Calycanthus

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Calycanthus
Floridus1f.UME.jpg
Calycanthus floridus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Calycanthaceae
Genus: Calycanthus
L. [1]
Species

See text.

Synonyms [1]
List
    • BasteriaMill.
    • BeureriaEhret
    • ButneriaDuhamel
    • PompadouraBuc'hoz ex DC.
    • × SinocalycalycanthusF.T.Lass. & Fantz
    • SinocalycanthusW.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang

Calycanthus, called sweetshrub, [2] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Calycanthaceae. The genus includes two to four species depending on taxonomic interpretation; three are accepted by most 21st century sources.

Description

Calycanthus plants are deciduous shrubs, growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite and undivided. The plants are aromatic. [3] [4] [5] [6] The flowers are typical of the family Calycanthaceae in lacking distinct sepals and petals, but instead having spirals of tepals. [7] Flowers are produced from spring onwards, until October in the case of C. occidentalis . [8] The flowers of the two North American species are scented, 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) across, with numerous dark red to burgundy to purplish brown tepals. C. chinensis has broader tepals, the outer ones white flushed with pink, the inner ones mostly yellow with purple marks at the base. [5] The fruit is an elliptical dry capsule, containing numerous seeds.[ citation needed ]

C. floridus and C. occidentalis are pollinated by beetles. Their flowers produce small protein-rich growths that feed beetle pollinators. [9] C. occidentalis has been shown to produce chemicals that mimic fermenting fruits that attract beetles in the families Nitidulidae and Staphylinidae. [10]

Taxonomy

The genus Calycanthus was created by Carl Linnaeus in 1759, [11] with the sole species Calycanthus floridus. [12] In 1762, he added Calycanthus praecox, now treated as Chimonanthus praecox . [13]

Phylogeny and evolution

A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the family Calycanthaceae found that the three widely recognized species of Calycanthus formed a monophyletic group. Relationships among the three species differed depending on whether chloroplast or nuclear data was used. A cladogram obtained by combining the two is shown below. [9]

Calycanthaceae

Idiospermum (Australia)

Calycanthus floridus (eastern North America)

Calycanthus occidentalis (western North America)

Calycanthus chinensis (China)

Chimonanthus (China)

The family Calycanthaceae may have had a Gondwanan origin. The sole Australian representative, Idiospermum australiense , would then represent an ancient relic, probably having diverged in the Cretaceous. There are no extant South American members of the family, although fossils are known. Calycanthus may have migrated into North America from eastern Asia, or may have originated in South America, moved northwards and then spread to eastern Asia. [9]

Species

As of February 2020, Plants of the World Online accepted four species: [1]

C. chinensis has a confused taxonomic history. It was first described in 1963 as Calycanthus chinensis by W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang, but invalidly because two different collections were both given as holotypes. The authors then described it validly in 1964 in their new genus Sinocalycanthus. In 1979, P.T. Li rejected the genus Sinocalycanthus, and validated the original name Calycanthus chinensis. [5]

Cultivation

The earliest illustration of Calycanthus floridus, from a work published from 1731 onwards The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 1754 Garrulus Carolinensis - The Chatterer (19117862074) rev.jpg
The earliest illustration of Calycanthus floridus, from a work published from 1731 onwards

Calycanthus species are cultivated as ornamental plants by plant nurseries, including in the United States and England.

Calycanthus floridus is planted in gardens, as a specimen shrub, or for hedges. [21] [22] The English naturalist Mark Catesby drew it as the support for the bird he called "Garrulus Carolinensis The Chatterer" (now Bombycilla cedrorum ) in a work published from 1731 onwards. He described the shrub as growing in "remote and hilly parts" and having bark "as odoriferous as cinnamon". [23] The colonial planters of the Carolinas transplanted it into their gardens, and the botanist Peter Collinson described it to Linnaeus and imported it into England from Charleston in the Province of South Carolina around 1756. [24] [ page needed ]

Calycanthus occidentalis is planted in traditional, native plant, and wildlife gardens, and for natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects, primarily in California and the Western United States. [25] [26] It was introduced into cultivation in 1831. [8]

Calycanthus chinensis was introduced into cultivation in both the United States and the United Kingdom from the Shanghai Botanical Garden in the 1980s. [7] [5] It has since been used extensively in the breeding of cultivars. [7]

Hybridization

Calycanthus x raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine' Calycanthus raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine', Morris Arboretum 01.jpg
Calycanthus × raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine'
Calycanthus 'Venus' X Sinocalycalycanthus Venus - Flickr - peganum (3).jpg
Calycanthus 'Venus'

Several hybrids and hybrid cultivars have been produced, with the intention of combining the larger flower size of C. chinensis with the colour and scent of the two North American species, as well as their greater hardiness. The hybrid between C. chinensis and C. floridus has been named C. × raulstonii. It combines the larger flowers of C. chinesis with the flower color of C. floridus. The original cross has been given the cultivar name 'Hartlage Wine' after the student, Richard Hartlage, who made the first crosses. Further crosses have been made. 'Venus' involves C. occidentalis as well. [5] [7]

Hybrid cultivars include: [7]

Other uses

Calycanthus floridus and C. occidentalis were both used as a traditional medicinal plant by Native Americans. The indigenous peoples of California also used C. occidentalis in basketweaving and for arrow shafts. [28] [29]

Essential oils

Calycanthus oil, distilled from the flowers, is an essential oil used in some quality perfumes. [30]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Lapageria</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<i>Buddleja</i> Genus of flowering plants

Buddleja is a genus comprising over 140 species of flowering plants endemic to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The generic name bestowed by Linnaeus posthumously honoured the Reverend Adam Buddle (1662–1715), an English botanist and rector, at the suggestion of Dr. William Houstoun. Houstoun sent the first plants to become known to science as buddleja to England from the Caribbean about 15 years after Buddle's death. Buddleja species, especially Buddleja davidii and interspecific hybrids, are commonly known as butterfly bushes and are frequently cultivated as garden shrubs. Buddleja davidii has become an invasive species in both Europe and North America.

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<i>Idiospermum</i> Species of tree in the family Calycanthaceae endemic to Queensland, Australia

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<i>Chimonanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

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Calycanthus floridus, or commonly known as the eastern sweetshrub, Carolina all spice, or spicebush, is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae. It is identifiable by its dark red flowers and fragrant scent. It is non-invasive and is found in the Southeastern United States region. The Nature Conservancy considers its conservation status to be G5, globally secure, indicating it is at low risk of extinction. It is presumed to have been extirpated from Ohio.

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<i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Calycanthus occidentalis, commonly called spice bush or western sweetshrub, is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae that is native to California and Washington state. It grows along streams and moist canyons in the foothills of mountains.

<i>Chimonanthus praecox</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Calycanthus chinensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Calycanthus chinensis, known as Chinese sweetshrub, is a species of flowering plant in the family Calycanthaceae, native to Southeast China. It was first given a valid scientific name in 1964. It is cultivated as an ornamental flowering shrub, and has been hybridized with two other species in the genus Calycanthus to combine its larger and broader tepalled flowers with their scented and more colourful ones.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Calycanthus L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Johnson, George P. "Calycanthus". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  3. ↑ Johnson, George P. "Calycanthus floridus". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  4. ↑ Johnson, George P. "Calycanthus occidentalis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lancaster, Roy & Rix, Martyn (2019). "921. Calycanthus chinensis Calycanthaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 36 (4): 340–346. doi:10.1111/curt.12302. S2CID   213402675.
  6. ↑ Li, Bingtao & Bartholomew, Bruce. "Calycanthus". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.). Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Hsu, Eric (March 2018). "An overview of Calycanthus". The Plantsman. New Series. 17 (1): 32–39.
  8. 1 2 "Calycanthus occidentalis". Native Plants. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Zhou, S.; Renner, S. & Wen, J. (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and intra- and intercontinental biogeography of Calycanthaceae" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.015. PMID   16495090.
  10. ↑ Gottsberger, Gerhard; Gottsberger, Brigitte; Silberbauer-Gottsberger, Ilse; Stanojlovic, Vesna; Cabrele, Chiara & Dötterl, Stefan (2021). "Imitation of fermenting fruits in beetle-pollinated Calycanthus occidentalis (Calycanthaceae)". Flora. 274. 151732. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2020.151732. S2CID   228979128.
  11. ↑ "Calycanthus L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  12. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1759). Systema Naturae. Vol. 2 (10th ed.). Stockholm (Holmia): Laurentius Salvius. p. 1066.
  13. ↑ "Calycanthus praecox L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  14. ↑ "Calycanthus chinensis (W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang) W.C.Cheng & S.Y.Chang ex P.T.Li". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  15. ↑ "Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn". Plants Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "Calycanthus floridus L. var. floridus". Plants Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "Calycanthus floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray". Plants Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  18. ↑ Johnson, George P.; Fosiée, Tahbaz. "Calycanthus occidentalis Sweet-shrub, Spicebush". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn". Plants Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  20. ↑ "Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. spicebush". Oregon Flora. Oregon State University. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "Calycanthus floridus". Native Plants. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  22. ↑ "Calycanthus floridus". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  23. ↑ Catesby, Mark (1731–1747). "Garrulus Carolinensis". The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. I (1st ed.). London: self-published. p. 46. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2021. (The plant is given Linnaeus's name Calycanthus floridus in the table of contents of the 3rd edition.)
  24. ↑ Coats, A. (1992) [first published 1964]. Garden Shrubs and their Histories. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-0-671-74733-6.
  25. ↑ "Theodore Payne Foundation, California Native Plant Horticulture database: Calycanthus occidentalis - Spice Bush". Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  26. ↑ "Calycanthus occidentalis". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  27. ↑ "Calycanthus × raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine'". RHS Plants. The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  28. ↑ "NAEB Text Search: Calycanthus floridus". Native American Ethnobotany Database. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "NAEB Text Search: Calycanthus occidentalis". Native American Ethnobotany Database. Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  30. ↑ Groom, N. The New Perfume Handbook, second ed., Springer, 1997, page 48.
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