Bubbles (chimpanzee)

Last updated

Bubbles
Bubbles the chimpanzee.jpg
Bubbles held in Michael Jackson's arm circa 1986
Species Common chimpanzee
SexMale
Born1983 (age 40–41) [1]
Austin, Texas, U.S.
Known forBeing the pet of Michael Jackson [1]
Owner Michael Jackson (1985–2005)
Center for Great Apes (2005–present)
Weight185 lb (84 kg) [1]

Bubbles (born 1983) is a chimpanzee once kept as a pet by the American singer Michael Jackson, who bought him from a Texas research facility in the 1980s. Bubbles frequently traveled with Jackson, drawing attention in the media. In 1987, during the Bad world tour, Bubbles and Jackson drank tea with the mayor of Osaka, Japan.

Contents

Bubbles was initially kept at the Jackson family home in Encino, Los Angeles, but was moved to Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, in 1988. There, he slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, used Jackson's toilet and ate Jackson's candy in the Neverland movie theater. By 2003, Bubbles had matured into a large and aggressive adult chimpanzee unsuitable as a pet, like many captive chimpanzees, and was sent to a California animal trainer. When the trainer closed his operation in 2004, Bubbles was moved to the Center for Great Apes, a sanctuary in Wauchula, Florida, where he has lived since 2005.

Life

Acquisition

Bubbles was born in 1983 in a research facility in Austin, Texas, that bred primates for animal testing. [1] [2] There are conflicting reports as to how he came into Jackson's possession; many state that Jackson had purchased him when he was eight months old. The acquisition was said to have been supervised by Bob Dunn, then one of Hollywood's most famous suppliers and trainers of animals for films, photoshoots and advertisements. [3] [4]

Late 1980s

Bubbles was kept at the Jackson family's Encino home until 1988, when he was moved to Jackson's new home, Neverland Ranch, in Santa Barbara County, California. [5] Bubbles slept in a crib in Jackson's bedroom, [6] ate candy in the Neverland movie theater, [7] was fed at the dining table, [6] wore a diaper, and used Jackson's toilet. [7] [8] At Jackson's 2005 trial, Jackson said that his chimpanzees helped with housekeeping chores: "They run around, help me clean the room. They help me dust, clean the window." Jackson's housekeepers testified that they disapproved of the chimpanzee behavior. One said she had to clean feces hurled at the bedroom wall, and another described a chimpanzee tearing off his diaper before crawling into Jackson's bed. [8]

Michael Jackson had Bubbles accompany him throughout the late 1980s. Michael Jackson, 1988 (46845017052).jpg
Michael Jackson had Bubbles accompany him throughout the late 1980s.

During the late 1980s, Jackson took Bubbles on outings and would often talk to him. According to reports, he showed him how to moonwalk. [9] Bubbles had an agent and was rumored to have his own bodyguard. [6] [10] He sat in for the recording of Jackson's album Bad (1987)— Jackson insisted that Bubbles and Jackson's pet snake attend as spectators—and accompanied Jackson for the filming of the "Bad" music video. [6] [11] [12] Bubbles made a cameo in the video for "Liberian Girl". [13]

When the Bad world tour began in September 1987, Bubbles and Jackson shared a two-bedroom hotel suite in Tokyo. [6] Bubbles and Jackson made a social visit to the Mayor of Osaka, Yasushi Oshima; there, Bubbles drank Japanese green tea while seated quietly next to Jackson. Oshima said that he and his fellow officials were "surprised to see the chimpanzee, but we understand he is [Michael's] good friend ... This is the first time an animal ever entered City Hall." [14] [15] Though allowed to travel to Japan, Bubbles was unable to enter Britain and Sweden due to strict quarantine laws. [16] [17] Jackson also brought Bubbles for tea at Elizabeth Taylor's house. Taylor did not mind that Jackson had brought a chimpanzee. [18] At a party to celebrate and promote Bad, Bubbles reportedly "worked the room" and was "the life of the party". [6]

Around this time, Bubbles and Jackson were photographed by Kenny Rogers for his book, Your Friends and Mine. The photo shows Bubbles held on Jackson's hip. In the black and white photograph, Bubbles is dressed casually in a long sleeved shirt and overalls. Jackson is also dressed casually; he wears jeans and a simple shirt. [19] Rogers said: "Bubbles was so human it was almost frightening. He would take Christopher [Rogers' son] by the hand, walk over to the refrigerator, open it, take out a banana and hand it to him. Christopher was amazed... we all were." [19]

According to author David Wigg, Queen singer Freddie Mercury grew frustrated trying to record a duet with Jackson, "There Must Be More to Life Than This", because of his insistence that Bubbles be in the studio. According to Wigg, "Michael made Bubbles sit between them and would turn to the chimp between takes and ask, 'Don't you think that was lovely?' Or, 'Do you think we should do that again?' After a few days of this, Freddie just exploded ... 'I'm not performing with a fucking chimp sitting next to me each night.'" Mercury left the project and released the song as a solo artist in 1985. The duet with Jackson was not released until the Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor discovered it and included it on the album Queen Forever in 2014. [20]

Relocations

Bubbles lived at Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, until he became too aggressive. Aerial-NeverlandZoo.jpg
Bubbles lived at Jackson's home, Neverland Ranch, until he became too aggressive.

In the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson told the journalist Martin Bashir that Bubbles had become pugnacious. [21] He was moved to an animal sanctuary over fears he might attack Jackson's newborn son, Prince Michael II. [nb 1] [23] Jackson bought two more baby chimpanzees, Max and Action Jackson; [1] the public believed these chimpanzees were also Bubbles. Bubbles' removal was a source of regret for Jackson. During the interview, Bashir was also told of how Jackson had planned to hold a "celebrity animal party" for Bubbles; Cheeta, the chimpanzee from Tarzan , Benji and Lassie were to be invited. [24]

Bubbles was relocated to Bob Dunn's ranch in Sylmar, California. [3] [25] Dunn said at the time: "Bubbles is an adult chimp and a wild animal. We don't let him out to play." [25] According to CNN, Jackson and his children visited Bubbles and played with the other animals at the ranch. [25] "[Jackson] still acts like a kid around them", Dunn said. [25] The Washington Times , however, claimed Jackson did not visit Bubbles, despite Jackson's representative having stated that he would like to meet him again. [26] Shortly afterward, in December 2003, it was claimed that Bubbles had attempted suicide. [nb 2] [31] [32] He was supposedly taken to a hospital in time to be saved. [32]

Since the closure of Dunn's facility in 2004, Bubbles has been kept at the Center for Great Apes in Wauchula, Florida, where he is said to enjoy painting and listening to flute music. [3] The annual care for each animal at the center costs around $17,000 as of 2009. Patti Ragan, director for the Center for Great Apes, commented on the animals' daily routine at the sanctuary: "They relax. They take naps together. They might go up in the top of the cupola. They go out in the chutes and lie under a tree in the tunnel system. They groom each other and they fight and they have arguments, too." [3] According to animal keepers at the center, Bubbles—whose facial features have changed since his time with Jackson—is now "huge and ugly", weighing 185 pounds (84 kg), but has a "sweet character". [33] [2] In 2009, Bubbles was spending most of his time sitting quietly in trees with Sam, a 40-year-old chimpanzee. [33]

Death of Jackson

On June 25, 2009, Jackson died at the age of 50 following a cardiac arrest. [34] Dunn, speaking to the News of the World , said: "Bubbles definitely missed [Jackson] when they parted and will miss him now. Chimpanzees are intelligent. They remember people and stuff. Bubbles and Michael were close friends and playmates. The last time Michael visited, Bubbles definitely recognized and remembered him." [nb 3] [31] Dunn said that Jackson thought of Bubbles as his first child, and added that he hoped Jackson's children would keep in touch with their "stepbrother" following their father's death. [31] In 2010, Jackson's sister La Toya visited Bubbles at the Center for Great Apes in Florida. [36] According to the Center for Great Apes website, Jackson's estate has continued to support the costs of Bubbles' care. [1]

Media coverage

The public perception of what Michael is as a human being has been highly exaggerated. Those articles are hard for me to relate to. For instance, Bubbles is more fun than a lot of people I know. I saw Bubbles at a wedding in a tux. He has great table manners.

Quincy Jones [37]

According to the journalist Steve Huey, Bubbles formed a public perception of Jackson as a "bizarre eccentric, obsessed with recapturing his childhood". [38] [39] [40] According to Robert Thompson, professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, Jackson's acquisition of Bubbles was "when the weirdness began to reach mythic proportions". [41]

Jackson and Bubbles' bond, as well as Jackson's other alleged eccentricities, contributed to the media nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise. [39] The media often focused on Bubbles, rather than Jackson's music, and published false stories, such as the allegation that Bubbles was not a single ape, but one of several. [42] [43] A later claim suggested that Bubbles had died; Jackson's press agent Lee Solters told reporters that "when Bubbles heard about his demise he went bananas ... Like Mark Twain, his death is grossly exaggerated and he's alive and doing well." [44] [45]

The media also falsely reported that Bubbles would be the ringbearer at Elizabeth Taylor's wedding at Neverland Ranch in 1991; according to The New York Times , it was "an idea that some newspapers found too delightful not to report." [46] The National Enquirer claimed that the musician Prince had used extrasensory perception to turn Bubbles crazy. According to the story, Jackson said: "What kind of sicko would mess with a monkey? This is the final straw. Poor, poor Bubbles." Jackson found the story hilarious; his staff reported that they had never seen him laugh so much. [47]

Legacy

Jackson launched Michael's Pets, a range of soft toys based on the animals he owned, in November 1986. "He [Jackson] was very instrumental in designing the toys", said Bob Michaelson, who was responsible for developing them. [48] "He was very instrumental in how it should be programmed... he's got tremendous intuition." [48] Jackson, in approving the toys, stipulated that the manufacturers donate $1 per sale to a children's charity. [49]

In 1988, the artist Jeff Koons made three identical porcelain sculptures, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, as part of his Banality exhibit. [50] At the time, each sculpture was said to be worth $250,000. [51] Koons once said: "If I could be one other living person, it would probably be Michael Jackson." [50] The piece became one of Koons' best known works. [52] The figure shows Jackson and Bubbles wearing gold military-style suits. [50] In 2001, one of the figures was put up for auction and was expected to fetch between $3 million and $4 million. [53] The figure sold to an anonymous telephone bidder for $5.6 million, [50] [54] a record for a work by Koons. [55]

The Daily Telegraph reported in August 2009 that Bubbles was to publish a "tell-all memoir" about his time with Jackson. The book, Bubbles: My Secret Diary, From Swaziland to Neverland, is a spoof diary by journalist John Blake, [56] and the book fictionally documents the "darker aspects" of Bubbles' life, including a "$2,000-a-day banana addiction, depression, romantic conquests, and [his] 'vicious rivalry' with Tarzan star Cheeta". [56] The "collection of very personal and honest entries from [Bubbles'] diary" was released in October 2009. [56] Blake said:

Behind his seemingly-perfect life of glamorous friends, gold-plated tyre swings, and personal chefs, there is a dark history of medical experiments, addiction and loss. But Bubbles has fought against his personal and professional problems and, with his help of man-pet Michael Jackson, he has grown to become bigger than King Kong—figuratively speaking. [56]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Primatologist Jane Goodall writes that while some chimpanzees may be seen as "cute, funny and even lovable", to think that they would make good pets is inaccurate. She notes that at about 6 to 8 years of age, the animals become strong and indocile. [22]
  2. ↑ Reports on "animal suicide" can be traced back decades. [27] While there is no consensus on the topic and modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming behaviour among nonhuman species, it has been noted that there are "strong cross-species parallels" and that traits linked with suicide in humans have been found in rodents. [28] [29] Author You-Sheng Li wrote in a 2005 book that it was doubtful that chimpanzees have the mental capacity to attempt suicide. She added that some animals, however, may give up their lives in certain circumstances. [30]
  3. ↑ Jane Goodall notes that chimpanzees become more relaxed around individuals they recognize. [35]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chimpanzee</span> Great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa

The chimpanzee, also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the bonobo was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee. The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus Pan. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is thus humans' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jane Goodall</span> English primatologist and anthropologist (born 1934)

Dame Jane Morris Goodall, formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. She is considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, after 60 years' studying the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. Goodall first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania to observe its chimpanzees in 1960.

<i>Pan</i> (genus) Genus of African great apes

The genus Pan consists of two extant species: the chimpanzee and the bonobo. Taxonomically, these two ape species are collectively termed panins. The two species were formerly collectively called "chimpanzees" or "chimps"; if bonobos were recognized as a separate group at all, they were referred to as "pygmy" or "gracile chimpanzees". Together with humans, gorillas, and orangutans they are part of the family Hominidae. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, chimpanzees and bonobos are currently both found in the Congo jungle, while only the chimpanzee is also found further north in West Africa. Both species are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and in 2017 the Convention on Migratory Species selected the chimpanzee for special protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great ape personhood</span> Extending personhood to nonhuman great apes

Great ape personhood is a movement to extend personhood and some legal protections to the non-human members of the great ape family: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheeta</span> Fictional character

Cheeta is a chimpanzee character that appeared in numerous Hollywood Tarzan films of the 1930s–1960s, as well as the 1966–1968 television series, as the ape sidekick of the title character, Tarzan. Cheeta has usually been characterized as male, but sometimes as female, and has been portrayed by chimpanzees of both sexes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washoe (chimpanzee)</span> Chimpanzee research subject

Washoe was a female common chimpanzee who was the first non-human to learn to communicate using American Sign Language (ASL) as part of an animal research experiment on animal language acquisition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Ape Project</span> International organization

The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1993, is an international organization of primatologists, anthropologists, ethicists, and others who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gombe Stream National Park</span> National park in Tanzania

Gombe Stream National Park is a national park in Kigoma District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania, 16 km (10 mi) north of Kigoma, the capital of Kigoma Region. Established in 1968, it is one of the smallest national parks in Tanzania, with only 35 km2 (13.5 sq mi) of protected land along the hills of the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The terrain is distinguished by steep valleys, and the vegetation ranges from grassland to woodland to tropical rainforest. Accessible only by boat, the park is most famous as the location where Jane Goodall pioneered her behavioural research on the common chimpanzee populations. The Kasakela chimpanzee community, featured in several books and documentaries, lives in Gombe National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Cronin (zookeeper)</span> American zookeeper

James Michael Cronin MBE was the American co-founder in 1987 of Monkey World in Dorset, England, a sanctuary for abused and neglected primates. He was widely acknowledged as an international expert in the rescue and rehabilitation of abused primates, and in the enforcement of international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal testing on non-human primates</span> Experimentation using other primate animals

Experiments involving non-human primates (NHPs) include toxicity testing for medical and non-medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 across the European Union. Most are purpose-bred, while some are caught in the wild.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Travis (chimpanzee)</span> Chimpanzee known for attacking a friend of his owner

Travis was a male chimpanzee who was raised by and lived with a human family. On February 16, 2009, Travis attacked and mauled his owner's friend in Stamford, Connecticut, blinding her, severing several body parts, and lacerating her face, before he was shot and killed by a responding police officer.

Carole Cooney Noon was an American anthropologist and primatologist best known for founding Save the Chimps, a Florida non-profit chimpanzee sanctuary that is the largest such sanctuary in the world as of 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Center for Great Apes</span> Zoo in Wauchula, Florida

The Center for Great Apes is a sanctuary for great apes located east of Wauchula, Florida. Its mission is to provide a permanent sanctuary for orangutans and chimpanzees who have been rescued or retired from the entertainment industry, from research, or from the exotic pet trade; to educate the public about captive great apes and the threats to conservation of great apes in the wild; and to advocate for the end of the use of great apes as entertainers, research subjects, and pets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal relationships of Michael Jackson</span> Overview of the personal relationships of Michael Jackson

The personal relationships of Michael Jackson have been the subject of public and media attention for several decades. He was introduced to the topic of sexual activity at the age of nine while a member of the Jackson 5. He and his brothers would perform at strip clubs, sharing the bill with female strippers and drag queens, and the sexual adventures of his brothers with groupies further affected Jackson's early life. The entertainer said his first real girlfriend was the child actress Tatum O'Neal, when he was a teenager in the 1970s; he called her "my first love – after Diana Ross." The pair eventually "cooled off" and Jackson entered into a romance with model Brooke Shields in 1981. Although the relationship was platonic, Shields said there were times he had asked her to marry him, but as he grew older he started to change physically and became more asexual towards her.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chimps Inc.</span> Nonprofit animal sanctuary

Chimps Inc. is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) animal sanctuary located at P-B Ranch near Bend, Oregon, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chimp Eden</span> Animal sanctuary in South Africa

The Jane Goodall Institute Chimpanzee Eden, commonly referred to as Chimp Eden, is situated within a 1,000 ha game reserve and animal sanctuary for rescued chimpanzees, in the Umhloti Nature Reserve, near Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Opened in 2006 by founder and director Eugene Cussons, in collaboration with the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), its purpose is to provide a permanent and safe home for chimpanzees who are rescued from abusive and unfortunate circumstances from areas where these great apes are being constantly exploited by humans through the bushmeat trade, pet trade and entertainment industries. At the sanctuary, the chimpanzees are rehabilitated with the help of their care takers in being re-introduced back into chimpanzee social skills and live in a social group with others of their own kind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arcus Foundation</span> American foundation

The Arcus Foundation is an international charitable foundation focused on issues related to LGBT rights, social justice, ape conservation, and environmental preservation. The foundation's stated mission is "to ensure that LGBT people and our fellow apes thrive in a world where social and environmental justice are a reality."

<i>Michael Jackson and Bubbles</i> Porcelain sculpture by Jeff Koons

Michael Jackson and Bubbles is a porcelain sculpture by the American artist Jeff Koons and manufactured in the Italian porcelain factory of Cesare Villari in Solagna, Italy. It was created in 1988 within the framework of his Banality series.

International Primate Day, September 1, is an annual educational observance event organized since 2005 largely by British-based Animal Defenders International (ADI) and supported annually by various primate-oriented advocacy organizations, speaks for all higher and lower primates, typically endorsing humane agendas where primates are at risk, as in research institutions or species endangerment in precarious environmental situations.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bubbles the Chimpanzee – Center for Great Apes". Center for Great Apes . Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Yourse, Robyn-Denise (July 1, 2009). "M.J.'s Bubbles OK" . The Washington Times . News World Communications . Retrieved August 18, 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Segal, Kim; Zarrella, John (July 2, 2009). "Jackson's chimp Bubbles enjoys life out of public eye". CNN . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  4. ↑ Ayres, Chris (March 24, 2005). "What does Hollywood do when a screen chimp turns nasty? Shoot it dead and call in a cartoon". The Times . London: News Corporation . Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Michael Jackson joins the over-30 crowd". Deseret News. Deseret Management Corporation. August 29, 1988. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Goldberg, Michael (September 16, 1987). "Is singer Michael Jackson for real?". Deseret News . Deseret Management Corporation . Retrieved April 3, 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  7. 1 2 Taraborrelli, p. 455
  8. 1 2 "Monkey business in the loo". The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media. May 12, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  9. ↑ Lartigue, Michael J. "Is Michael Still a Thriller?". The Harvard Crimson . Harvard University. Archived from the original on November 8, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  10. ↑ Anderson, p. 159
  11. ↑ Rees, p. 261
  12. ↑ Barnes, Ken (September 10, 2001). "Michael: Thrilling, bad, dangerous and more". USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Just Who Was Bubbles, Michael Jackson's Famous Chimp?". MTV. Viacom. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  14. ↑ "Chimp's tea party" (Payment required to access full article). Toronto Star . Torstar. September 20, 1987. Retrieved February 3, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  15. ↑ Wire, From (September 19, 1987). "People" (Payment required to access full article). The Dallas Morning News . A. H. Belo Corporation. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Tour goes on without chimp". Rome News-Tribune . News Publishing Company. June 30, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  17. ↑ "Sorry Bubbles, you have to stay home". Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company. March 12, 1988. Retrieved July 25, 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ Taraborrelli, p. 511
  19. 1 2 Campbell, pp. 128–129
  20. ↑ "Freddie Mercury angered by Jacko's chimp". Bang Showbiz. Yahoo! News. November 10, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  21. ↑ Ayres, Chris (February 8, 2005). "Neverland, or Iraq? That's an easy one. Hand me that flak jacket, will you..." The Times. London: News Corporation. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  22. ↑ Goodall, Jane (February 25, 2009). "Loving chimps to death". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  23. ↑ Flett, Kathryn (February 9, 2003). "Bashir'd, but not beaten". The Guardian . London. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
  24. ↑ Elsworth, Catherine (May 13, 2005). "Like Princess Di, my love for children is pure, says Jackson". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Miller, Samantha (July 29, 2002). "Michael Jackson may face a cash crunch". CNN. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Taking Names". The Washington Times. News World Communications. July 1, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Animals that commit suicide". Pittsburgh Press . E. W. Scripps Company. October 5, 1919. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  28. ↑ Preti, Antonio (2005). "Suicide among animals : Clues from folklore that may prevent suicidal behaviour in human beings". Psychological Reports. 97 (2). Psychological Reports, Missoula, MT, ETATS-UNIS (1955) (Revue): 547–558. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.6.547-558. ISSN   0033-2941. PMID   16342583 . Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  29. ↑ Malkesman, Oz; Pine, Daniel S.; Tragon, Tyson (April 2009). "Animal models of suicide-trait-related behaviors". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 30 (4). Austin, Daniel R.;, Henter, Ioline D.; Chen, Guang; Manji. Husseini K. Elsevier Ltd: 165–173. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.01.004. PMC   2788815 . PMID   19269045.
  30. ↑ Li, p. 140
  31. 1 2 3 Copping, Jasper (June 28, 2009). "Michael Jackson: pet chimpanzee Bubbles pines for former owner". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  32. 1 2 "And misfortune strikes MJ". The Times of India . Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. December 23, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  33. 1 2 "Bubbles the Chimp not invited to Michael Jackson's funeral". independent.ie. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Singer Michael Jackson dead at 50-Legendary pop star had been preparing for London comeback tour". Today.com. NBC Universal, Inc. June 25, 2009. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  35. ↑ Goodall, p. 238
  36. ↑ "La Toya & Bubbles Reunited". National Ledger. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  37. ↑ Campbell, p. 133
  38. ↑ Stout, Gene (October 28, 1988). "Michael Jackson superstar's weird but wonderful". Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved April 3, 2009.[ dead link ]
  39. 1 2 Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373
  40. ↑ Huey, Steve. "Michael Jackson biography". MTV.com. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  41. ↑ Leung, Rebecca (November 22, 2003). "Behind The Mask". CBS News . CBS Corporation . Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  42. ↑ Taraborrelli, p. 364
  43. ↑ Taraborrelli, p. 380
  44. ↑ Martin, Douglas (May 21, 2009). "Lee Solters, Razzle-Dazzle Press Agent, Dies at 89". The New York Times . Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Pop star's chimp is alive and well". Gadsden Times . The New York Times Company. January 24, 1990. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  46. ↑ Mydans, Seth (October 7, 1991). "California Journal; Liz Taylor's 8th: Old Role, New Lead". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  47. ↑ Taraborrelli, p. 383
  48. 1 2 Campbell, p. 127
  49. ↑ Well-known celebrities help little-known causes. Johnson Publishing Company. May 6, 1985. Retrieved August 21, 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  50. 1 2 3 4 Bennett, Will (June 5, 2001). "Mystery buyer pays £4m for golden vision of Jackson and his chimp". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  51. ↑ Dewan, Shaila K. (June 6, 2000). "No Walking, Just Watering for This Puppy". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  52. ↑ "Art foundry flounders after sculptor's suit". Central Penn Business Journal . Journal Publications, Inc. March 27, 1998.
  53. ↑ Rohleder, Anna. "Trouble Ahead For Art Market". Forbes . Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  54. ↑ Multimillion-dollar sculpture. Johnson Publishing Company. June 4, 2001. Retrieved August 21, 2009.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Mason, Christopher (May 20, 2001). "That Cool, That Suit: Sotheby's 007". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Irvine, Chris (August 5, 2009). "Bubbles the chimp to 'publish' tell-all memoir about Michael Jackson". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved August 15, 2009.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.