Gerald A. Drew

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The recorded history of Haiti began in 1492, when the European captain and explorer Christopher Columbus landed on a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. The western portion of the island of Hispaniola, where Haiti is situated, was inhabited by the Taíno and Arawakan people, who called their island Ayiti. The island was promptly claimed for the Spanish Crown, where it was named La Isla Española, later Latinized to Hispaniola. By the early 17th century, the French had built a settlement on the west of Hispaniola and called it Saint-Domingue. Prior to the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. After the war which had disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported indigo, cotton and 72 million pounds of raw sugar. By the end of the century, the colony encompassed a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</span> Former president of Haiti, priest (b. 1953)

Jean-Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian former Salesian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the 1990–91 Haitian general election, with 67% of the vote. As a priest, he taught liberation theology and, as a president, he attempted to normalize Afro-Creole culture, including Vodou religion, in Haiti.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">François Duvalier</span> President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971

François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician who served as the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the Tonton Macoute, indiscriminately tortured or killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Claude Duvalier</span> President of Haiti from 1971 to 1986

Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed "Baby Doc", was a Haitian politician who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in February 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prosper Avril</span> Haitian political figure

Matthieu Prosper Avril is a Haitian political figure who was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. A trusted member of François Duvalier's Presidential Guard and adviser to Jean-Claude Duvalier, Lt. Gen. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow. He was President until March 1990, in a period which according to Amnesty International was "marred by serious human rights violations". He was arrested in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

<i>The Comedians</i> (novel) 1966 novel by Graham Greene

The Comedians (1966) is a novel by Graham Greene. Set in Haiti under the rule of François "Papa Doc" Duvalier and his secret police, the Tontons Macoutes, the novel explores political repression and terrorism through the figure of an English hotel owner, Brown.

Haitian Canadians are Canadian citizens of Haitian descent or Haiti-born people who reside in Canada. As of 2016, more than 86% of Haitian Canadians reside in Quebec.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marc Bazin</span> Haitian politician (1932–2010)

Marc Louis Bazin was a World Bank official, former United Nations functionary and Haitian Minister of Finance and Economy under the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was prime minister of Haiti appointed on June 4, 1992, by the military government that had seized power on September 30, 1991.

Jean-Fernand Brierre was a Haitian poet, dramatist, journalist, and diplomat. He is recognized "as one of the most brilliant Haitian writers," and has produced a significant body of poetry to his credit. He also served as Haiti's ambassador to Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau</span>

Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau was Chairman of the Military Council that made him provisional head of state of the Republic of Haiti from 14 June – 22 October 1957. His short reign followed that of Daniel Fignolé and preceded that of François Duvalier. During his rule, soldiers under Kébreau's rule massacred several hundreds, if not several thousand rioting Fignolé supporters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Fignolé</span>

Pierre-Eustache Daniel Fignolé was a Haitian politician who became Haiti's provisional head of state for three weeks in 1957. He was one of the most influential leaders in the pre-Duvalier era, a liberal labor organizer in Port-au-Prince so popular among urban workers that he could call upon them at a moment's notice to hold mass protests, known as "woulo konpresè"—Haitian Creole for "steamroller."

Jeune Haiti was a group of Haitian exiles active in New York during the 1960s. In 1964 they launched an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the regime of François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haiti–United States relations</span> Bilateral relations

Haiti–United States relations are bilateral relations between Haiti and the United States. Succeeding U.S. presidents refused to recognize Haiti until Abraham Lincoln. The U.S. tried to establish a military base in Haiti and invaded. It withdrew in 1934 but continued to intervene in Haiti during subsequent decades.

Raymond Alcide Joseph is a Haitian diplomat, journalist, political activist and author. He was the Haitian ambassador to the United States from 2005 to 2010, and he resigned to be considered for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election. He is founder of the largest Haitian newspaper Haïti Observateur, based out of Brooklyn, New York, that circulates not only for the Haitian diaspora but in Haiti as well. He infamously ran an informant operation of sources surrounding, in, and out of the presidential palace in Haiti during the Duvalier authoritarian years, that leaked information for him to report, all while avoiding an attempt on his life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Lafontant</span> Haitian minister and leader of the Tonton Macoutes

Roger Lafontant was the former leader of the Tonton Macoutes and a former minister in the government of Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was the leader of an attempted coup d'état in January 1991, an effort which ultimately led to his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of Haiti</span> Overview of the foreign relations of Haiti

Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.

Robert Newbegin II was an American diplomat. Born in Bangor, Maine, he was raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts and graduated from Yale University. He entered the Foreign Service in 1929 and served in Berlin, Montevideo, Mexico City, Istanbul, Ankara, Santo Domingo, Bogota and Paris, as well as Washington. He was appointed a Foreign Service inspector in 1952, director of the Office of Middle American Affairs in the State Department in 1954 and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for personnel in 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</span> Movement to overthrow Jean-Claude Duvalier

The Anti-Duvalier protest movement was a series of demonstrations in Haiti from 23 May 1984 to 7 February 1986 that led to the overthrow of President Jean-Claude Duvalier and the Duvalier dynasty regime and the readoption of the original flag and coat of arms of the country.

Charles Obas was an early-twentieth-century painter of Haitian art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duvalier dynasty</span> 1957–1986 hereditary dictatorship in Haiti

The Duvalier dynasty was an autocratic hereditary dictatorship in Haiti that lasted almost 29 years, from 1957 until 1986, spanning the rule of the father-and-son duo François and Jean-Claude Duvalier.

References

  1. "Gerald A. Drew" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training: Foreign Affairs Oral History Project. 2001.
  2. Smith, Gaddis (1 December 2015). The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine: 1945 - 1993. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 232-. ISBN   978-1-4668-9520-1.
Gerald Drew
Inspector General of the Department of State
In office
November 13, 1960 May 31, 1962
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Envoy to Jordan
1950–1952
Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Ambassador to Bolivia
1954–1957
Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Ambassador to Haiti
1957–1960
Succeeded by