This article needs additional citations for verification .(July 2018) |
Clark International Airport Pangyatung Sulapawan ning Clark Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Clark | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summary | |||||||||||
Airport type | Public / Military | ||||||||||
Owner | Clark International Airport Corporation | ||||||||||
Operator | Luzon International Premier Airport Development (LIPAD) Corporation [1] [2] | ||||||||||
Serves | Central Luzon and Northern Luzon | ||||||||||
Location | Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City and Mabalacat, Pampanga, Philippines | ||||||||||
Opened | June 16, 1996 [3] [4] | ||||||||||
Hub for | PAL Express | ||||||||||
Operating base for | |||||||||||
Time zone | PHT (UTC+08:00) | ||||||||||
Elevation AMSL | 148 m / 484 ft | ||||||||||
Coordinates | 15°11′09″N120°33′35″E / 15.18583°N 120.55972°E | ||||||||||
Website | www | ||||||||||
Maps | |||||||||||
Runways | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Statistics (2022) | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Source: CIAC [5] |
Clark International Airport( IATA : CRK, ICAO : RPLC), known as Diosdado Macapagal International Airport from 2003 to 2014, is an international airport covering portions of the cities of Angeles and Mabalacat within the Clark Freeport Zone in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. It is located 80 kilometers (50 mi) [6] northwest of Manila. It is accessible by way of the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX).
The airport serves Central Luzon, Northern Luzon, and, to an extent, Metro Manila with international and domestic flights. The name is derived from the former American Clark Air Base, which was the largest overseas base of the United States Air Force until it was closed and handed over to the Government of the Philippines in 1991.
The airport is managed and operated by Luzon International Premier Airport Development (LIPAD) Corp., a consortium of JG Summit Holdings, Filinvest Development Corporation, Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions (PAGSS) Inc., and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. [1] [2] The southern part of the facility is utilized by the Philippine Air Force as Clark Air Base. [7]
The airport was nominated as a finalist for the Airport category of the 2021 Prix Versailles awards [8] but lost to LaGuardia Airport Terminal B as the best new airport in 2021. [9] However, it was recognized as a laureate of Prix Versailles' 2023 list of the World's Most Beautiful Airports. [10]
On March 1, 2024, CRK bagged the Routes Asia Marketing Awards under the 5 million Passenger airport category after being recognized having handled nearly 2 million passengers in 2023, or a 160% increase. [11]
The United States Cavalry established Fort Stotsenberg in 1902 and later converted a portion of it into an air field, which was, in turn, renamed Clark Air Field in 1919—in honor of aviator Major Harold Melville Clark—and was used as one of the most important overseas bases during World War II.[ citation needed ]
In 1947, the RP-US Military Bases Agreement was signed, integrating Clark Air Field and Fort Stotsenberg into Clark Air Base but, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 and the non-renewal of the military bases agreement, Clark Air Base was reverted to the Philippine government. [12]
The Bases Conversion Development Act of 1992 accelerated the conversion of Clark Air Base into a Special Economic Zone, and, in 2007, the Congress of the Philippines enacted Republic Act No. 9400, which renamed the base to Clark Freeport Philippines. [13] It is now segregated in two separate entities: Clark Freeport Zone, administered by the Clark Development Corporation, and the Clark Civil Aviation Complex, administered by the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC).
In 1993, the former Clark Air Base was reopened as the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) after the area was cleared from lahar debris from Mount Pinatubo explosion and a typhoon that followed.[ citation needed ] During the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos, it was designated to be the future primary international gateway of the Philippines and the major international airport of Metro Manila and its neighboring provinces when Ninoy Aquino International Airport in the said metropolitan area has reached full capacity and can no longer be expanded.[ citation needed ]
CIAC traces its origin from Republic Act No. 7227, otherwise known as the "Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992", which authorized the conversion of several military reservations, including the former Clark Air Base, into sustainable economic zones. Jurisdiction over the corporation shifted from the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) and the Clark Development Corporation (CDC) since its formal incorporation with the SEC in 1995.[ citation needed ]
The airport opened for commercial operations on June 16, 1996. [3]
On April 4, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo renamed the airport to Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA), in memory of her father, former President Diosdado Macapagal, and ordered the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC) in February 2007 to fund the US$1.7 billion (₱76.5 billion) expansion of DMIA and the approval of a US$2 million (₱90 million) study plan financed by the Korean International Cooperation Agency. The first stage of Clark Airport's expansion program, a ₱130 million terminal expansion, was completed in January 2008 to accommodate more than 2 million passengers annually. [14]
In 2011, CIAC was transferred from the Bases Conversion and Development Authority and became an attached agency of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) by virtue of Executive Order No. 64 issued by President Benigno Aquino III. [15] [16]
The airport again used the Clark International Airport name in February 2012, [17] but the original passenger terminal continued to bear Macapagal's name until 2014.
On February 28, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte issued Executive Order No. 14, reverting CIAC as a subsidiary of the BCDA, but with the Department of Transportation (DOTr) maintaining supervision and operational control of the airport. [18]
Four new terminals are expected to be completed and all will be fully operational by 2025. Upon completion, these four terminals will boost Clark's passenger capacity to more than 110 million annually. The airport is also being groomed to become one of the country's first "aerotropolis," which is a community that features a world-class airport and surrounded by business clusters and residential developments. [19] The project involves the operations and maintenance of the existing and the proposed new passenger terminal buildings on the airport with a 25-year concession period. The ₱12.55-billion project involves the construction of a new passenger terminal building with a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum.
North Luzon Airport Consortium (NLAC), which is a consortium of JG Summit Holdings, Filinvest Development Corporation, Philippine Airport Ground Support Solutions Inc. and Changi Airports Philippines Pte. Ltd. (which is a subsidiary of Changi Airports International Pte. Ltd, which is itself a subsidiary of Changi Airport Group, the operator of Singapore Changi Airport) won the open bid by the BCDA to take over the operations and maintenance of the airport. [20] On January 25, 2019, NLAC signed the 25-year contract for the operations and maintenance for the airport. [21] On August 16, Clark International Airport's operations and maintenance were officially handed over to the winning bid (now renamed as Luzon International Premier Airport Development (LIPAD) Corporation in a ceremony held at the new terminal building along with the unveiling of its new logo. [1] [2]
The new passenger terminal building was completed in September 2020. [22] Trial flights to and from the new terminal were conducted in December 2021, [23] and the terminal opened for commercial operations on May 2, 2022. [24] All flights moved to the new terminal on the day of its opening. [25] Following the opening of the new terminal, the old terminal was decommissioned. [26] The new terminal was officially opened by President Bongbong Marcos during a grand opening event on September 28. [27]
Clark International Airport is located within the Clark Freeport Zone in the island of Luzon, approximately 98 kilometers (61 mi) from Manila in the south and 163 kilometers (101 mi) from Baguio. The airport lies in between Mount Pinatubo to the west and Mount Arayat to the east.
The airport site is inside the Clark Freeport Zone's Civil Aviation Complex which occupies 2,367 hectares (5,850 acres) and directly linked to the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) which is connected to the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) providing a direct link to Metro Manila.
It has a local catchment area with an estimated population of 23 million covering the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, the Cordillera Administrative Region, and northern Metro Manila.
The airport has a 82,600-square-meter (889,000 sq ft) four-level passenger terminal building which replaced the original terminal in 2022. [24] Designed by Populous and Casas+Architects and constructed by Megawide Construction Corporation and GMR Infrastructure, [28] [29] the terminal has a total floor area of 110,000 square meters (1,200,000 sq ft) and a design capacity of twelve million passengers per annum. [26]
The ground level holds the baggage claim and arrival halls, while the second floor holds the transfer facilities, immigration facilities for arriving international passengers, and 18 jet bridges. Aside from the jet bridges, there are remote gates at the apron. The third level houses the check-in counters and pre-departure areas including gate lounges, while the fourth level houses food and beverage areas and commercially important person lounges. [30]
The facade of the terminal sports a wave roof design inspired by the mountains of Mount Arayat, Mount Pinatubo, and the Sierra Madre mountain range. [30]
The original terminal was expanded for $3 million (PH₱130 million) to accommodate 1 million passengers annually. The expansion project was inaugurated by President Arroyo in April 2008 to serve the growing passenger volume due to the entry of foreign and local budget carriers at the airport. [31]
The first phase of the expansion of the terminal started in April 2010 at a cost of $12 million (PH₱550 million), saw a second story, arrival and departure lounges, and two aerobridges added to the terminal building. The expansion boosted the airport's capacity to 2.5 million annually. [32]
The passenger terminal was expanded again in 2013 at a cost of $9.6 million (PH₱417 million), increasing the capacity of the terminal from 2.5 million to 4.2 million passengers per annum. The expansion increased the size of the passenger terminal building from 11,439 square meters (123,130 sq ft) to 19,799 square meters (213,110 sq ft). It added 21 new check-in counters, increasing the total number of counters from 13 to 34. Five arrival counters and 12 departures counters were also constructed. The expanded terminal has eight entry points and three customs stations. The modernized terminal started operations in May 2013. [33]
Clark International Airport used to have two 3,200-meter (10,500 ft) parallel runways. Since the runways are closely spaced, the secondary runway (02L/20R) has been decommissioned and is no longer in use. The new terminal occupies the end that was formerly Runway 20R, while a new maintenance hangar is currently being constructed on the stopway of Runway 02L. [34]
In 2020, the Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC) announced plans to construct the tallest air traffic control tower in the Philippines which will stand around 54 meters (177 ft) in height. [36] The tower is projected to be completed by December 2021. [37] [ needs update ]
On March 12, 2024, Elmar Lutter, Lufthansa Technik Philippines President announced the groundbreaking project of the P8.4-billion ($150 million) hangar facility at Clark International Airport. Its planned second hangar was unveiled during the Philippine officials' Berlin, Germany visit, led by President Bongbong Marcos and Alfredo E. Pascual. [38]
Airlines | Destinations |
---|---|
Aero K | Seasonal: Cheongju |
AirSWIFT | El Nido |
Asiana Airlines | Seoul–Incheon |
Cebgo | Cebu |
Cebu Pacific | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Caticlan, Cebu, Davao, Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo–Narita |
Emirates | Dubai–International |
EVA Air | Taipei–Taoyuan |
HK Express | Hong Kong (begins June 6, 2024) [39] |
Jeju Air | Seoul–Incheon |
Jetstar Asia | Singapore (resumes June 16, 2024) [40] |
Jin Air | Busan, Seoul–Incheon |
PAL Express | Basco (resumes July 2, 2024), [41] Busuanga, Caticlan, Cebu |
Philippines AirAsia | Caticlan |
Qatar Airways | Doha |
Scoot | Singapore |
Starlux Airlines | Taipei–Taoyuan |
Sunlight Air | Busuanga, Caticlan, San Vicente, Siargao |
Airlines | Destinations |
---|---|
FedEx Express | Guangzhou, Singapore, Taipei–Taoyuan, Sydney |
Jiangsu Jingdong Cargo | Shenzhen |
SEAir International | Cebu |
Tianjin Air Cargo | Nanning |
UPS Airlines | Shenzhen |
Data from Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC). [42] [5]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Year | Passenger movements | Aircraft movements | Cargo movements (in tonnes) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic | International | Total | % change | Domestic | International | Total | % change | Domestic | International | Total | % change | |||
2004 | 9,442 | 49,546 | 58,988 | — | 432 | 230 | 662 | — | No data provided | — | ||||
2005 | 7,816 | 224,497 | 232,313 | 293.83 | 455 | 1,188 | 1,643 | 148.19 | ||||||
2006 | 17,889 | 470,867 | 488,756 | 110.39 | 437 | 2,065 | 2,502 | 52.28 | 3,774 | 124,981 | 128,755 | |||
2007 | 43,650 | 489,969 | 533,619 | 9.18 | 621 | 1,975 | 2,596 | 3.51 | 3,533 | 125,124 | 128,657 | 0.08 | ||
2008 | 39,681 | 490,748 | 530,429 | 0.60 | 584 | 2,039 | 2,623 | 1.04 | 2,780 | 127,805 | 130,585 | 1.50 | ||
2009 | 30,732 | 559,792 | 590,524 | 11.33 | 572 | 2,613 | 3,185 | 21.43 | No data provided [lower-alpha 1] | 132,078 | 1.14 | |||
2010 | 46,525 | 607,704 | 654,229 | 10.79 | 379 | 2,672 | 3,051 | 4.21 | No data provided | — | ||||
2011 | 42,118 | 725,023 | 767,141 | 17.26 | 609 | 6,971 | 7,580 | 148.44 | ||||||
2012 | 300,438 | 1,015,319 | 1,315,757 | 71.51 | 3,501 | 9,313 | 12,814 | 69.05 | ||||||
2013 | 215,173 | 985,419 | 1,200,592 | 8.75 | 1,916 | 8,420 | 10,336 | 19.34 | ||||||
2014 | 90,948 | 786,809 | 877,757 | 23.89 | 936 | 5,715 | 6,651 | 35.65 | 1,280 | 46,702 | 47,982 | |||
2015 | 41,824 | 826,704 | 868,528 | 1.05 | 348 | 5,709 | 6,057 | 8.93 | 2,217 | 32,796 | 35,013 | 37.04 | ||
2016 | 51,625 | 899,382 | 951,007 | 9.50 | 360 | 5,852 | 6,212 | 2.56 | 2,120 | 13,236 | 15,356 | 56.14 | ||
2017 | 431,343 | 1,083,188 | 1,514,531 | 59.26 | 5,399 | 7,221 | 12,620 | 103.16 | 2,789 | 13,656 | 16,445 | 7.09 | ||
2018 | 1,350,168 | 1,314,210 | 2,664,378 | 75.92 | 16,267 | 8,650 | 24,873 | 97.09 | 2,875 | 15,342 | 18,217 | 10.78 | ||
2019 | 1,780,000 | 2,200,000 | 4,000,211 | 50.14 | 23,856 | 11,882 | 35,738 | 43.68 | 11,055 | 15,267 | 26,322 | 44.49 | ||
2020 | 508,795 | 432,773 | 941,532 | 76.46 | 5,591 | 3,329 | 8,920 | 75.04 | No data provided [lower-alpha 1] | 31,800 [43] | 20.81 | |||
2021 | 9,405 | 131,997 | 192,542 | 79.55 | 234 | 971 | 2,386 | 73.25 | No data provided [lower-alpha 1] | 36,975 | 16.27 | |||
2022 | 140,248 | 628,578 | 768,826 | 299.30 | 1,526 | 4,138 | 5,664 | 137.39 | No data provided [lower-alpha 1] | 49,254 | 33.21 |
The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEx) provides high-speed automobile access to the airport from the southwest, with two exits: Clark North and Clark South interchange. The latter leads directly to Clark. Passengers with connecting flights at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Metro Manila can either pay a toll to use Skyway, the newest expressway between Clark and NAIA, from North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) to NAIA Expressway connecting NAIA Terminals 1, 2 and 3 since December 29, 2020 or take NLEX which is linked via SCTEX, then passing through Epifanio de los Santos Avenue from Balintawak, Quezon City to Roxas Boulevard in Pasay, Roxas Boulevard from EDSA to the northern terminus of Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX) in Parañaque, and finally onto NAIA Road.
Park and fly services are provided within the airport as well. [47]
For short-distance routes, air-conditioned jeepneys connect Clark to nearby Dau Bus Terminal in Mabalacat and SM City Clark in Angeles City. From Dau, passengers can ride intercity buses leading to other cities and towns in Northern and Central Luzon as well as Metro Manila. Direct Premium Point-to-Point Bus Services (P2Ps) for long-distance routes are provided by four bus companies leading to TriNoma in Quezon City, Subic and neighboring Olongapo in Zambales, Dagupan in Pangasinan, and Vigan in Ilocos Sur. [48]
The airport will also be served by the Clark International Airport station of the North–South Commuter Railway, connecting the airport to the New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac, as well as Tutuban in Manila and Calamba in Laguna. The connection is scheduled to be completed by somewhere in 2026. [49]
Transportation in the Philippines covers the transportation methods within this archipelagic nation of over 7,500 islands. From a previously underdeveloped state of transportation, the government of the Philippines has been improving transportation through various direct infrastructure projects, and these include an increase in air, sea, road, and rail transportation and transport hubs.
Ninoy Aquino International Airport, also known as Manila International Airport (MIA), is the main international airport serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. Located between the cities of Pasay and Parañaque, about 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) south of Manila proper and southwest of Makati, it is the main gateway for travelers to the Philippines and serves as a hub for PAL Express and Philippine Airlines. It is also the main operating base for AirSWIFT, Cebgo, Cebu Pacific, and Philippines AirAsia.
Francisco Bangoy International Airport, also commonly known as Davao International Airport, is the main airport serving Davao City and Davao Region in the Philippines. Serving as the main gateway to Mindanao, it is the busiest airport on the island and the third busiest in the Philippines in 2022.
Godofredo P. Ramos Airport, also known as Caticlan Airport and recently, Boracay Airport by its developer Trans Aire, is an airport serving the general area of the municipality of Malay, located in the province of Aklan in the Philippines. It is one of the two gateways to Boracay, the other being Kalibo International Airport in Kalibo. The airport is classified as a Class 1 principal airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.
Loakan Airport serves the general area of Baguio, Philippines. It is classified as a Class 2 principal airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). Loakan Airport, the city's only airport, was built in 1934. Its short runway, frequent low visibility, and deep ravines at both ends of the runway continue to challenge pilots greatly, especially when it comes to landing.
Puerto Princesa International Airport is an airport serving the general area of Puerto Princesa, located in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It is classified as an international airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines.
Kalibo International Airport is an international airport that serves the general area of Kalibo, the capital of the province of Aklan in the Philippines, and is one of two airports serving Boracay, the other being Godofredo P. Ramos Airport in the municipality of Malay. It is the fastest growing airport in the Philippines in terms of passenger traffic with more than 50% growth in 2010, and 2nd fastest for seats offered for June 2014 over the corresponding month of the previous year (20%). The airport is classified as an international airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the Department of Transportation responsible for the operations of all airports in the Philippines except major international airports.
The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX), signed as E1 and E4 of the Philippine expressway network, is a controlled-access toll expressway in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. From its northern terminus in Tarlac City to its southern terminus at Tipo in Hermosa, Bataan, the SCTEX serves as one of the main expressways in Luzon. The expressway is also connected to the Central Luzon Link Expressway, North Luzon Expressway, Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway, and the Subic Freeport Expressway. The SCTEX is the country's longest expressway at 93.77 kilometers (58.27 mi) until the completion of Toll Road 4 of South Luzon Expressway (SLEX). The Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway was constructed to provide a more efficient transport corridor between Subic Bay Freeport, Clark, and the Central Techno Park in Tarlac, foster development on the municipalities served, and connect major infrastructures such as the Subic Seaport and Clark International Airport.
Jolo Airport is an airport serving the general area of Jolo, located in the province of Sulu, Philippines. It is the only airport in the province of Sulu. The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except the major international airports.
The Toll Regulatory Board is a Philippine government agency that regulates all toll roads in the Philippines.
Clark, officially known as the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone (CFEZ), refers to an area in Central Luzon, Philippines.
The transportation system in Metro Manila covers the road network, rail network, ferries, ports and airports located with the metropolitan Manila area. Road transportation in Metro Manila is diverse, composed of many types of private and public transport vehicles. These include taxis, buses, jeepneys, tricycles and pedicabs. In some areas, especially in Divisoria and large public markets, two-stroke motors are fitted in the pedicabs and are used for goods transport. Regardless of modernity, horse-drawn kalesas are still used in the streets of Binondo and Intramuros. Ridesharing services such as Grab also operate within in Metro Manila.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport Expressway (NAIAX), signed as E6 of the Philippine expressway network, is an 12.65-kilometer (7.86 mi) elevated highway in Metro Manila, Philippines, which links the Skyway to Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Entertainment City. Traversing the cities of Pasay, and Parañaque, the NAIAX runs along Andrews Avenue, Electrical Road, and NAIA Road connecting the Skyway to Ninoy Aquino Avenue, Macapagal Boulevard, New Seaside Drive and the Manila–Cavite Expressway.
The Subic Freeport Expressway (SFEX), formerly referred to as the Subic–Tipo Expressway and North Luzon Expressway Segment 7, is a 8.8-kilometer (5.5 mi) four-lane expressway that connects the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway to the Subic Freeport Zone in the Philippines. Its alignment traverses the provinces of Bataan and Zambales.
Filinvest Development Corporation is the publicly listed holding company for the various firms in the Filinvest group. It was established in 1955 in the Philippines by Andrew L. Gotianun Sr. and his wife, Mercedes Gotianun, as a used-car financing company. It has holdings in real estate development and leasing, the sales of housing units, and hotel and resort management, banking and financial services, sugar and power. It is based in Metro Manila, Philippines, and is owned by the Gotianun family.
Mactan–Cebu International Airport is an international airport serving Cebu and serves as the main gateway to the Central Visayas region in the Philippines. Located on a 797-hectare (1,970-acre) site in Lapu-Lapu City on Mactan, it is the second busiest airport in the Philippines. Opened on April 27, 1966, the airport serves as a hub for Philippine Airlines, and as an operating base for Cebu Pacific and Philippines AirAsia.
Sangley Point Airport, also referred to as Cavite Airport, is a domestic airport at Sangley Point, Cavite City in the Philippines primarily serving general aviation and turbo-propped airliners in the general vicinity of South Luzon and the Greater Manila Area.
New Manila International Airport, also known as Bulacan International Airport, is an international airport under construction on the coastal areas of Bulakan, Bulacan, 35 km (22 mi) north of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. The project was proposed by the San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and is set to help decongest Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), the main gateway to the capital for air travelers.
Metro Clark, also known as Metro Angeles or Metro Clark Angeles, is an urban area in Pampanga, in Central Luzon, Philippines. It is primarily composed of three cities and further supported by 9 municipalities. Its urban core consists of the cities Angeles, San Fernando and Mabalacat. It is a major urban area of the Philippines and is considered the industrial and residential center of Central Luzon.
Though the air facility principally handled civilian air traffic (it was planned to replace Ninoy Aquino International Airport as Metro Manila's primary airport), the Philippine Air Force maintained a presence there, and part of it was still known as Clark Air Base.