Channel catfish

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Channel catfish
Ictalurus punctatus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Ictaluridae
Genus: Ictalurus
Species:
I. punctatus
Binomial name
Ictalurus punctatus
(Rafinesque, 1818)
Distribution map of channel catfish.png
Synonyms
  • Silurus punctatusRafinesque, 1818

The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is North America's most numerous catfish species. It is the official fish of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Tennessee, and is informally referred to as a "channel cat". In the United States, they are the most fished catfish species with around 8 million anglers targeting them per year. They also have very few teeth and swallow food whole. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid expansion of aquaculture of this species in the United States. [2] It has also been widely introduced in Europe, Asia and South America, and it is legally considered an invasive species in many countries. [3] [4] [5]

Distribution and habitat

Ictalurus punctatus1.jpg

Channel catfish are native to the Nearctic, being well distributed in lower Canada and the eastern and northern United States, as well as parts of northern Mexico. They have also been introduced into some waters of landlocked Europe (Czech Republic and Romania) and parts of Malaysia and almost as many parts of Indonesia. [6] They thrive in small and large rivers, reservoirs, natural lakes, and ponds. Channel "cats" are cavity nesters, meaning they lay their eggs in crevices, hollows, or debris, to protect them from swift currents. [7] Its range in southern Canada includes the Great Lakes excluding Lake Superior and portions of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba provinces. [8]

Characteristics

Chuck the Channel Catfish, 1986 roadside sculpture in Selkirk, Manitoba Chuck The Channel Cat - Catfish Statue - Selkirk Manitoba.jpg
Chuck the Channel Catfish, 1986 roadside sculpture in Selkirk, Manitoba

Channel catfish possess very keen senses of smell and taste. At the pits of their nostrils (nares) are very sensitive odor-sensing organs with a very high concentration of olfactory receptors.[ citation needed ] In channel catfish, these organs are sensitive enough to detect several amino acids at about one part per 100 million in water. In addition, the channel catfish has taste buds distributed over the surface of its entire body. These buds are especially concentrated on the fish's four pair of barbels (whiskers) surrounding the mouth—about 25 buds per square millimeter. This combination of exceptional senses of taste and smell allows the channel catfish to find food in dark, stained, or muddy water with relative ease.[ citation needed ] They also possess a Weberian apparatus, which amplifies sound waves that would otherwise not be perceivable. [9] The barbels of channel catfish have been falsely thought to sting on contact. They do not; however, these catfish do have spines on their pectoral and dorsal fins that, if not handled carefully, can cause injury. [10]

Length and weight

Weight vs. length for channel catfish, where b = 3.2293 and L 1 = 45.23 {\displaystyle L_{1}=45.23} cm CCatfish.png
Weight vs. length for channel catfish, where b = 3.2293 and cm

A member of the American catfish genus Ictalurus , channel catfish have a top-end size of about 40–50 pounds (18–23 kg). The world record channel catfish weighed 58 pounds, and was taken from the Santee-Cooper Reservoir in South Carolina, on July 7, 1964. [12] Realistically, a channel catfish over 20 lb (9 kg) is a spectacular specimen, and most catfish anglers view a 10-lb (4.5-kg) fish as a very admirable catch. Furthermore, the average size channel catfish an angler could expect to find in most waterways would be between 2 pounds (1 kg) and 4 pounds (2 kg), and between 12 in (31 cm) and 24 in (61 cm).

Channel catfish often coexist in the same waterways with its close relative, the blue catfish, which is somewhat less common, but tends to grow much larger (with several specimens confirmed to weigh above 100 lb).

As channel catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between length (L, in cm) and weight (W, in kg) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, is the length of a typical fish weighing 1 kg. For channel catfish, b = 3.2293, somewhat higher than for many common species, and cm.

Ecology

Feeding

Catfish have enhanced capabilities of taste perception, and thus are called the “swimming tongue,” due to the presence of taste buds all over the external body surface and inside the oropharyngeal cavity. Specifically, they have high sensitivity to amino acids, which explains their unique communication methods as follows. The catfish has a facial taste system that is extremely responsive to L-alanine and L-arginine. More specifically, their facial taste system senses heightened levels of L-amino acids in freshwater. Feeding behavior to food is due to amino acids released by food. This is reported to cause maxillary and mandibular barbel movements, which orient the catfish's posture and food search. When the food stimulates the taste receptors, it causes more excitation which is seen in exaggerated biting, turning, or mastication. [13]

Diet

Adult channel catfish, over 45 cm (17.7 in), consume fishes such as yellow perch and sunfish. The diet of adults consists of snails, clams, [14] crustaceans (such as crayfish [14] ), snakes, frogs, small fish, insects, aquatic plants, algae, seeds, grains, nuts, and even small birds and small mammals [14] occasionally. Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals. [15]

Communication

The channel catfish is adapted to limited light conditions. [16] Members of the genus Ictalurus, which inhabit muddy waters, do not depend solely on visual cues. Instead, they are known to rely heavily on chemotactic cues. Sound production may be another important means of communication among channel catfish and other species living in turbid habitats. [17]

Chemical communication

The North American channel catfish is an ostariophysan, or a bony fish occupying a freshwater habitat. [16] These fishes are known to produce club cells and alarm substances for communication purposes. Both the fish's habitat and the presence of chemosensory cells covering the body are presumably the results of favored selection for this method of communication. [16] Catfishes are capable of producing and recognizing individual specific pheromones. Through these pheromones, a catfish can identify not only the species and sex of a conspecific, but also its age, size, reproductive state, or hierarchical social status. [16]

Territoriality in channel catfish is identifiable by a change in body odor, which is recognizable by other members of the same species. [16] This chemical change in the amino-acid composition of the skin mucus can be noted by chromatographic methods, and are not long-lasting; rather, they last only long enough to communicate to other fish in the vicinity. [16] Changes may be the result of the release of the contents of the club cells. These cells do not open directly to the surface of the skin, but injury caused by fighting and other agonistic behaviors may release the cells' contents. [16] Since catfish have a dominance hierarchy system, information relative to the change of status of any fish is important in recognition of the social strata. [16]

Signal distinction

In the channel catfish, while a communication signal is directed toward the receiver and contains a specific message, an information signal is a part of the general existence of the individual or the group. [16] For example, release of an alarm signal will communicate danger, but the individual's recognition odor is only an information signal identifying one fish from another. [16] With regards to the function and contents of the club cells, the club cells may serve different functions throughout the fish's lifecycle. Variation in the contents of the club cells' information signals therefore may change with the species' needs at different stages of life. [16]

Sound production

All species of catfishes can generate sound through stridulation, and many produce sounds through drumming. [18] Stridulation consists of the clicking or grinding of bony parts on the fish's pectoral fins and pectoral girdle, and drumming consists of the contraction of specialized sonic muscles with subsequent reverberation through the swim bladder. [17] Variability in the sound signals created by the channel catfish depends on the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resultant sound, and physical factors such as sex, age, and temperature. [17] This variation may result in increased complexity of the outgoing signal and may allow for increased usefulness of the signal in interspecies communication. [17] In the channel catfish, sounds are produced only by pectoral stridulation, as this species does not express sonic muscles, [17] which are used to produce sound via direct attachments to the swim bladder or to bony plates attached to the swim bladder in certain catfish species. [18] : 8–11 

Because of the peculiar anatomy of its pectoral spine, the channel catfish relies on stridulation for successful underwater communication. This spine, an expanded fin ray with modified articulation at its base, is decorated with serrations and poisonous tissues to dissuade predators. When a fish abducts its pectoral fin, the spine moves over the pectoral girdle channel, producing noises. [19] These noises are distinguished by distinct pulses produced when the ridges on the spine's base interact with the rough surface of the girdle's channel. [17] The wide range and flexibility of motion when using fins is responsible for the variety of these stridulation noises. Different noises serve a variety of communicative purposes, including indicating behavior to predators and expressing dominance. [20]

In many channel catfish, individuals favor one fin or another for stridulatory sound production (in the same way as humans are right-handed or left-handed). [21] The first ray of the channel catfish pectoral fin is a bilaterally symmetrical spinous structure that is minimally important for movement; however, it can be locked as a defensive adaptation or used as a means for sound production. [21] According to one scholar, most fish tend to produce sound with their right fin, although sound production with the left fin has also been observed. [19]

Hearing

The inferior division of the inner ear, most prominently the utricle, is considered the primary area of hearing in most fishes. [22] The hearing ability of the channel catfish is enhanced by the presence of the swim bladder. [23] It is the main structure that reverberates the echo from other individuals' sounds, as well as from sonar devices. [23] The volume of the swim bladder changes if fish move vertically, thus is also considered to be the site of pressure sensitivity. [23] The latency of swim bladder adaptation after a change in pressure affects hearing and other possible swim bladder functions, presumably making audition more difficult. [23] Nevertheless, the presence of the swim bladder and a relatively complex auditory apparatus allows the channel catfish to discern different sounds and tell from which directions sounds have come. [18]

Communication to predators

Pectoral stridulation has been considered to be the main means of agonistic communication towards predators in channel catfish. [20] Sudden, relatively loud sounds are used to startle predators in a manner analogous to the well-documented, visual flash display of various lepidopterans. [24] In most catfish, a drumming sound can be produced for this use, and the incidences[ spelling? ] of the drumming sounds can reach up to 300 or 400 per second. [25] However, the channel catfish must resort instead to stridulation sounds and pectoral spine display for predator avoidance. In addition to communication towards predators, stridulation can be seen as a possible alarm signal to other catfish, in the sense of warning nearby individuals that a predator is near. [24]

Fishing

Channel catfish caught in a stocked lake Ictalurus punctatus3.jpg
Channel catfish caught in a stocked lake

Channel catfish are omnivores, and can be caught using a variety of natural and prepared baits, including crickets, nightcrawlers, minnows, shad, freshwater drum, crawfish, frogs, bullheads, sunfish, chicken liver, raw steak, hot dogs, and suckers. Catfish have even been known to take Ivory soap as bait. [26]

Juglines, trotlines, limb lines, and bank lines are popular methods of fishing for channel catfish in addition to traditional rod-and-reel fishing. Another method uses traps, either "slat traps"—long wooden traps with an angled entrance—and wire hoop traps. Typical bait for these traps include rotten cheese and dog food, or "stink bait", and old rotted shad work well. Catches of as many as 100 fish a day are common in catfish traps. An unusual method practiced in the Southeastern United States is noodling—catching catfish by hand.[ citation needed ]

When removing the hook from a catfish, anglers should be mindful of the sharp spines on the pectoral and dorsal fins.

Genetics

The channel catfish is one of only a handful of ostariophysan freshwater fish species whose genomes have been sequenced. The channel catfish reference genome sequence was generated alongside genomic sequence data for other scaled and unscaled fish species (other catfishes, the common pleco and southern striped Raphael; also common carp), in order to provide genomic resources and aid understanding of the evolutionary loss of scales in catfishes. [27] Results from comparative genomics and transcriptomics analyses and experiments involving channel catfish have supported a role for secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (SCPP) in scale formation in teleost fishes. [27]

In addition to the whole nuclear genome resources above, full mitochondrial genome sequences have been available for channel catfish since 2003. [28] Other studies of genetic diversity, outcrossing, etc. in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm strains of relevance to the aquaculture of this species. For example, earlier studies have compared the genetic diversity of domestic versus wild populations of channel catfish using AFLPs. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catfish</span> Order of fish

Catfish are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and the piraíba of South America, to detritivores, and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, Vandellia cirrhosa. Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish are nocturnal, but others are crepuscular or diurnal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teleost</span> Infraclass of fishes

Teleostei, members of which are known as teleosts, is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and contains 96% of all extant species of fish. Teleosts are arranged into about 40 orders and 448 families. Over 26,000 species have been described. Teleosts range from giant oarfish measuring 7.6 m (25 ft) or more, and ocean sunfish weighing over 2 t, to the minute male anglerfish Photocorynus spiniceps, just 6.2 mm (0.24 in) long. Including not only torpedo-shaped fish built for speed, teleosts can be flattened vertically or horizontally, be elongated cylinders or take specialised shapes as in anglerfish and seahorses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish anatomy</span> Study of the form or morphology of fishes

Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fish. It can be contrasted with fish physiology, which is the study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. In practice, fish anatomy and fish physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ictaluridae</span> Family of fishes

The Ictaluridae, sometimes called ictalurids, are a family of catfish native to North America, where they are an important food source and sometimes fished for sport. The family includes about 51 species, some commonly known as bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown bullhead</span> North American catfish species

The brown bullhead is a fish of the family Ictaluridae that is widely distributed in North America. It is a species of bullhead catfish and is similar to the black bullhead and yellow bullhead. It was originally described as Pimelodus nebulosus by Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1819, and is also referred to as Ictalurus nebulosus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue catfish</span> Species of fish

The blue catfish is a large species of North American catfish, reaching a length of 65 in (170 cm) and a weight of 165 lb (75 kg). The continent’s largest, it can live to 20 years, with a typical fish being between 25–46 in (64–117 cm) and 30–70 lb (14–32 kg). Native distribution is primarily in the Mississippi River and Louisiana drainage systems, including the Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas Rivers, the Des Moines River in south-central Iowa, the Rio Grande, and south along the Gulf Coast to Belize and Guatemala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triglidae</span> Family of fishes

Triglidae, commonly known as gurnards or sea robins, are a family of bottom-feeding scorpaeniform ray-finned fish. The gurnards are distributed in temperate and tropical seas worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gafftopsail catfish</span> Species of fish

The gafftopsail catfish is a species of marine catfish found in the waters of the western central Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It has long, venomous spines which can cause painful wounds. It feeds on crustaceans and other fish. The male of the species fertilizes the eggs of the female, and broods them in his mouth until they hatch. The gafftopsail feeds throughout the water column. This fish is a common catch in the Southeastern US, although it may be found as far north as New York. They are considered strong fighters by anglers. They are taken from piers, jetties, reefs, and the surf, as well as bottom fishing or flats fishing. They are caught with hard lures as well as soft plastics, cut bait, and live or dead shrimp. Some fishermen use traps for catfish, a method regulated by some states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doradidae</span> Family of fishes

The Doradidae are a family of catfishes also known as thorny catfishes, raphael catfishes or talking catfishes. These fish are native to South America, primarily the Amazon basin and the Guianas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black bullhead</span> Species of fish

The black bullhead or black bullhead catfish is a species of bullhead catfish. Like other bullhead catfish, it has the ability to thrive in waters that are low in oxygen, brackish, turbid and/or very warm. It also has barbels located near its mouth, a broad head, spiny fins, and no scales. It can be identified from other bullheads as the barbels are black, and it has a tan crescent around the tail. Its caudal fin is truncated. Like virtually all catfish, it is nocturnal, preferring to feed at night, although young feed during the day. It generally does not get as large as the channel or blue catfish, with average adult weights are in the 1-to-2-pound range, and almost never as large as 4 pounds (1.8 kg). It has a typical length of 6–14 inches (15–36 cm), with the largest specimen being 24 inches (61 cm), making it the largest of the bullheads. It is typically black or dark brown on the dorsal side of its body and yellow or white on the ventral side.

<i>Hypsidoris</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Hypsidoris is an extinct genus of catfish, classified within its own family Hypsidoridae, from the Eocene epoch of North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbel (anatomy)</span> Whiskerlike sensory organ near the mouth of a fish

In fish anatomy and turtle anatomy, a barbel is a slender, whiskerlike sensory organ near the mouth. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, the carp, the goatfish, the hagfish, the sturgeon, the zebrafish, the black dragonfish and some species of shark such as the sawshark. Barbels house the taste buds of such fish and are used to search for food in murky water.

<i>Auchenipterichthys</i> Genus of fishes

Auchenipterichthys is a genus of driftwood catfishes found in South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King George whiting</span> Species of fish

The King George whiting, also known as the spotted whiting or spotted sillago, is a coastal marine fish of the smelt-whitings family Sillaginidae. The King George whiting is endemic to Australia, inhabiting the south coast of the country from Jurien Bay, Western Australia to Botany Bay, New South Wales in the east. The King George whiting is the only member of the genus Sillaginodes and the largest member of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae, growing to a length of 80 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The species is readily distinguishable from other Australian whitings by its unique pattern of spots, as well as its highly elongate shape. King George whiting are often found in bays and protected waterways over sand and seagrass beds, also venturing out onto deep continental shelf reefs during adulthood. The species is a benthic carnivore, consuming a variety of crustaceans, polychaete worms, molluscs and fish. The King George whiting forms the basis of one of southern Australia's most important commercial fisheries, reportedly worth over five million Australian dollars per year. The species is also heavily targeted by recreational anglers, who value the whiting for its sporting and eating qualities.

<i>Ictalurus</i> Genus of fishes

Ictalurus is a genus of North American freshwater catfishes. It includes the well-known channel catfish and blue catfish.

<i>Ictalurus pricei</i> Species of fish

Ictalurus pricei, the Yaqui catfish, is a species of North American freshwater catfish native to Mexico and Arizona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hardhead catfish</span> Species of fish

The hardhead catfish is a species of sea catfish from the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and similar to the gafftopsail catfish. It is one of four species in the genus Ariopsis. The common name, hardhead catfish, is derived from the presence of a hard, bony plate extending rearward toward the dorsal fin from a line between the catfish's eyes. It is an elongated marine catfish that reaches up to 28 in (70 cm) in length and 12 lb (5.5 kg) in weight. Their typical weight is less than 1 lb (450 g), but they commonly reach up to 3 lb (1.4 kg). They are often a dirty gray color on top, with white undersides.

<i>Synodontis schall</i> Species of fish

Synodontis schall, the Wahrindi, is a species of upside-down catfish widespread in northern Africa. This species is in the largest genus of the family Mochokidae. This species grows to a length of 49.0 centimetres (19.3 in) TL.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bullhead minnow</span> Species of fish

The bullhead minnow is a species of freshwater demersal fish, native to the Mississippi River system in the United States, to tributaries of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan and to northern Mexico.

Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (IcHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Ictalurivirus, family Alloherpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. It causes disease in channel catfish and blue catfish, and can cause significant economic loss in catfish farms. The disease is endemic in the USA and there are reports of the virus in Honduras and Russia.

References

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  2. ↑ Carlander KD (1969). Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press.
  3. ↑ Engle, Carole (22 October 2013). "Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)". Invasive Species Compendium . Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International . Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Ictalurus punctatus". Invasive Species of Japan. National Institute for Environmental Studies . Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "Ictalurus punctatus" (PDF). Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  6. ↑ Schoonover D. "Ictalurus punctatus Catfish". Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  7. ↑ Sutton K (January 2000). "Understanding the catfish spawn". Game & Fish. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
  8. ↑ Engle, Carole; Kumar, Ganesh (7 February 2023). "CABI Compendium: Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)". CABI Digital Library. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. doi: 10.1079/cabicompendium.79127 . Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  9. ↑ Coburn MM, Grubach PG (1998-01-01). "Ontogeny of the Weberian Apparatus in the Armored Catfish Corydoras paleatus (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)". Copeia. 1998 (2): 301–311. doi:10.2307/1447426. JSTOR   1447426.
  10. ↑ "Catfish Sting". WebMD. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  11. ↑ Anderson RO, Neumann RM (1996). "Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices". In Murphy BE, Willis DW (eds.). Fisheries Techniques (second ed.). American Fisheries Society.
  12. ↑ "Catfish, channel". The International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  13. ↑ Caprio J, Brand JG, Teeter JH, Valentincic T, Kalinoski DL, Kohbara J, Kumazawa T, Wegert S (May 1993). "The taste system of the channel catfish: from biophysics to behavior". Trends in Neurosciences. 16 (5): 192–7. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90152-C. PMID   7685945. S2CID   12952490.
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  15. ↑ "Ictalurus punctatus (Catfish)". Animal Diversity Web .
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jamzadeh, Mehrnaz (1992). "Trauma Communication in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)". In Doty, Richard L.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (eds.). Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6. Vol. 6. pp. 389–394. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9655-1_61. ISBN   978-1-4757-9657-5.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vance T (2000). "Variability in stridulatory sound production in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus". BIOS. 71 (3): 79–84.
  18. 1 2 3 Ladich, Friedrich; Michael J. Fine (2006). "Sound-Generating Mechanisms in Fishes: a Unique Diversity in Vertebrates". Communication in Fishes. 1: 3–43. S2CID   226188637.
  19. 1 2 Fine ML, Friel JP, McElroy D, King CB, Loesser KE, Newton S (1997). "Pectoral Spine Locking and Sound Production in the Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus". Copeia. 1997 (4): 777–790. doi:10.2307/1447295. JSTOR   1447295.
  20. 1 2 Ladich F, Myrberg AA (2006). "Agonistic Behavior and Acoustic Communication". Communication in Fishes. 1: 121–148.
  21. 1 2 Fine ML, McElroy D, Rafi J, King CB, Loesser KE, Newton S (September 1996). "Lateralization of pectoral stridulation sound production in the channel catfish". Physiology & Behavior. 60 (3): 753–7. doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00092-3. PMID   8873247.
  22. ↑ Jenkins D (1981). "The Utricle in Ictalurus punctatus" . In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp.  73–80. ISBN   978-1-4615-7186-5.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Baxter JH (1981). "The Swimbladder and Hearing" . In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer Verlag New York Inc. pp.  61–72. ISBN   978-1-4615-7186-5.
  24. 1 2 Myrberg AA (1981). "Sound Communication and Interception in Fishes" . In Tavolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp.  395–426. ISBN   978-1-4615-7186-5.
  25. ↑ Demski LS (1981). "Neural Control of Teleost Sound Production" . In Travolga W (ed.). Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. pp.  427–446. ISBN   978-1-4615-7186-5.
  26. ↑ Sutton K (4 October 2010). "Off-The-Wall Baits for Persnickety Catfish". Game and Fish Magazine.
  27. 1 2 Liu Z, Liu S, Yao J, Bao L, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. (June 2016). "The channel catfish genome sequence provides insights into the evolution of scale formation in teleosts". Nature Communications. 7: 11757. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711757L. doi:10.1038/ncomms11757. PMC   4895719 . PMID   27249958.
  28. ↑ Waldbieser GC, Bilodeau AL, Nonneman DJ (August 2003). "Complete sequence and characterization of the channel catfish mitochondrial genome". DNA Sequence. 14 (4): 265–77. doi:10.1080/1042517031000149057. PMID   14631650. S2CID   8564981.
  29. ↑ Mickett K, Morton C, Feng J, Li P, Simmons M, Cao D, Dunham RA, Liu Z (December 2003). "Assessing genetic diversity of domestic populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Alabama using AFLP markers". Aquaculture. 228 (1–4): 91–105. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00311-9.

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