Gateshead Millennium Bridge

Last updated

Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline cropped.jpg
Gateshead millennium bridge open.jpg
Above: Gateshead Millennium Bridge, looking west along the River Tyne, as viewed from the Gateshead side
Below: Gateshead Millennium Bridge when tilted, as viewed from the Gateshead side
Coordinates 54°58′11″N1°35′57″W / 54.9698°N 1.5992°W / 54.9698; -1.5992
OS grid reference NZ256639
Carries
  • Cyclists
  • Pedestrians
Crosses River Tyne
Locale Tyneside
Official nameGateshead Millennium Bridge
Other name(s)
  • The Blinking Eye Bridge
  • The Winking Eye Bridge
Owner Gateshead Council
Website www.gateshead.gov.uk/article/4594/Gateshead-Millennium-Bridge
Preceded by Tyne Bridge
Followed by Tyne Pedestrian and Cyclist Tunnels
Characteristics
Design Tilt bridge
Material Steel
Pier construction Concrete
Total length126 m (413 ft)
Width8 m (26 ft)
Longest span105 m (344 ft)
History
Architect WilkinsonEyre
Engineering design by Gifford
Constructed by Volker Stevin
Fabrication byWatson Steel
Construction end28 June 2001
Construction cost£22 million
Opened17 September 2001 (2001-09-17)
Inaugurated
Location
Gateshead Millennium Bridge

The Gateshead Millennium Bridge is a pedestrian and cyclist tilt bridge spanning the River Tyne between Gateshead arts quarter on the south bank and Newcastle upon Tyne's Quayside area on the north bank. It was the first tilting bridge ever to be constructed. [1] Opened for public use in 2001, the award-winning [2] structure was conceived and designed by architectural practice WilkinsonEyre and structural engineering firm Gifford. [3] The bridge is sometimes called the 'Blinking Eye Bridge' [4] or the 'Winking Eye Bridge' [5] due to its shape and its tilting method. The Millennium Bridge stands as the twentieth tallest structure in the city, and is shorter in stature than the neighbouring Tyne Bridge.

Contents

History

Historical context

Gateshead Millennium Bridge is part of a long history of bridges built across the River Tyne, the earliest of which was constructed in the Middle Ages. [6] As quay-based industries grew during the Industrial Revolution and Victorian era due to its accessible port, the area became more prosperous. [7] However, industry declined along the River Tyne following World War II and the quay deteriorated into the 1980s. This prompted regeneration activities in both Newcastle and Gateshead, beginning with the construction of Newcastle Law Courts on the riverbank. In 1995, Gateshead Council devised plans to develop a new contemporary arts centre, the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, and the need for a footbridge to link the two cities became more apparent. [8]

The construction of Gateshead Millennium Bridge provided a link between wider regeneration projects in Newcastle (left) and Gateshead (right). Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Angled.JPG
The construction of Gateshead Millennium Bridge provided a link between wider regeneration projects in Newcastle (left) and Gateshead (right).

Conception

A competition was held by Gateshead Council in 1996 to design a new bridge to link Gateshead to Newcastle, [9] the first opening bridge to be built on the River Tyne in over 100 years. [6] The bridge would form part of the regeneration on both sides of the River Tyne, providing a crossing between new commercial buildings and housing built in Newcastle and cultural and leisure developments in Gateshead. [10] It would also facilitate a 1-mile (1.6 km) circular promenade around the Quayside. [11] Although river-based traffic had decreased by the 21st century, the cities of Gateshead and Newcastle still intended to retain the image of the River Tyne as a working river. [12] The advert for the competition was published in the New Civil Engineer magazine with the brief "We are looking for design teams who can create a stunning, but practical, river level crossing which fits this historic setting, opens for shipping and is good enough to win Millennium Commission funding." [13] There were over 150 entries and Gateshead residents voted for their favourite out of a shortlist of six architectural teams. WilkinsonEyre and Gifford and Partners claimed the prize in February 1997 [14] with Gateshead Councillor Mick Henry remarking that the design was "something very special." [9]

By July 1997, a final design was under preparation for submission to the Millennium Commission in order to secure funding. [15] The bridge, which is the world's first tilting bridge, [1] ultimately cost £22 million, with funding from the Millennium Commission, the European Regional Development Fund, English Partnerships, East Gateshead Single Regeneration Budget, and Gateshead Council. [16] By this point, the name of the bridge was still undecided. The original proposed name of 'Baltic Millennium Bridge' (in reference to the adjacent Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art on the Gateshead side) was objected to by Newcastle City Council. In response, Gateshead Council decided upon the final name of 'Gateshead Millennium Bridge' in 1998, which caused an ongoing feud between the two councils. [17]

Opening

Gateshead Council originally announced that the bridge would be open in September 2000, but it was not completed until September the following year. [18] The first tilt took place on 28 June 2001 to 36,000 onlookers. [19] It was opened to the public on 17 September 2001 to a crowd of thousands. [20] The barrier lifted at 2 pm to allow the first public crossing, and the first people to cross received a commemorative medal gift from the Council. [21] The bridge was dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 May 2002, during her Golden Jubilee tour. [22] A commemorative plaque unveiled by the Queen reads: "Gateshead Millennium Bridge. Opened by Her Majesty The Queen on 7th May 2002." Before a formal dinner at the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, the Queen said "Today I see the tangible signs of the determination of all those within this region to create a new future. There have been so many personal acts of kindness, especially over the last two months, now I have the chance to express my gratitude to the people of the North East." [23]

Structure

Design

Animation demonstrating how a tilt bridge operates to either let pedestrians cross or allow water traffic to pass underneath MovableBridge tilt.gif
Animation demonstrating how a tilt bridge operates to either let pedestrians cross or allow water traffic to pass underneath

Gateshead Millennium Bridge was constructed to fulfil the following main design constraints: the bridge must be 4.5 metres (15 ft) above river-level during high spring tides when closed; nothing must be built on the Gateshead Quayside; the deck must have no more than a 1:20 slope to allow disabled access. [24] The bridge consists of two steel arches – a deck which acts as the pedestrian and cycle path, and a supporting arch. [25] The bridge was designed to be as light as possible to allow for easy opening and closing, so the two arches are lighter towards the centre span than at the hinges. [26] The pedestrian and cycle deck is a parabolic shape with a 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) vertical camber. It is divided into two separate paths on different levels for the different modes of transport, separated by a stainless steel "hedge" with seating areas and steps interspersed throughout. [27] The supporting arch is also a parabola, designed in such as way to match the shape of the Tyne Bridge upstream. [26] The two arches are joined together by 18 suspension cables which provide stability for people crossing the bridge.

Six hydraulic rams (three on each side) [28] tilt the entire 850,000 kg bridge as a single structure, [15] meaning that when the supporting arch lowers, the pedestrian deck rises to create 25 metres (82 ft) of clearance for river traffic to pass underneath. [25] [29] The bridge takes around four minutes to rotate through the full 40° from closed to open, moving as fast as 18 mm (0.71 inches) per second. [30] The design is so energy-efficient that, in April 2017, it cost just £3.96 per opening. [31] [32] The appearance of the bridge during this manoeuvre has led to it being nicknamed the "Blinking Eye Bridge", and has solidified its reputation as being not only a functional piece of infrastructure but a spectacle in and of itself. [20] [33] The rotation of the bridge is also used as a self-cleaning mechanism, as rubbish collected on the deck rolls towards traps built at each end. [30]

A lighting system designed by Jonathan Spiers and Associates is used at night to attractively illuminate the bridge without causing light pollution, as the cables are too thin to be visible or reflect light at night. [28] [34] The lights shine white during the week and a variety of colours over the weekend. Green and red LEDs are used during the day to alert cyclists and pedestrians to the bridge's opening and closing. [35]

Construction and installation

Gateshead Council selected Gateshead-based Harbour & General as the main contractor for the construction of the bridge. Harbour and General then selected over 12 sub-contractors to cover elements of construction including control systems, metalwork, lighting, and piling and river work. [36] Consulting engineering group Ramboll provided further engineering, construction, and contract management services. [37] The bridge's structure was modelled in LUSAS using 3D elements. LUSAS modelling allowed a model of the bridge to be built and allowed analysis of buckling forces, wind, and temperature. [38] [39] Another software – Pertmaster Professional – was used for risk and project management and cost analysis. [39]

Watson Steel was appointed as the specialist contractor to prefabricate the bridge, and they subcontracted the design of the hydraulic system to Kvaerner Markham. [40] The pre-fabricated sections of the bridge were shot-blasted and painted in Hadrian's Yard, 6.5 km (4.0 miles) from the bridge's final position. [41] [29] The entire structure was assembled by first welding together the nine arch sections and deck sections, and then attaching the cables to the arch and deck. [29] Protective paintwork (Interzone 505 and Interthane 990 from International Protective Coatings) [42] was applied to the arch before it was erected. [43]

The bridge was lifted into place in one piece by the Asian Hercules II, [44] one of the world's largest floating cranes, on 20 November 2000. [20] Whilst being transported by the crane, the bridge was rotated 90° in order to navigate narrow bends along the river. [29] It was successfully slotted into threaded bolts in the piers with only 3 mm (0.1 inches) of tolerance. Handrails, seating, and the hydraulic systems were installed after the bridge was in place. [45] The transportation of the bridge took only one day and was a spectacle, attracting crowds of onlookers. [29]

Bollards west of the Gateshead Millennium Bridge (geograph 2557922).jpg
Forth Sentinel at Gateshead Millennium Bridge (geograph 2806946).jpg
The piles under Gateshead Millennium Bridge (left) were removed in 2012 (right).

The Port of Tyne Authority required the design of the bridge to incorporate a vessel collision protection system. As a result, two rows of parallel fixed piles, splaying out diagonally on each side of the bridge, were installed. However, it became clear to members of the construction project team and WilkinsonEyre that they were unsightly and undermined "the finesse of the bridge". Between February and June 2000, the unsightly nature of the piles also caught the attention of the public, with multiple news articles and letters expressing discontent. Complaints pointed out that the Millennium Bridge in London did not have similar piles, and that a Newcastle University boat race had to be moved specifically to avoid potential collision with the piles. [36] Over time, Gateshead Council and the Harbourmaster noted that the piles were not required and they were removed in 2012. This decision was ultimately less expensive than maintaining them. [46] [47]

Regional and cultural significance

The bridge depicted on a 2007 British one pound coin 2007PS1.jpg
The bridge depicted on a 2007 British one pound coin

Gateshead Millennium Bridge has retained its status as a significant local landmark and tourist attraction, [48] [49] not only built to develop the local area but also to establish local pride. [7] It is one of several cultural landmarks on Gateshead Quays, including Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art and Sage Gateshead. [50] It opens periodically for sightseers and for major events such as The Boat Race of the North and the Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Race. [51] [52] The bridge also lights up to mark celebrations or dedications. For example, it was lit blue on 4 July 2020 as part of the 'Light it Blue' campaign celebrating the 72nd anniversary of the NHS and its contributions during the COVID-19 pandemic. [53] It was also lit green in April 2020 in recognition of social care workers. [54]

The bridge has been featured in film and on TV including the BBC TV drama 55 Degrees North and the British 2005 film Goal! . [19] On 17 July 2005, Spencer Tunick used the bridge in an art installation: 1,700 people gathered together nude and were photographed around the Millennium and Tyne Bridges and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. [55] [56] The bridge was pictured on a first-class stamp in 2000, [19] and a pound coin depicting the bridge was produced by the Royal Mint in 2007. [37]

Awards

Gateshead Millennium Bridge has won a total of 25 awards for design and lighting. [2] For the construction of the bridge, the architect WilkinsonEyre won the 2002 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize. [57] This was a somewhat controversial decision; although the RIBA judges described the bridge as a "truly heroic piece of engineering and construction", there was debate among the attendees of the awards ceremony as to whether it also counted as architecture, with some claiming that it was not a building. However, Jim Eyre of WilkinsonEyre argued that the feat did cross over into the boundary of architecture. [58] [59] WilkinsonEyre and Gifford also won the 2003 IStructE Supreme Award. [60] The bridge was awarded the British Constructional Steelwork Association's Structural Steel Design Award in 2002. [26] In 2005, the bridge received the Outstanding Structure Award from the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. [61]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newcastle upon Tyne</span> City in England

Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle, is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located on the River Tyne's northern bank opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gateshead</span> Town in Tyne and Wear, England

Gateshead is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. The town's attractions include the twenty metre tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyne Bridge</span> Bridge in north east England

The Tyne Bridge is a through arch bridge over the River Tyne in North East England, linking Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead. The bridge was designed by the engineering firm Mott, Hay and Anderson, who later designed the Forth Road Bridge, and was built by Dorman Long and Co. of Middlesbrough. The bridge was officially opened on 10 October 1928 by King George V and has since become a defining symbol of Tyneside. It is ranked as the tenth tallest structure in Newcastle.

The year 2001 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Level Bridge, River Tyne</span> Road-rail bridge in Tyneside, England

The High Level Bridge is a road and railway bridge spanning the River Tyne between Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in North East England. It was built by the Hawks family from 5,050 tons of iron. George Hawks, Mayor of Gateshead, drove in the last key of the structure on 7 June 1849, and the bridge was officially opened by Queen Victoria later that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Glasshouse, Gateshead</span> Music performance and education centre in Gateshead, England

The Glasshouse is an international centre for musical education and concerts on the Gateshead bank of Quayside in northern England. Opened in 2004 as Sage Gateshead and occupied by North Music Trust The venue's original name honours a patron: the accountancy software company The Sage Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art</span> Art gallery in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England

Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art is a centre for contemporary art located on the south bank of the River Tyne in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. It hosts a frequently changing variety of exhibitions, events, and educational programmes with no permanent exhibition. The idea to open a centre for contemporary arts in Gateshead was developed in the 1990s, which was a time of regeneration for the local area—the Sage and Gateshead Millennium Bridge was also being conceived of in this period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tilt bridge</span> Moveable bridge which rotates about fixed endpoints rather than lifting or bending

A tilt bridge is a type of moveable bridge which rotates about fixed endpoints rather than lifting or bending, as with a drawbridge. The tilting Gateshead Millennium Bridge spanning the River Tyne between Gateshead on the south bank and Newcastle upon Tyne, England, on the north is a pedestrian bridge with two large hydraulic rams at each side that tilt the structure back allowing small watercraft to pass under.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quayside</span> Area in Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, England

The Quayside is an area along the banks (quay) of the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, North East England, United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redheugh Bridge</span> Bridge in Tyneside

The Redheugh Bridge is a road bridge spanning the River Tyne west of Newcastle upon Tyne city centre on the north bank and Gateshead town centre on the south bank, in North East England. It currently carries the A189 road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WilkinsonEyre</span>

WilkinsonEyre is an international architecture practice based in London, England. In 1983 Chris Wilkinson founded Chris Wilkinson Architects, he partnered with Jim Eyre in 1987 and the practice was renamed WilkinsonEyre in 1999. The practice has led the completion of many high-profile projects such as Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Cooled Conservatories Gardens by the Bay, Oxford's Weston Library and Guangzhou International Finance Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chris Wilkinson (architect)</span> British architect (1945–2021)

Christopher John Wilkinson was a British architect and co-founder of the architecture firm WilkinsonEyre. He was known for his techno-centric designs and execution of projects ranging from office spaces, factory floors, skyscrapers to botanical gardens. Some of his projects included the Magna Science Adventure Centre, Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Guangzhou International Finance Center, and the Gardens by the Bay in Singapore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denver Millennium Bridge</span> Bridge in Colorado, United States

The Denver Millennium Bridge is the world's first cable-stayed bridge using post-tensioned structural construction. Located near LoDo, in Riverfront Park, it connects the 16th Street Mall with the Commons Park in the Central Platte Valley District of the Union Station neighborhood. The bridge is one of three pedestrian bridges between Downtown Denver and the Highland neighborhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salford Quays lift bridge</span> Bridge

The Salford Quays lift bridge, also known as the Salford Quays Millennium footbridge or the Lowry bridge, is a 91.2-metre (299 ft) long vertical lift bridge spanning the Manchester Ship Canal between Salford and Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. The pedestrian bridge, which was completed in 2000, is near the terminus of the ship canal at the old Manchester Docks. It is sited beside The Lowry theatre and gallery and links Salford Quays and MediaCityUK to Trafford Wharf and the Imperial War Museum North. It has a lift of 18 metres (59 ft), allowing large watercraft to pass beneath.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scotswood Bridge</span> Bridge in Tyneside

Scotswood Bridge is one of the main bridges crossing the River Tyne in North East England. It links the west end of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank of the river with the MetroCentre and Blaydon in Gateshead on the south bank. It is situated 5.2 km (3.2 mi) upstream of the better-known city centre bridges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victoria Viaduct</span> Bridge in Wearside

Victoria Viaduct, originally known as the Victoria Bridge, is a stone arch rail viaduct spanning the River Wear about 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of Washington in the City of Sunderland North East England. It was built as part of the Durham Junction Railway under the supervision of Thomas Elliot Harrison.

<i>Bambuco Bridge</i>

The Bambuco Bridge was a temporary outdoor sculpture in the form of a simple suspension bridge spanning the River Tyne, England, made entirely from bamboo wood. The public art was designed and built for the SummerTyne festival, part of the NewcastleGateshead initiative.

Speirs Major Light Architecture (SMLA) is a UK lighting design practice founded by Jonathan Speirs (1958-2012) and Mark Major in 1993. The practice is noted for its illumination of many prominent buildings, including Barajas International Airport, 30 St Mary Axe, the Millennium Dome and the interior of St. Pauls Cathedral. The firm has also developed lighting master plans for several British cities, including Cambridge, Coventry, Durham, Newcastle, and for major private developments including Greenwich Peninsula and King’s Cross Central, London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infinity Bridge</span> Footbridge over the River Tees, England

The Infinity Bridge is a public pedestrian and cycle footbridge across the River Tees in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in northern England. The bridge is situated one kilometre downriver of Stockton town centre, between the Princess of Wales Bridge and the Tees Barrage. It connects the Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham's Queen's Campus in Thornaby-on-Tees on the south bank of the Tees with the Tees Valley Regeneration's £320 million North Shore development on the north bank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forthside Bridge</span> Bridge in Stirling, Scotland

Forthside Bridge is a large pedestrian bridge located in the city of Stirling, in the Central Belt of Scotland. Opened on 2 May 2009, the bridge crosses Stirling railway station, a busy interchange station located on the former Caledonian Main Line and connects the city centre with the Forthside Development, a £90 million residential and leisure area on the banks of the River Forth.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". Northern Innovation, Newcastle University . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge awards". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  3. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Tyneside". Gifford Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  4. ↑ "'Blinking-eye' bridge lands award". BBC News . BBC. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Gateshead's 'blinking-eye' bridge has landed a major honour.
  5. ↑ Higham, Nick (9 May 2002). "Jubilee tour diary: The North East". BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 27 February 2010. In Gateshead, the Queen opened the 'Winking Eye' bridge.
  6. 1 2 "Bridges over the Tyne". BBC . 24 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  7. 1 2 Bishop, Peter (2008). Bridge. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 148–149. ISBN   9781861894694 . Retrieved 8 February 2022– via Internet Archive.
  8. ↑ White & Fortune 2012, p. 206.
  9. 1 2 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge background". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  10. ↑ Petroski 2005, p. 92.
  11. ↑ Davey & Forster 2007, p. 38.
  12. ↑ LeCuyer 2003, p. 34.
  13. ↑ Petroski 2005, p. 91.
  14. ↑ Petroski 2005, p. 96.
  15. 1 2 Petroski 2005, p. 97.
  16. ↑ "How the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was funded". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  17. ↑ White & Fortune 2012, p. 212.
  18. ↑ White & Fortune 2012, p. 219.
  19. 1 2 3 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge facts". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  20. 1 2 3 "Tilting bridge opens eye to the world". BBC News . BBC. 17 January 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  21. ↑ Morton, David (17 September 2016). "On this day 15 years ago: Gateshead's Millennium Bridge opened to the public". Chronicle Live . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  22. ↑ "Streaker mars royal tour". BBC News . BBC. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  23. ↑ Morton, David (7 May 2017). "When the Millennium Bridge over the River Tyne was officially opened". Chronicle Live . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  24. ↑ Blandford 2007, para 1. Introduction.
  25. 1 2 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge design". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  26. 1 2 3 Jennings 2004, p. 403.
  27. ↑ LeCuyer 2003, p. 34-36.
  28. 1 2 White & Fortune 2012, p. 207.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 LeCuyer 2003, p. 38.
  30. 1 2 Petroski 2005, p. 98.
  31. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge tilts". WhatDoTheyKnow . 23 March 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  32. ↑ Winn, Christopher (2005). I Never Knew That About England. London: Ebury Publishing. p. 74. ISBN   9780091902070.
  33. ↑ Davey & Forster 2007, p. 37.
  34. ↑ Blandford 2007, para. 2.7 Colour.
  35. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge lighting". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  36. 1 2 White & Fortune 2012, p. 215.
  37. 1 2 "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". Uk.ramboll.com. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  38. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". Lusas.com. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  39. 1 2 White & Fortune 2012, p. 217.
  40. ↑ Blandford 2007, para. 3 Constructions.
  41. ↑ Blandford 2007, para. 3.2.1 Initial Assembly.
  42. ↑ "Protecting Gateshead's Millennium Bridge. The innovative Gateshead Millennium Bridge has been coated by IPC". Products Finishing . Vol. 55, no. 5. Sawell Publications ltd. 2002. p. 19.
  43. ↑ Blandford 2007, para 3.2.3 Paintwork.
  44. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge delivery and opening". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  45. ↑ Blandford 2007, para. 3.4 Final Installations.
  46. ↑ "Final River Tyne bollard removed". BBC News . BBC. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  47. ↑ Sykes, Alan (8 March 2012). "Gateshead and Newcastle's 'winking bridge' loses its painful piles". The Guardian . Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  48. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". VisitBritain . 13 October 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  49. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". Newcastlegateshead.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  50. ↑ "Visit the Gateshead Millennium Bridge". Gateshead Council . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  51. ↑ "Boat Race of the North returns after five-year absence". BBC News . 9 May 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  52. ↑ "Civic leaders celebrate return of The Tall Ships". The Northern Echo . 14 November 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  53. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge to be lit blue for NHS birthday". European Union News. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2022– via Gale OneFile.
  54. ↑ "Bridge lights go green for social care". European Union News. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2022– via Gale OneFile.
  55. ↑ Davey & Forster 2007, p. 44.
  56. ↑ Higgins, Charlotte (18 July 2005). "Tynesiders take it all off in the name of art". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  57. ↑ "'Blinking-eye' bridge lands award". BBC News . BBC. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  58. ↑ Cattermole, Paul (2007). Buildings for tomorrow : architecture that changed our world. Bath, UK ; New York: The Overlook Press. p. 125. ISBN   9781585679904 . Retrieved 8 February 2022– via Internet Archive.
  59. ↑ Hetherington, Peter (14 October 2002). "Elegant - but is it architecture?". The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  60. ↑ "Gateshead Millennium Bridge". IStructE. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  61. ↑ Outstanding Structure Award IABSE Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

Next crossing upstream River Tyne Next crossing downstream
Tyne Bridge
 A167  and UK traffic sign 967.svg  725 		Gateshead Millennium Bridge
Grid reference NZ256639 		Tyne Pedestrian & Cycle Tunnel
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.