavich, F. M.; Geiss, J.; Balsiger, H.; von Steiger, R.; Fisk, L. A.; Ogilvie, K. W.; Wilken, B. (1993-07-02). "Detection of Interstellar Pick-Up Hydrogen in the Solar System". Science. 261 (5117): 70–73. Bibcode:1993Sci...261...70G. doi:10.1126/science.261.5117.70. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17750548. S2CID   46167186.
  10. ↑ Galvin, A.B.; Gloeckler, G.; Ipavich, F.M.; Shafer, C.M.; Geiss, J.; Ogilvie, K. (1993-06-01). "Solar wind composition measurements by the Ulysses SWICS experiment during transient solar wind flows". Advances in Space Research. 13 (6): 75–78. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(93)90393-P. ISSN   0273-1177.
  11. ↑ "STEREO - Team". stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  12. ↑ "UNH space scientists deliver twin instruments to NASA". phys.org. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  13. 1 2 Atkinson, Nancy (2009-04-14). "The Anatomy of a Solar Explosion in 3-D". Universe Today. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  14. ↑ Liu, Ying D.; Luhmann, Janet G.; Kajdič, Primož; Kilpua, Emilia K. J.; Lugaz, Noé; Nitta, Nariaki V.; Möstl, Christian; Lavraud, Benoit; Bale, Stuart D.; Farrugia, Charles J.; Galvin, Antoinette B. (2014-03-18). "Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 3481. arXiv: 1405.6088 . Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3481L. doi:10.1038/ncomms4481. ISSN   2041-1723. PMID   24642508. S2CID   11999567.
  15. ↑ "University of New Hampshire Heading Back to The Sun on Solar Orbiter". UNH Today. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  16. ↑ Owen, C. J.; et al. (October 2020). "The Solar Orbiter Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suite". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 642: A16. Bibcode:2020A&A...642A..16O. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937259 . S2CID   224966409.
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