Bolshevism is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized,cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution,focused on overthrowing the existing capitalist state system,seizing power and establishing the "dictatorship of the proletariat".
The 1987 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 11 June 1987,to elect 650 members to the House of Commons. The election was the third consecutive general election victory for the Conservative Party,who won a majority of 102 seats and second landslide under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher,who became the first Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool in 1820 to lead a party into three successive electoral victories.
Hilary Jane Armstrong,Baroness Armstrong of Hill Top,DL is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Durham from 1987 to 2010.
Emma Harriet Nicholson,Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne is a British politician,who has been a life peer since 1997. She was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Torridge and West Devon in 1987,before switching to the Liberal Democrats in 1995. She was also the Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament for South East England from 1999 to 2009. In 2016,she announced she was re-joining the Conservative Party "with tremendous pleasure". In 2017,Baroness Nicholson was appointed as Prime Minister's Trade Envoy for Kazakhstan.
Martin Lee Chu-ming is a Hong Kong politician and barrister. He is the founding chairman of the United Democrats of Hong Kong and its successor,the Democratic Party,Hong Kong's flagship pro-democracy party. He was also a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1997 and from 1998 to 2008. Nicknamed the "Father of Democracy" in Hong Kong,he is recognised as one of the most prominent advocates for democracy and human rights in Hong Kong and China.
In American politics,a superdelegate is a delegate to a presidential nominating convention who is seated automatically.
Anthony James Leon is a South African politician who served as leader of the opposition from 1999-2007 as leader of the Democratic Alliance (DA). He led the DA from its inception in 2000,until his retirement from leadership in 2007. Before that,he led the Democratic Party from 1994. He is the longest-serving leader of the official opposition in parliament since the advent of democracy in 1994. Although still a member of the DA,he served as the South African Ambassador to Argentina,Uruguay and Paraguay under the African National Congress government from 2009 to 2012.
Cyd Ho Sau-lan is a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Legco) for the Hong Kong Island constituency.
Catherine Murphy is an Irish Social Democrats politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kildare North constituency since the 2011 general election,and previously from 2005 to 2007. She previously served as founding joint Leader of the Social Democrats from 2015 to 2023. In February 2023,she announced that she would stand down as co-leader of the Social Democrats.
The Liberal Democrats are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom,founded in 1988. They have been the third-largest UK political party by the number of votes cast since the 1992 general election,with the exception of the 2015 general election. They have 15 members of Parliament in the House of Commons,84 members of the House of Lords,four Members of the Scottish Parliament and one member in the Welsh Senedd. The party has nearly 3,000 local council seats. The party holds a twice-per-year Liberal Democrat Conference,at which party policy is formulated. In contrast to its main opponents' conference rules,the Lib Dems grant all members attending its Conference the right to speak in debates and vote on party policy,under a one member,one vote system. The party also allows its members to vote online for its policies and in the election of a new leader. The party served as the junior party in a coalition government with the Conservative Party between 2010 and 2015;with Scottish Labour in the Scottish Executive from 1999 to 2007;and with Welsh Labour in the Welsh Government from 2000 to 2003 and from 2016 to 2021.
Before the perestroika Soviet era reforms of Gorbachev that promoted Eurocommunism,the formal ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism,a form of socialism consisting of a centralised command economy with a vanguardist one-party state that aimed to realize the dictatorship of the proletariat. The Soviet Union's ideological commitment to achieving communism included the national communist development of socialism in one country and peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries while engaging in anti-imperialism to defend the international proletariat,combat the predominant prevailing global system of capitalism and promote the goals of Russian Communism. The state ideology of the Soviet Union—and thus Marxism–Leninism—derived and developed from the theories,policies and political praxis of Marx,Engels,Lenin and Stalin.
Paul Andrew Nuttall is a British politician who served as Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) from 2016 to 2017. He was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 as a UK Independence Party (UKIP) candidate,and served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for North West England between 2009 and 2019,sitting in the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group. He left UKIP in December 2018,criticising the party's association with far-right activist Tommy Robinson,and joined The Brexit Party in 2019.
Yingluck Shinawatra,nicknamed Pou,is a Thai businesswoman,politician and a member of the Pheu Thai Party who became the Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 election. Yingluck was Thailand's first female prime minister and its youngest in over 60 years. She was removed from office on 7 May 2014 by a Constitutional Court decision.
The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 12 December 2019 with 47,074,800 registered voters entitled to vote to elect members of the House of Commons. The Conservative Party won a landslide victory with a majority of 80 seats,a net gain of 48,on 43.6% of the popular vote,the highest percentage for any party since the 1979 general election.
The November 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election took place following the announcement on 4 October 2016 by Diane James,the leader-elect of the UK Independence Party,that she would not accept the leadership of the party,despite winning the leadership election 18 days earlier. Nigel Farage,whom James was to succeed after the previous leadership election following his resignation,was selected the next day to serve as interim leader.
The 2017 UK Independence Party leadership election was called following the resignation of Paul Nuttall as leader of the UK Independence Party on 9 June 2017,following the poor performance of the party in the 2017 general election. Former party chairman Steve Crowther was chosen three days later to serve as interim leader.
The Democrats and Veterans Direct Democracy Party (DVDDP) was a political party in the United Kingdom. The party was founded in 2018 by former UKIP member and Gulf War veteran Gavin Felton and other ex-servicemen of the British Armed Forces. John Rees-Evans,previously a UKIP leadership candidate,was announced as the first party leader,and Gavin Felton named as chairman.
Reform UK is a right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom. It was founded by Catherine Blaiklock with support from Nigel Farage in November 2018 as the Brexit Party,advocating hard Euroscepticism and a no-deal Brexit. It was a significant political force at the 2019 European Parliament election,but failed to win any seats at the 2019 general election. After the UK's withdrawal from the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020,it was renamed to Reform UK,and it became primarily an anti-lockdown party during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since 2022,the party has campaigned on a platform of broader right-wing populist issues,chiefly surrounding illegal migration and the government’s Net Zero energy policy.
Led By Donkeys is a British political campaign group,established in December 2018 as an anti-Brexit group,but which has also criticised other actions of the Conservative government. Since the group's creation its four founders have been calling out what they call "thermonuclear hypocrisy" and used satire targeted at pro-Brexit politicians. Led By Donkeys' main campaign consists of billboards containing past tweets by pro-Brexit politicians,or quotes presented as tweets. These tweets state the politicians' previous political positions,which according to the group have not stood the test of time.
Dr Luke Evans is a British Conservative Party politician serving as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bosworth,in Leicestershire,since December 2019. He is also a general practitioner (GP) and worked as a Junior Doctor.
