This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Word lists of unknown origins, Variations in language is unsourced, long list of external links.(June 2020) |
Ivatan | |
---|---|
Ibatan | |
Chirin nu Ibatan | |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Batanes Islands |
Ethnicity | Ivatan |
Native speakers | (33,000 cited 1996–2007) [1] |
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in the Philippines |
Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either: ivv – Ivatan ivb – Ibatan (Babuyan) |
Glottolog | ivat1242 Ivatan ibat1238 Ibatan |
The location of the Ivatan language within the Batanic languages |
The Ivatan language, also known as Chirin nu Ivatan ("language of the Ivatan people"), is an Austronesian language spoken in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.
Although the islands are closer to Taiwan than to Luzon, it is not one of the Formosan languages. Ivatan is one of the Batanic languages, which are perhaps a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian family of Austronesian languages.
The language of Babuyan Island (Ibatan) is sometimes classified as a dialect of the Ivatan language. Most of the Babuyan population moved to Batan Island and to Luzon mainland during the Spanish colonial period. The island became repopulated at the end of the 19th century with families from Batan, most of them speakers of one of the Ivatan dialects. [2]
Ivatan speakers are found outside their homeland, many of them settled in mainland Luzon particularly in nearby Cagayan Valley, Ilocandia, Cordillera Administrative Region, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Palawan and also settled as far as Mindanao. In Mindanao, a significant Ivatan-speaking minority exist mainly in Bukidnon, Lanao and Cotabato where they settled since the 1950s in search of economic opportunities settled down in government homesteads in these areas. Nowadays, however, their language has becoming endangered among Ivatan settlers' descendants especially newer generations born in Mindanao, due to being accustomed into a society of Cebuano-speaking majority. Like elsewhere, intermarriage between Ivatans and Mindanaoans of various ethnicities are not uncommon. Most of these Ivatans in Mindanao today speak the majority language of Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog and other Mindanao indigenous languages more than their ancestors' native language in varying fluency or none at all. [3] [4] [5] [6]
Ivatan is especially characterized by its words, which mostly have the letter v, as in vakul, Ivatan, and valuga. While related to the Northern Philippine group of languages, Ivatan, having been isolated, is most close to the two other members of the Bashiic sub-group of languages, Yami (Tao) and Itbayat, neither of which is indigenous to Luzon. Ibatan dialect, spoken on the nearby Babuyan group of islands, is so similar to Ivatan that it is not entirely clear whether it should be classified as a dialect of Ivatan or a separate language, though each does receive its own code in ISO taxonomy.
Ivatan has two dialects; Basco Ivatan, more commonly known as Ivasay, spoken on the main island of Batan, and Southern Ivatan or Isamurung, spoken on the southern half of Batan and on the most southern island, Sabtang. [2]
In the capital of Basco and the surrounding northern half of Batan, the area encompassed by Ivasayen, t is prominent, whereas in the Isamurongen zone to the south (Mahatao, Ivana, Uyugan and Sabtang) that phoneme becomes a ch.
Examples of the more visible variations of the Ivasayen and Isamurongen words and pronunciations are:
Itbayaten is sometimes also considered a dialect. 2% of the total vocabulary does not occur in Ivatan dialects. Examples of different Ivasayen, Isamurongen and Itbayaten words that have the same English translation:
Ivatan and Filipino words are sometimes combined, as in the Ivatan word mapatak. It is derived from marunong (Filipino) and chapatak (Ivatan), literally 'someone who knows', which were then compounded to form the word mapatak. This is the result of the influence of non-Ivatans who tend to speak the language and were then eventually adopted.[ citation needed ]
Examples of metathesis in Ivatan include iskarayla for iskalayra ('stairs') and tumaraya for tumayara ('going up').
Ivatan slang includes examples such as tanchew, coined from mirwa ta anchiyaw – literally 'we’ll meet again later', and nganmu, coined from jinu ngayan mu, literally 'where are you going'. These are results of shortening Ivatan phrases or sentences into one or two words, depending on usage.
Common Ivatan expressions have various origins such as:[ clarification needed ]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ | u | |
Open | a |
/u/ can also be lowered to [ ʊ ]. Vowels [e] and [o] only occur in loanwords from Spanish, Ilocano, and Tagalog.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | v | s | ɣ | h | ||
Approximant | l | j | w | |||
Tap | ɾ |
/h/ can also be heard as a velar fricative [ x ]. Ivatan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [ɾ]-[d] allophony.
The following set of pronouns is found in the Ivatan language. [8]
Nominative | Genitive | Locative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
free | bound | free | bound | ||||
1st person | singular | yaken | 'ako | niaken | ko | diaken | |
plural | exclusive | yamen | kami | niamen | namen | diamen | |
inclusive | yaten | ta | niaten | ta | diaten | ||
2nd person | singular | 'imo | 'ka | nimo | mo | dimo | |
plural | 'inio | kamo | ninio | nio | dinio | ||
3rd person | singular | sia | sia | nia | na | dia | |
plural | sira/sa | sira/sa | nira | da | dira |
Coined words are two words combined to form one new word.
Sentence | Coined word | Meaning | Usage |
---|---|---|---|
Mirwa taanchiyaw | Tanchew | We'll meet again later. | Street language |
Jinu ngayanmu | Nganmu | Where are you going? | Street language |
Person | House | Dog | Coconut | Day | New | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivatan | Tawu | Vahay | Chitu | Niyuy | Araw | Va-yu |
Tagalog | Tao | Bahay | Aso | Niyog | Araw | Bago |
Bikol | Tawo | Harong | Ayam | Niyog | Aldaw | Ba-go |
Cebuano | Tawo | Balay | Iro | Lubi | Adlaw | Bag-o |
Tausug | Tau | Bay | Iru' | Niyug | Adlaw | Ba-gu |
Kinaray-a | Taho | Balay | Ayam | Niyog | Adlaw | Bag-o |
Kapampangan | Tau | Bale | Asu | Ngungut | Aldo | Bayu |
Pangasinan | Too | Abong | Aso | Niyog | Agew | Balo |
Ilocano | Tao | Balay | Aso | Niog | Aldaw | Baro |
Gaddang | Tolay | Balay | Atu | Ayog | Aw | Bawu |
Tboli | Tau | Gunu | Ohu | Lefo | Kdaw | Lomi |
Day | Home | Friend | Eat | Drink | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivatan | Araw | Vahay | Cayvan | Kuman | Minom |
Yami 雅美/達悟 | Araw | Vahay | Kagagan | Kuman | Minum |
Room | Water | Time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ivasayen | Cuarto | Tulas | Danum | Oras |
Itbayaten | Cuarto | Turas | Ranum | Oras |
Good | Of course | Ok | Pretty | Yes | No | Nothing | Perhaps | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivasayen | Mapia | Siyempre | Okay | Mavid | Oon | Omba | Arava | Siguro |
Itbayaten | Map'pia | Siyempre | Okay | Mavij | Uwen | Engga | Aralih | Siguro |
Black | Blue | Brown | Dark | Gray | Green | Light | Red | White | Yellow | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivasayen | Mavajeng | Maanil | Chocolati | Masari | Mavuavo | Berde | Marial | Mavaya | Maydac | Mañujama |
Itbayaten | Mavaweng | A'sul | Chocolati | Masarih | Mavu-avo | Birdi | Marengang | Mavayah | Mahilak | Mayuxama |
Sunday | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivasayen | Domingo | Lunis | Martis | Miyirkolis | Juibis | Biyernis | Sabado |
Itbayaten | Lumingu | Lunis | Martis | Mirkulis | Juybis | Birnis | Sabalu |
Left | Right | Straight ahead | |
---|---|---|---|
Ivasayen | Huli | Wanan | Diricho |
Itbayaten | Guri | Wanan | Diricho |
Zero | One | Two | Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine | Ten | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivayasen | Siro, abu | Asa | Dadua | Tatdu | Apat | Dadima | Anem | Papito | Wawajo | Sasyam | Sapujo |
Itbayaten | Siro, a'bu | A'sa | Daduha | Atlu | A'pat | Lalima | A'nem | Pito | Waxo | Sasyam | Sapuxu |
Ivatan is written using the Latin alphabet. As Ivatan is primarily a spoken language and seldom used in written form, there is currently no consistent way of writing the language and different conventions may be used by different writers. An orthography devised for use in public schools by the Department of Education uses the full 26-letter Latin alphabet, with three extra letters, ch, ñ, and ng. [9]
The schwa sound, or uh, is normally represented by the letter e as in Dios Mamajes, 'di-yos-ma-ma-huhs', and palek 'pa-luhk'.[ citation needed ]
Batanes, officially the Province of Batanes, is an archipelagic province in the Philippines, administratively part of the Cagayan Valley region. It is the northernmost province in the Philippines, and the smallest, both in population and land area. The capital is Basco, located on the island of Batan.
Cagayan, officially the Province of Cagayan, is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region, covering the northeastern tip of Luzon. Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao. It is about 431 kilometres (268 mi) northwest of Manila, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to the south.
Basco, officially the Municipality of Basco, is a 5th class municipality and capital of the province of Batanes, Philippines. In the 2020 census, it had a population of 9,517 people.
A Spanish creole, or Spanish-based creole language, is a creole language for which Spanish serves as its substantial lexifier.
Batan Island is the main island of Batanes, an archipelagic province in the Philippines. It is the second largest of the Batanes Islands, the northernmost group of islands in the Philippines.
The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw and the Molbog language—and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.
Itbayat, officially the Municipality of Itbayat,, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Batanes, Philippines. In the 2020 census, it had a population of 3,128 people.
Uyugan, officially the Municipality of Uyugan, is a 6th class municipality in the province of Batanes, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 1,380 people.
Mavulis Island is the northernmost of the Batanes Islands and the northernmost island in the Philippines. It is part of the province of Batanes. The island is uninhabited but it is guarded by the military. It is also frequently visited by local fishermen for fishing adventures.
The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups, many of which are classified as "Indigenous Peoples" under the country's Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997. Traditionally-Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as Moro peoples, whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not. About 142 are classified as non-Muslim Indigenous people groups, and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither Indigenous nor Moro. Various migrant groups have also had a significant presence throughout the country's history.
The Batanic languages are a dialect cluster of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken on Babuyan Island, just north of Luzon; three of the Batanes Islands, between the Philippines and Taiwan; and on Orchid Island of southern Taiwan.
The Ivatan people are an Austronesian ethnolinguistic group native to the Batanes and Babuyan Islands of the northernmost Philippines. They are genetically closely related to other ethnic groups in Northern Luzon, but also share close linguistic and cultural affinities to the Tao people of Orchid Island in Taiwan.
Phoenix loureiroi is a species of flowering plant in the palm family, indigenous to southern Asia, from the Philippines, Taiwan, India, southern Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Pakistan, and China. It occurs in deciduous and evergreen forests and in clear terrain from sea level to 1,500 m altitude.
Basco Lighthouse is a lighthouse in the town of Basco in Batanes, the northernmost province in the Philippines. Located in Naidi Hills in Barangay San Antonio, the lush green hills and the open sea provide a beautiful backdrop for the lighthouse. The place can easily be reached by a 1.2-km hike from the Port of Basco.
Jorge Abad Airport, also known as Itbayat Airport, is an airport serving the island of Itbayat, the largest island in the province of Batanes, Philippines. The province's only other airport, Basco Airport, is located in the provincial capital, Basco, on Batan Island.
Babuyan Island is the highest and northernmost island in the Babuyan Islands in Luzon Strait north of Luzon Island in the Philippines and also directly south of Taiwan via Bashi Channel to Luzon Strait. The whole island makes up the barangay of Babuyan Claro, that constitute the municipality of Calayan in Cagayan province. The volcanic island has a population of 1,910 as of the 2020 census, up from 1,423 in 2010.
The Itbayat language or Itbayaten is an Austronesian language, in the Batanic group, spoken on Itbayat Island in the Batanes Islands, Philippines.
The 2019 Batanes earthquake was a magnitude 6.0 earthquake which struck Batanes, Philippines on July 27, 2019. It was preceded by a 5.4 magnitude foreshock. Nine people were killed by the combined effects of the earthquakes.
Aman Dangat, also known as "Kenan", was a powerful Mangpus of the town of Malakdang in the island of Sabtang in Batanes, Philippines who had led a revolt against the Spaniards from 1785 to 1791.
Tataya are traditional small fishing boats, with or without outriggers of the Ivatan people in the Philippines. They are generally round-hulled and powered by rowers or sails made from woven pandanus leaves. They have several variants based on size and island of origin. The term tataya can also be used for all traditional boats in the Batanes Islands in general, similar to the term bangka in the rest of the Philippines.