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Weather is the state of the atmosphere,describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold,wet or dry,calm or stormy,clear or cloudy. On Earth,most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere,the troposphere,just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature,precipitation,and other atmospheric conditions,whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification,"weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
Weather modification is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the weather. The most common form of weather modification is cloud seeding,which increases rain or snow,usually for the purpose of increasing the local water supply. Weather modification can also have the goal of preventing damaging weather,such as hail or hurricanes,from occurring;or of provoking damaging weather against the enemy,as a tactic of military or economic warfare like Operation Popeye,where clouds were seeded to prolong the monsoon in Vietnam. Weather modification in warfare has been banned by the United Nations under the Environmental Modification Convention.
In meteorology,precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle,rain,sleet,snow,ice pellets,graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor,so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus,fog and mist are not precipitation but colloids,because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes,possibly acting together,can lead to air becoming saturated:cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short,intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers.
Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei,which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud. Its effectiveness is debated;some studies have suggested that it is "difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect." The usual objective is to increase precipitation,either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward.
This is a list of meteorology topics. The terms relate to meteorology,the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting.
Rainmaking,also known as artificial precipitation,artificial rainfall and pluviculture,is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation,usually to stave off drought or the wider global warming. According to the clouds' different physical properties,this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice,silver iodide and salt powder,to make clouds rain or increase precipitation,to remove or mitigate farmland drought,to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity,to increase water levels for hydropower generation,or even to solve the global warming problem.
Laohekou is a county-level city in the northwest of Hubei province,People's Republic of China. It is located on the Han River (Hanshui),near the Henan border.
Shaowu is a county-level city in northwestern Fujian province,People's Republic of China,located in the central part of the Wuyi Mountains and bordering Jiangxi province to the west. It has more than 100,000 inhabitants. The local dialect combines elements from Northern Min and Gan Chinese.
Bayannur or Bayannao'er is a prefecture-level city in western Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China. Until 1 December 2003,the area was called Bayannur League.
China is a mountainous country,which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina in 1975 caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1062 mm (41.81 inches) of rain fell in Henan Province during a 24‑hour period. Super Typhoon Carla was the wettest tropical cyclone on record for mainland China. Since 1957,there has been a downward trend in tropical cyclone rainfall for the country.
Liangping District,formerly Liangping County and Liangshan County,is a district in the north of Chongqing Municipality,People's Republic of China.
Severe weather is any dangerous meteorological phenomenon with the potential to cause damage,serious social disruption,or loss of human life. Types of severe weather phenomena vary,depending on the latitude,altitude,topography,and atmospheric conditions. High winds,hail,excessive precipitation,and wildfires are forms and effects of severe weather,as are thunderstorms,downbursts,tornadoes,waterspouts,tropical cyclones,and extratropical cyclones. Regional and seasonal severe weather phenomena include blizzards (snowstorms),ice storms,and duststorms.
Owing to tremendous differences in latitude,longitude,and altitude,the climate of China is extremely diverse. It ranges from tropical in the far south to subarctic in the far north,and alpine in the higher elevations of the Tibetan Plateau. Monsoon winds,caused by differences in the heat-absorbing capacity of the continent and the ocean,dominate the climate. During the summer,the East Asian Monsoon carries warm and moist air from the south and delivers the vast majority of the annual precipitation in much of the country. Conversely,the Siberian anticyclone dominates during winter,bringing cold and comparatively dry conditions. The advance and retreat of the monsoons account,in large degree,for the timing of the rainy season throughout the country. Although most of the country lies in the temperate belt,its climatic patterns are complex.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the field of Meteorology.
Fengning Manchu Autonomous County is a Manchu autonomous county of northern Hebei province,bordering Beijing to the southwest and Inner Mongolia to the north,and lying under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengde.
Rain is water droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides water for hydroelectric power plants,crop irrigation,and suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems.
The July 2016 North China cyclone was a devastating extratropical cyclone which produced torrential precipitation and caused widespread flash floods over North China and portions of nearby regions,resulting in at least 184 deaths and ¥33.19 billion of damage in China.
This glossary of meteorology is a list of terms and concepts relevant to meteorology and atmospheric science,their sub-disciplines,and related fields.
Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates is a strategy used by the government to address water challenges in the country. Cloud seeding is also referred to as man made precipitation and artificial rain making. The United Arab Emirates is one of the first countries in the Persian Gulf region to use cloud seeding technology. UAE scientists use cloud seeding technology to supplement the country's water insecurity,which stems from the extremely hot climate. They use weather radar to continuously monitor the atmosphere of the country. Forecasters and scientists have estimated that cloud seeding operations can enhance rainfall by as much as 30-35% percent in a clear atmosphere,and up to 10-15% in a more humid atmosphere. This practice has caused concerns regarding the impact on the environment because it is difficult to predict the long-term global implications.
On 22 May 2021,21 professional runners died from hypothermia out of the 172 competing in a government-run 100-kilometre (62 mi) trail running race held in the Yellow River Stone Forest in Jingtai County,Gansu,China.
References
- ↑ "Weather modification". Beijing Meteorological Bureau. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- 1 2 "北京市气象台今年首发雷雨大风蓝色预警 (Beijing Meteorological Bureau issues blue thunderstorm warning for first time this year)". People's Daily (in Chinese). 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2007-11-15.[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ Chen, Jieqiong (2007-08-15). "08奥运天气控制系统大揭秘 控制天气全凭高科技 (08 Olympics weather control system unveiled; controls the weather with advanced technology)". China Radio International. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- 1 2 MacLeod, Calum (2006-06-29). "China rolls out the big guns, aiming for a dry Olympics". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- 1 2 Ruwitch, John (2004-07-27). "China Seeders Train Sights on Soggy Skies". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ↑ "China says it made rain to wash off sand". NBC News. 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
- ↑ "Need More Snow? Beijing Weather Wizards Deliver". The Deseret News. 1997-01-16. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
- ↑ "Scientists 'cause' Beijing snow". BBC News . UK: BBC. 2009-11-02.
- ↑ Canaves, Sky (2009-11-02). "Beijing Snow, Man Made in China". The Wall Street Journal . Blogs. USA.
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