Bull trout

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Bull trout
Bull trout fish salvelinus confluentus.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Salvelinus
Species:
S. confluentus
Binomial name
Salvelinus confluentus
Suckley, 1859 [3]

The bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is a char of the family Salmonidae native to northwestern North America. [4] Historically, S. confluentus has been known as the "Dolly Varden" (S. malma), but was reclassified as a separate species in 1980. [5] Populations of bull trout in the lower 48 states are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, [6] and bull trout overall are listed as vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [1] The Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in Alberta, Canada is listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act. [7]

Contents

Description

Like other species of char, the fins of a bull trout have white leading edges. Its head and mouth are unusually large for salmonids, giving it its name. Bull trout have been recorded measuring up to 103 cm (41 in) in length and weighing 14.5 kg (32 lb). [4] Bull trout may be either migratory, moving throughout large river systems, lakes, and the ocean, or they may be resident, remaining in the same stream their entire lives. [6] Migratory bull trout are typically much larger than resident bull trout, which rarely exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb). [5] Bull trout can be differentiated from brook trout (S. fontinalis) by the absence of distinct spots on the dorsal fin, as well as yellow, orange, or salmon-colored spots on the back as opposed to red spots with blue halos on the brook trout. Bull trout lack the deeply forked tail fin of lake trout (S. namaycush, another char). [6]

Distribution and habitat

Core distribution of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in U.S. 2005 Core Distribution of Bull Trout.pdf
Core distribution of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in U.S. 2005

S. confluentus is found in the cold, clear waters of the high mountains and coastal rivers of northwestern North America, including Yukon, Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, as well as the Jarbidge River of northern Nevada and perhaps Alaska. [5] [6] A population of bull trout exists east of the Continental Divide in Alberta, where it is the provincial fish. The historical range of bull trout also included northern California, but they are likely extirpated. [2] [9]

Bull trout have exacting habitat demands, requiring water temperatures generally below 55 °F (13 °C), clean gravel beds, deep pools, complex cover such as snags and cut banks, and large systems of interconnected waterways to accommodate spawning migrations. [9] Thus, they favor the deep pools of cold lakes and large rivers, as well as high, cold mountain headwaters. Bull trout may be anadromous in coastal rivers, and individual bull trout have been found to have migrated from one coastal river to another by the ocean. [10]

Dispersal

Bull trout are known for their extensive movements within river systems. They exhibit short-distance and long-distance movements, which are crucial in maintaining healthy populations and genetic diversity. [11] During the early life stages, bull trout are often found in small, low-gradient streams or near the shores of larger rivers and lakes. [12] As they grow and mature, they start to disperse in search of suitable spawning grounds and feeding habitats. [12]

One of the primary reasons for bull trout dispersal is the need to find appropriate spawning areas. Bull trout rely on clean, cold water and gravels of specific sizes for successful reproduction. [13] Once mature, they migrate upstream to spawn in the same streams where they were born. [11] This behavior ensures that the population remains connected and allows for the exchange of genetic material. [14] The dispersal distances can vary greatly, with some individuals traveling only a few miles while others undertake extensive migrations of over a hundred miles. [15]

Long-distance dispersal is also an essential aspect of bull trout ecology. [16] These movements often occur during the non-spawning season when the fish search for suitable feeding grounds or escape unfavorable conditions such as high water temperatures or low oxygen levels. [16] In some cases, bull trout have been observed moving between different river basins, crossing over mountain ranges, and even traversing large lakes. [17] These long-distance dispersal events contribute to gene flow between isolated populations, maintaining genetic diversity and increasing the species’ resilience. [18]

Understanding bull trout dispersal patterns is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. [14] Conservation efforts can be focused on protecting critical habitats and maintaining connectivity between populations. [13] Conservation biologists use various techniques to study bull trout dispersal, including radio telemetry, genetic analysis, and mark-recapture studies. [14] By tracking the movements of individual fish and analyzing their genetic makeup, researchers can gain valuable insights into dispersal patterns, population dynamics, and potential barriers to migration. [19]

Bull trout dispersal is a complex and vital aspect of their life history. Their movements are critical to maintaining population connectivity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem health. [20] Protecting and restoring essential habitats, ensuring the connectivity of river systems, and managing anthropogenic influences in bull trout habitats are all crucial steps in conserving this iconic species. [14]

Feeding

Young bull trout feed on zooplankton and zoobenthos, especially chironomids. As they grow larger, they begin to feed heavily upon other fish. In coastal Washington, some of the southernmost populations of bull trout feed heavily on salmon eggs and fry, as well as fish.[ citation needed ]

Conservation

Bull trout sign at Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho Bull trout sign at Lake Pend Oreille.jpg
Bull trout sign at Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho

The bull trout is listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the contiguous United States. [6] In 1998, the Klamath River distinct population segment (DPS) and Columbia River DPS were federally listed as threatened. [21] This finding followed a legal challenge [22] to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's (USFWS) decision in 1994 [23] to assign a lower priority to the species' listing. The Jarbidge River DPS was listed as endangered under an emergency rule in 1998, [24] and was subsequently downgraded to threatened in 1999. [24] Finally, in determining that the Coastal-Puget Sound and St. Mary-Belly River DPS were threatened, the USFWS issued a threatened listing for all bull trout in the lower 48 states in 1999. [25]

In the United States, bull trout are used as a management indicator species for several national forests, including Boise National Forest and Sawtooth National Forest (Sawtooth National Recreation Area). They can also be found in the Glacier National Park. [26] Bull trout reproduction requires cold water and very low amounts of silt, both of which are negatively impacted by road building and logging. Additionally, its need to migrate throughout river systems may be hindered by impassible fish barriers, such as dams. [10] Bull trout populations are also in danger from hybridization with non-native brook trout. [9] Several of these issues were raised in a long-running lawsuit where in 2003, the Oregon Natural Desert Association and the Center for Biological Diversity sued the U.S. Forest Service claiming they violated the National Forest Management Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act by approving grazing plans in Oregon's Malheur National Forest. In April 2018, U.S. District Judge Michael W. Mosman dismissed the complaint. [27]

They are a prized game fish in northern Canada. It was once maligned out of fear they threatened populations of other native species more prized by anglers. Some jurisdictions publicize the requirement to release with the slogan "No black, put it back". [28]

Within Canada, bull trout have been designated as a "species of Special Concern" by both the Government of Alberta and the Government of British Columbia. [29] : 71–72  By the recommendation of COSEWIC, [29] : iv  the Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in Alberta was listed as threatened under the Species at Risk Act in 2019. [7]

Historical names

Fisherman with a big bull trout Fisherman caught bull trout fish salvelinus confluentus.jpg
Fisherman with a big bull trout
ODFW sampling bull trout on Oregon's Metolius River Flickr - Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife - 024 bull trout sampling metolius hargrave odfw.jpg
ODFW sampling bull trout on Oregon's Metolius River
A juvenile bull trout resting underwater A juvenile bull trout fish resting underwater.jpg
A juvenile bull trout resting underwater
Anadromous bull trout at the Vedder River Searun-bully-bigger.jpg
Anadromous bull trout at the Vedder River

"Dolly Varden" in California

Historically, confusion has existed between S. confluentus and Salvelinus malma malma , today commonly called the Dolly Varden trout. This was likely due to overlapping ranges and similar appearances among members of the two species.[ citation needed ]

The first recorded use of the name "Dolly Varden" for a fish species was applied to members of S. confluentus caught in the McCloud River in northern California in the early 1870s. In his book Inland Fishes of California, Peter Moyle recounted a letter from Mrs. Valerie Masson Gomez:

My grandmother's family operated a summer resort at Upper Soda Springs on the Sacramento River just north of the present town of Dunsmuir, California. She lived there all her life and related to us in her later years her story about the naming of the Dolly Varden trout. She said that some fishermen were standing on the lawn at Upper Soda Springs looking at a catch of the large trout from the McCloud River that were called 'calico trout' because of their spotted, colorful markings. They were saying that the trout should have a better name. My grandmother, then a young girl of 15 or 16, had been reading Charles Dickens' Barnaby Rudge in which there appears a character named Dolly Varden; also, the vogue in fashion for women at that time (middle 1870s) was called 'Dolly Varden', a dress of sheer figured muslin worn over a bright-colored petticoat. My grandmother had just gotten a new dress in that style and the red-spotted trout reminded her of her printed dress. She suggested to the men looking down at the trout, 'Why not call them "Dolly Varden"?' They thought it a very appropriate name and the guests that summer returned to their homes (many in the San Francisco Bay area) calling the trout by this new name. David Starr Jordan, while at Stanford University, included an account of this naming of the Dolly Varden trout in one of his books.

In 1874, Livingston Stone, a naturalist working for the U.S. government, wrote of this fish: [30]

Also called at (Upper) Soda Springs the 'Varden' trout. … The handsomest trout, and, on the whole, having the most perfect form of all the trout we saw on the McCloud. Also, the only fish that had colored spots. This one was profusely spotted over most of the body with redish [sic?] golden spots. ... The local name at (Upper) Soda Springs is the Dolly Varden.

It is currently unknown whether the name "Dolly Varden" was later applied to S. m. malma because of its similar appearance to S. confluentus; the two may have even been believed to be the same species. The name "Dolly Varden" may have also been given to S. m. malma independent of the McCloud River fish.[ citation needed ]

Ironically, the original "Dolly Varden" trout (i.e., S. confluentus) apparently likely became extirpated in the McCloud River in the 1970s, although reports continue of its being caught. Other fish species, typically introduced trout, outcompete S. confluentus, and can interbreed with them, resulting in sterile hybrids. An attempt to reintroduce S. confluentus to the McCloud was unsuccessful, and no additional attempts are expected. [31]

Other uses of "Dolly Varden"

The "Dolly Varden" name is also applied to the other subspecies of S. malma, the S. m. krascheninnikova, and S. m. miyabei, found in Lake Shikaribetsu on the island of Hokkaidō in Japan. [32]

The name has also been applied to S. alpinus, today more commonly known as Arctic char.[ citation needed ]

"Bull trout" in Europe

The name "bull trout" was also given in the past to some of the large sea trout that run the River Tweed and other rivers in Scotland and North East England. Victorian anglers and others classified these as a separate race, but today they are biologically classified along with all other UK brown and sea trout as Salmo trutta . This does not deny that populations of S. trutta can differ appreciably in habits, size, and appearance from place to place, or indeed in the same river or lake.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trout</span> Freshwater fish from subfamily Salmoninae

Trout is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo and Salvelinus, all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family Salmonidae. The word trout is also used for some similar-shaped but non-salmonid fish, such as the spotted seatrout/speckled trout.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">McCloud River</span> River in California, United States

The McCloud River is a 77.1-mile (124.1 km) long river that flows east of and parallel to the upper Sacramento River, in Siskiyou County and Shasta County in northern California in the United States. Protected under California's Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1972), it drains a scenic mountainous area of the Cascade Range, including part of Mount Shasta. It is a tributary of the Pit River, which in turn flows into the Sacramento River. The three rivers join in Shasta Lake, formed by Shasta Dam north of Redding.

Dolly Varden may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brook trout</span> Species of fish

The brook trout is a species of freshwater fish in the char genus Salvelinus of the salmon family Salmonidae. It is native to Eastern North America in the United States and Canada, but has been introduced elsewhere in North America, as well as to Iceland, Europe, and Asia. In parts of its range, it is also known as the eastern brook trout, speckled trout, brook charr, squaretail, brookie or mud trout, among others. A potamodromous population in Lake Superior, is known as coaster trout or, simply, as coasters. Anadromous populations which are found in coastal rivers from Long Island to Hudson Bay are sometimes referred to as salters. The brook trout is the state fish of nine U.S. states: Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the Provincial Fish of Nova Scotia in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cutthroat trout</span> Species of fish

The cutthroat trout(Oncorhynchus clarkii) is a fish species of the family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean, Rocky Mountains, and Great Basin in North America. As a member of the genus Oncorhynchus, it is one of the Pacific trout, a group that includes the widely distributed rainbow trout. Cutthroat trout are popular gamefish, especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing. The common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the underside of the lower jaw. The specific name clarkii was given to honor explorer William Clark, coleader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctic char</span> Species of fish

The Arctic char or Arctic charr is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae, native to alpine lakes, as well as Arctic and subarctic coastal waters in the Holarctic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea trout</span> Form of brown trout

Sea trout is the common name usually applied to anadromous (sea-run) forms of brown trout, and is often referred to as Salmo trutta morpha trutta. Other names for anadromous brown trout are bull trout, sewin (Wales), peel or peal, mort, finnock (Scotland), white trout (Ireland), Dollaghan and salmon trout (culinary).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bitterroot River</span> River in Montana, United States

The Bitterroot River is a northward flowing 84-mile (135 km) river running through the Bitterroot Valley, from the confluence of its West and East forks near Conner in southern Ravalli County to its confluence with the Clark Fork River near Missoula in Missoula County, in western Montana. The Clark Fork River is a tributary to the Columbia River and ultimately, the Pacific Ocean. The Bitterroot River is a Blue Ribbon trout fishery with a healthy population of native westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout. It is the third most fly fished river in Montana behind the Madison and Big Horn Rivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolly Varden trout</span> Species of fish

The Dolly Varden trout is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. Despite the name "trout", it belongs to the genus Salvelinus (chars), which includes 51 recognized species, the most prominent being the brook, lake and bull trout as well as the Arctic char. Although many populations are semi-anadromous, riverine and lacustrine populations occur throughout its range. It is considered by taxonomists as part of the Salvelinus alpinus complex, as many populations of bull trout, Dolly Varden trout and Arctic char overlap.

Salvelinus curilus is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It inhabits the waters of Russian Far East in the Kurile Islands, Sakhalin, Primorye and also Korea and Japan. It has mostly been considered a subspecies of the Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malma, with the name Salvelinus malma krascheninnikova, and referred to as the southern Dolly Varden or Asian southern form Dolly Varden trout.

<i>Salvelinus</i> Genus of fishes

Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae. The genus has a northern circumpolar distribution, and most of its members are typically cold-water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters. Many species also migrate to the sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koyuk River</span> River in Alaska, United States

The Koyuk River is a river on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska, in the United States. The river originates in the interior of the peninsula, at the Lost Jim Lava Flow of the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, where it flows southeast towards the mouth of Norton Bay on Norton Sound. The native village of Koyuk is located at its mouth. The two major tributaries are the Peace and Salmon rivers; other tributaries include Dime and Sweepstakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westslope cutthroat trout</span> Subspecies of fish

The westslope cutthroat trout, also known as the black-spotted trout, common cutthroat trout and red-throated trout is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout and is a freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. The cutthroat is the Montana state fish. This subspecies is a species of concern in its Montana and British Columbia ranges and is considered threatened in its native range in Alberta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coastal cutthroat trout</span> Subspecies of fish

The coastal cutthroat trout, also known as the sea-run cutthroat trout, blue-back trout or harvest trout, is one of the several subspecies of cutthroat trout found in Western North America. The coastal cutthroat trout occurs in four distinct forms. A semi-anadromous or sea-run form is the most well known. Freshwater forms occur in both large and small rivers and streams and lake environments. The native range of the coastal cutthroat trout extends south from the southern coastline of the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to the Eel River in Northern California. Coastal cutthroat trout are resident in tributary streams and rivers of the Pacific basin and are rarely found more than 100 miles (160 km) from the ocean.

The angayukaksurak char is a type of salmonid fish found in Alaska in a few select Brooks Range headwaters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kype</span>

A kype is a hook-like secondary sex characteristic which develops at the distal tip of the lower jaw in some male salmonids prior to the spawning season. The structure usually develops in the weeks prior to, and during, migration to the spawning grounds. In addition to the development of the kype, a large depression forms in the two halves of the premaxilla in the upper jaw, allowing the kype to fit into the premaxilla when the mouth is closed.

Salvelinus albus, also known as white char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, including the Lake Kronotskoye drainage basin.

Salvelinus vasiljevae, commonly known as Sakhalinian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is found in the wider Sakhalin region from Nevelskoy Strait and the Amur river basin.

References

  1. 1 2 Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "Salvelinus confluentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996: e.T19875A9094983. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19875A9094983.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 NatureServe (7 April 2023). "Salvelinus confluentus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  3. ↑ "Salvelinus confluentus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 24 January 2006.
  4. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Salvelinus confluentus" in FishBase . May 2009 version.
  5. 1 2 3 "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bull Trout Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus)". Environmental Conservation Online System. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  7. 1 2 "Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus), Saskatchewan - Nelson Rivers populations". Species at Risk Public Registry. Government of Canada. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  8. ↑ "Map C - Core Area By Distribution" (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005.
  9. 1 2 3 Washington's Native Chars Archived 24 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine , Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
  10. 1 2 "Ecology of the Bull Trout". Archived from the original on 18 August 2000. Retrieved 19 April 2009., King County, Washington
  11. 1 2 Howell, Philip J.; Colvin, Michael E.; Sankovich, Paul M.; Buchanan, David V.; Hemmingsen, Alan R. (January 2016). "Life Histories, Demography, and Distribution of a Fluvial Bull Trout Population". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 145 (1): 173–194. doi:10.1080/00028487.2015.1105870. ISSN   0002-8487.
  12. 1 2 Meeuwig, Michael H.; Guy, Christopher S.; Fredenberg, Wade A. (26 November 2010). "Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 90 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9747-1. ISSN   0378-1909. S2CID   24018113.
  13. 1 2 Rieman, Bruce; McIntyre, John D. (1993). Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.100154.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Spruell, P.; Hemmingsen, A.R.; Howell, P.J.; Kanda, N.; Allendorf, F.W. (2003). "Conservation genetics of bull trout: Geographic distribution of variation at microsatellite loci". Conservation Genetics. 4 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1023/a:1021841000262. ISSN   1566-0621. S2CID   19880632.
  15. ↑ Fraley, John; Vashro, Jim; Weaver, Thomas M. (1989). Cumulative effects of human activities on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the upper Flathead drainage, Montana. S.l.: s.n. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.68098.
  16. 1 2 Dunham, Jason; Baxter, Colden; Fausch, Kurt; Fredenberg, Wade; Kitano, Satoshi; Koizumi, Itsuro; Morita, Kentaro; Nakamura, Tomoyuki; Rieman, Bruce; Savvaitova, Ksenia; Stanford, Jack; Taylor, Eric; Yamamoto, Shoichiro (November 2008). "Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation of Dolly Varden, White spotted Char, and Bull Trout". Fisheries. 33 (11): 537–550. doi:10.1577/1548-8446-33.11.537. ISSN   0363-2415.
  17. ↑ Downs, Christopher C.; Horan, Dona; Morgan-Harris, Erin; Jakubowski, Robert (February 2006). "Spawning Demographics and Juvenile Dispersal of an Adfluvial Bull Trout Population in Trestle Creek, Idaho". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 26 (1): 190–200. doi:10.1577/m04-180.1. ISSN   0275-5947. S2CID   14334731.
  18. ↑ Dunham, J. B.; Rieman, B. E. (May 1999). "Metapopulation Structure of Bull Trout: Influences of Physical, Biotic, and Geometrical Landscape Characteristics". Ecological Applications. 9 (2): 642–655. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0642:msobti]2.0.co;2. ISSN   1051-0761. S2CID   55800379.
  19. ↑ Rieman, Bruce; McIntyre, John D. (1993). Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Statio. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.100154.
  20. ↑ LEARY, ROBB F.; ALLENDORF, FRED W.; FORBES, STEPHEN H. (December 1993). "Conservation Genetics of Bull Trout in the Columbia and Klamath River Drainages". Conservation Biology. 7 (4): 856–865. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740856.x. ISSN   0888-8892.
  21. ↑ 63 FR 31647
  22. ↑ "Friends of the Wild Swan, Inc. v. United States Fish & Wildlife Service, 945 F. Supp. 1388". Caselaw Access Project. Harvard Law School Library. 13 November 1996. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  23. ↑ 59 FR 30254
  24. 1 2 63 FR 42757
  25. ↑ 64 FR 58910
  26. ↑ "Preservation of Threatened Bull Trout in Glacier National Park" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  27. ↑ Mateusz Perkowski (21 April 2018). "Judge Throws Out Lawsuit Claiming Grazing Hurts Oregon Bull Trout". OPB via AP Capital Press. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018.
  28. ↑ "The bull trout has no black on its dorsal fin". Bull Trout Identification & Education Program. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks Dept. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  29. 1 2 COSEWIC (2012). "COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus in Canada" (PDF). Ottawa: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  30. ↑ VI. Report of Operations During 1872 at the United States Salmon-Hatching Establishment on the M’Cloud River, and on the California Salmonidae generally; with a list of Specimens Collected. By Livingstone Stone. In: United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II. Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and 1873. A- Inquiry into the Decrease of the Food Fishes. B- The Propagation of Food-Fishes in the Waters of the United States. With Supplementary Papers. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874 at pp. 203 - 207.
  31. ↑ "Detailed history of Dolly Varden/Bull trout on McCloud River". Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  32. ↑ Use of Dolly Varden name in Japan
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