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Aurel Croissant | |
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| Born | 1969 (age 53–54) |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Mainz |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Heidelberg |
| Main interests | Political science |
Aurel Croissant (born 1969 in Germany) is professor of political science at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. [1]
Croissant received his Dr. Phil. In political science from the University of Mainz (magna cum laude) and his M.A. in political science,sociology and public law from that university,which he graduated with summa cum laude.
From 2004 to 2006 he was an assistant professor at the Naval Postgraduate School's National Security Affairs Department. In 2006,he joined Heidelberg University as full professor. Croissant teaches undergraduate,graduate and doctoral courses and supervises bachelor's,master's and doctoral theses in political science. His teaching and research focuses on Southeast and East Asian politics,democratization,civil-military relations,security studies and other topics in comparative politics. He has published more than 150 articles and book chapters in English and German which have also been translated into Spanish,Indonesian,Korean,and Russian. Besides,he co-authored 4 books. During 2001–2003,he taught as assistant professor at the Ruprecht-Karls-University in Heidelberg,Germany. He taught and conducted research from 1996 to 2001 at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz and the University of Heidelberg,both in Germany. He taught and conducted research in Thailand,the Philippines and Korea and served as the co-chair of the Research Council on Democratization of the German Association of Political Science. Since 2012 he is coeditor of the quarterly Democratization. He is a member of the academic advisory board of the Bertelsmann Transformatio Index,and the Sustainable Governance Index.
A military dictatorship is a type of dictatorship in which power is held by one or more military officers acting on behalf of the military. Military dictatorships are led by either a single military dictator,known as a strongman,or by a council of military officers known as a military junta. They are most often formed by military coups or the empowerment of the military through a popular uprising in times of domestic unrest or instability. The military nominally seeks power to restore order or fight corruption,but the personal motivations of military officers may include greater funding for the military or a decrease in civilian control of the military.
Democratization,or democratisation,is the transition to a more democratic political regime,including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be a hybrid regime in transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy,a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system.
An illiberal democracy describes a governing system in which,although elections take place,citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties;thus it does not constitute an open society.
Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies. The "classical" theories of modernization of the 1950s and 1960s drew on sociological analyses of Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim and a partial reading of Max Weber,and were strongly influenced by the writings of Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons. Modernization theory was a dominant paradigm in the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s,then went into a deep eclipse. It made a comeback after 1991,when Francis Fukuyama wrote about the end of the Cold War as confirmation on modernization theory and more generally of universal history. But the theory remains a controversial model.
Juan JoséLinz Storch de Gracia was a Spanish sociologist and political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He was Sterling Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at Yale University and an honorary member of the Scientific Council at the Juan March Institute. He is best known for his work on authoritarian political regimes and democratization.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand,Buddhist Era 2540 (1997) was a constitution of Thailand enacted on 11 October 1997 to replace the 1991 Constitution,and was widely hailed as a landmark in Thai democratic constitutional reform. The Constitution was repealed by the Council for Democratic Reform on 19 September 2006 following a successful military coup,and was replaced by the 2006 Constitution on 1 October 2006.
Duncan McCargo is a British academic who is serving as Director of the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies and Professor of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen. He is currently a Visiting Professor in the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds,where he was a faculty member from 1993 to 2020. Between 2015 and 2019 he held a shared appointment at Columbia University,where he was a Visiting Professor of Political Science and taught every spring semester. McCargo is also a visiting scholar at the Weatherhead East Asian Institute,Columbia University,and an associate fellow of the New-York-based Asia Society.
Defective democracies is a concept that was proposed by the political scientists Wolfgang Merkel,Hans-Jürgen Puhle and Aurel S. Croissant at the beginning of the 21st century to subtilize the distinctions between totalitarian,authoritarian,and democratic political systems. It is based on the concept of embedded democracy. There are four forms of defective democracy,how each nation reaches the point of defectiveness varies. One recurring theme is the geographical location of the nation,which includes the effects of the influence of surrounding nations in the region. Other causes for defective democracies include their path of modernization,level of modernization,economic trends,social capital,civil society,political institutions,and education.
Gerardo L. Munck is a political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is professor of political science and international relations at the University of Southern California.
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality,the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo,and reductions in the rule of law,separation of powers,and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies","hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.
Grzegorz Ekiert is Professor of Government at Harvard University,Director of Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies and Senior Scholar at the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies. His teaching and research interests focus on comparative politics,regime change and democratization,civil society and social movements,and East European politics and societies.
Philippe C. Schmitter is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is Emeritus Professor of the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute.
Anocracy or semi-democracy is a form of government that is loosely defined as part democracy and part dictatorship,or as a "regime that mixes democratic with autocratic features." Another definition classifies anocracy as "a regime that permits some means of participation through opposition group behavior but that has incomplete development of mechanisms to redress grievances." The term "semi-democratic" is reserved for stable regimes that combine democratic and authoritarian elements. Scholars have also distinguished anocracies from autocracies and democracies in their capability to maintain authority,political dynamics,and policy agendas. Similarly,the regimes have democratic institutions that allow for nominal amounts of competition.
A hybrid regime is a mixed type of political system often created as a result of an incomplete transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. Hybrid regimes are categorized as a combination of autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections. Hybrid regimes are commonly found in developing countries with abundant natural resources such as petro-states. Although these regimes experience civil unrest,they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time. There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the Cold War.
Embedded democracy is a form of government in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes. The term "embedded democracy" was coined by political scientists Wolfgang Merkel,Hans-Jürgen Puhle,and Aurel Croissant,who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy:electoral regime,political participation,civil rights,horizontal accountability,and the power of the elected representatives to govern. The five internal regimes work together to check the power of the government,while external regimes also help to secure and stabilize embedded democracies. Together,all the regimes ensure that an embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental principles of freedom,equality,and control.
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Mark R. Thompson is an expert on Southeast Asian politics,with particular interest in the Philippines,Thailand,and Indonesia. He also works on broader themes of comparative politics,particularly authoritarianism and democratization. He is professor of politics at the City University of Hong Kong,where he is head of the Department of Asian and International Studies (AIS) and also director of the Southeast Asia Research Centre (SEARC). Earlier he taught in the United Kingdom (Glasgow),Germany,and Japan. In 2013-2014 he was president of the Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA). He has been a regularly commentator on Southeast Asian politics in the international media.
Julio Cabral Teehankee is a Filipino political scientist. He is Full Professor of Political Science and International Studies at De La Salle University (DLSU) where he served as Chair of the Political Science Department (1994–2007);Chair of the International Studies Department (2008–2013);and Dean of the College of Liberal Arts (2013–2017).
Legislative elections in South Korea determine the composition of the National Assembly for the next four years.
The Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino is a political party in the Philippines. The party was founded in June 19,2020 by Kerby Javier Salazar,a provincial board member from Cavite,to be a platform for youth empowerment in the national government.
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