| History of Ming | |||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 明史 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 明史 | ||||||||||||
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The History of Ming is the final official Chinese history included in the Twenty-Four Histories . It consists of 332 volumes and covers the history of the Ming dynasty from 1368 to 1644. It was written by a number of officials commissioned by the court of Qing dynasty,with Zhang Tingyu as the lead editor. The compilation started in the era of the Shunzhi Emperor and was completed in 1739 in the era of the Qianlong Emperor,though most of the volumes were written in the era of the Kangxi Emperor.
The sinologist Endymion Wilkinson writes that the Mingshi,the second longest of the Twenty-Four Histories,after the History of Song ,is "generally reckoned to be one of the best of the Histories and one of the easiest to read." [1]
After the Qing dynasty seized control of Beijing and North China,the Censor Zhao Jiding (趙繼鼎) was asked to compile the History of Ming in 1645 (the second year of the Shunzhi Emperor). In May 1645,the court of Qing dynasty established the committee consisted of the Grand Secretary Feng Quan,Li Jiantai,Fan Wencheng,Gang Lin,and Qi Chongge as the presidents to operate the compilation of the History of Ming. In the same year,the presidents nominated the vice presidents and compilers,and also nominated seven Zhang Guans,ten transcribers of Manchu language,and thirty-six transcribers of Chinese language to lift the curtain on compiling the History of Ming.[ citation needed ]
The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming dynasty,from the History of Ming to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The Ming Veritable Records were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this. [2]
The official compiling of History of Ming started on May 2,1645. At that time,which is the early years that the Qing first entered and hosted[ clarification needed ] the Central Plain. With the obvious purpose of compiling the History of Ming,the Qing dynasty intended to declare the collapse of Ming,however,the court of Hongguang (founded by the Ming imperial clan) with capital of Nanjing was antagonistic to the Qing,and the compiling of History of Ming was the announcement of inexistence of Hongguang Court. On May 15,the Army of Qing broke through Nanjing,and the Hongguang regime was destroyed. Zhu Yujian,the clan relative of Ming founded a new court called Longwu at Fuzhou. Meanwhile,Li Zicheng,the leader of the peasant uprising army jointed with the Ming's governor He Tengjiao,and fought against the court of Qing. It was impossible to assign a large staff to compile the History of Ming in the unstable political and military situation. The turbulent situation lasted until the 22nd year of Qing's Kangxi Emperor,the Kangxi Emperor conquered all opposing states and unified Mainland China and Taiwan. In the stage 1,the court of Qing was busy on the conquest,so the compiling process basically had no progress.
After the Revolt of the Three Feudatories had calmed down,the court of Qing was able to concentrate manpower to compile the History of Ming formally. Thirty-five years passed since the court of Qing officially announced the compilation of the History of Ming. In the 17th year of Kangxi Emperor,Qing started drafting learned scholars from all of the country,and stage 2 of compiling got into its stride. In the 4th year of Qianlong Emperor (1739),the History of Ming was completed compiling of all it sections. It was the third time that the court of Qing organized staff to modify the manuscript of the History of Ming,and finalized its compiling.[ citation needed ]
One of the main sources for the History of Ming was Ming Veritable Records,i.e. the records of individual emperors' reigns,each of which was compiled soon after the respective emperor's death,based on the daily records accumulated during the reign.
The History of Ming follows a similar structure to previous standard histories:
Volumes 320–328 cover foreign states (外國). In contrast with previous histories many terms used exactly or closely match modern place names,including Korea (朝鮮) in volume 320,Vietnam (Annam –安南) in volume 321,Japan (日本) in volume 322,the island of Luzon (呂宋) in the present-day Philippines in volume 323,Borneo (婆羅) in volume 323,Java (爪哇) in volume 324,Malacca (滿刺加) in volume 325,Sumatra (蘇門答喇) in volume 325,Johor (柔佛) in present-day Malaysia in volume 325,
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty, proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636, seized control of Beijing in 1644, which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until 1912, when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907, it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
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The Kangxi Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history. He is considered one of China's greatest emperors.
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Oboi was a prominent Manchu military commander and courtier who served in various military and administrative posts under three successive emperors of the early Qing dynasty. Born to the Guwalgiya clan, Oboi was one of four regents nominated by the Shunzhi Emperor to oversee the government during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor. Oboi reversed the benevolent policies of the Shunzhi Emperor, and vigorously pushed for clear reassertion of Manchu power over the Han Chinese. Eventually deposed and imprisoned by the new emperor for having amassed too much power, he was posthumously rehabilitated.
The Chongzhen Emperor, personal name Zhu Youjian, courtesy name Deyue (德約), was the 17th and last emperor of the Ming dynasty. He reigned from 1627 to 1644. "Chongzhen", the era name of his reign, means "honorable and auspicious."
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The House of Aisin-Gioro was a Manchu clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636), the Qing dynasty (1636–1912), and Manchukuo (1932–1945) in the history of China. Under the Ming dynasty, members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the Jianzhou Jurchens, one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the Great Wall in 1644, and eventually conquered the short-lived Shun dynasty, Xi dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty. After gaining total control of China proper, the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions, including Xinjiang, Tibet, Outer Mongolia, and Taiwan. The dynasty reached its zenith during the High Qing era and under the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline.
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The Eastern Qing tombs are an imperial mausoleum complex of the Qing dynasty located in Zunhua, 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Beijing. They are the largest, most complete, and best preserved extant mausoleum complex in China. Altogether, five emperors, 15 empresses, 136 imperial concubines, three princes, and two princesses of the Qing dynasty are buried here. Surrounded by Changrui Mountain, Jinxing Mountain, Huanghua Mountain, and Yingfei Daoyang Mountain, the tomb complex stretches over a total area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi).
The History of Liao, or Liao Shi, is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), under the direction of the historian Toqto'a (Tuotuo), and finalized in 1344. Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records, it details the Khitan people, Khitan's tribal life and traditions, as well as the official histories of the Liao dynasty and its successor, the Western Liao dynasty.
The history of the Qing dynasty began with the proclamation of the Qing dynasty by the Manchu chieftain Hong Taiji in 1636, but the year 1644 is generally considered the start of the dynasty's rule in China. The dynasty lasted until 1912, when Puyi abdicated the throne in response to the 1911 Revolution. The final imperial dynasty of China, the Qing dynasty reached heights of power unlike any of the Chinese dynasties which preceded it, engaging in large-scale territorial expansion which ended with embarrassing defeat and humiliation to the foreign powers whom they believe to be inferior to them. The Qing dynasty's inability to successfully counter Western and Japanese imperialism ultimately led to its downfall, and the instability which emerged in China during the final years of the dynasty ultimately paved the way for the Warlord Era.
The transition from Ming to Qing or the Manchu conquest of China from 1618 to 1683 saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions. It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions.
The History of Jin is a Chinese historical text, one of the Twenty Four Histories, which details the history of the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens in northern China. It was compiled by the Yuan dynasty historian and minister Toqto'a.
Shamanism was the dominant religion of the Jurchen people of northeast Asia and of their descendants, the Manchu people. As early as the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), the Jurchens conducted shamanic ceremonies at shrines called tangse. There were two kinds of shamans: those who entered in a trance and let themselves be possessed by the spirits, and those who conducted regular sacrifices to heaven, to a clan's ancestors, or to the clan's protective spirits.
Events from the year 1645 in China.
