Legal education in the United States |
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A legal clinic (also law clinic or law-school clinic) is a legal aid or law-school program providing services to various clients and often hands-on legal experience to law students. Clinics are usually directed by clinical professors. [1] Legal clinics typically conduct pro bono work, providing free legal services to clients.
Legal clinics originated as a method of practical teaching of law students, but today they also encompass free legal aid with no academic links. [2] Some practice-based law clinics with no academic link provide hands-on skills to lawyers, judges, and non-lawyers on practical dimensions of the law while offering legal services to clients. [3]
In a law-school clinic, students typically provide assistance with research, drafting legal arguments, and meeting with clients. In many cases, professors will appear for oral argument before courts. However, many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that permit law-clinic students to appear and argue in court. [4] [5]
Some scholars in some jurisdictions have questioned the quality of that legal representation in cases where parties cannot afford a lawyer and are provided legal services by the state. Law-school clinics provide other options to such clients. [6]
Clinical legal studies operate in many areas, including immigration law, environmental law, intellectual property, housing, criminal defense, criminal prosecution, American Indian law, human rights, and international criminal law. [7] Clinics sometimes sue companies and government entities, which has led to pushback in courts and legislatures, including attempts to put limits on whom clinics can sue without losing state subsidies. [8]
While many jurisdictions have "student practice" rules that allow law-clinic students to appear and argue in court, [4] in some countries like India law students cannot represent clients in court. [6]
According to some scholars, clinical legal education fails to meet its goals because it lacks resources. [6] Other scholars have highlighted the educational capabilities of even low-cost legal clinics. [9]
A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include arguing cases in courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the law and giving legal opinions.
Forensic psychology is the practice of psychology applied to the law. Forensic psychology is the application of scientific knowledge and methods to help answer legal questions arising in criminal, civil, contractual, or other judicial proceedings. Forensic psychology includes research on various psychology-law topics, such as jury selection, reducing systemic racism in criminal law, eyewitness testimony, evaluating competency to stand trial, or assessing military veterans for service-connected disability compensation. The American Psychological Association's Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists reference several psychology subdisciplines, such as social, clinical, experimental, counseling, and neuropsychology.
Legal aid is the provision of assistance to people who are unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system. Legal aid is regarded as central in providing access to justice by ensuring equality before the law, the right to counsel and the right to a fair trial. This article describes the development of legal aid and its principles, primarily as known in Europe, the Commonwealth of Nations and in the United States.
Together, legal psychology and forensic psychology form the field more generally recognized as "psychology and law". Following earlier efforts by psychologists to address legal issues, psychology and law became a field of study in the 1960s as part of an effort to enhance justice, though that originating concern has lessened over time. The multidisciplinary American Psychological Association's Division 41, the American Psychology–Law Society, is active with the goal of promoting the contributions of psychology to the understanding of law and legal systems through research, as well as providing education to psychologists in legal issues and providing education to legal personnel on psychological issues. Further, its mandate is to inform the psychological and legal communities and the public at large of current research, educational, and service in the area of psychology and law. There are similar societies in Britain and Europe.
Paris-Panthéon-Assas University or Assas University, commonly known as Assas or Paris 2, is a university in Paris, often described as the top law school of France. It is considered as the direct inheritor of the Faculty of Law of Paris, the second-oldest faculty of Law in the world, founded in the 12th century.
The American University Washington College of Law is the law school of American University, a private research university in Washington, D.C. It is located on the western side of Tenley Circle in the Tenleytown section of northwest Washington, D.C. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and a member of the AALS.
French law has a dual jurisdictional system comprising private law, also known as judicial law, and public law.
Quebec law is unique in Canada because Quebec is the only province in Canada to have a juridical legal system under which civil matters are regulated by French-heritage civil law. Public law, criminal law and federal law operate according to Canadian common law.
Emmanuel Gaillard was a prominent practicing attorney, a leading authority on international commercial arbitration, and a law professor. He founded the international arbitration practice of the international law firm Shearman & Sterling before launching Gaillard Banifatemi Shelbaya Disputes, a global law firm dedicated to international arbitration, in 2021. He frequently acted as an arbitrator in international commercial or investment disputes.
Lazare Kopelmanas was an international jurist and diplomat. His older brother was Lithuanian businessman and public figure Moisey Kopelman.
Legal Aid Ontario (LAO) is a publicly funded and publicly accountable non-profit corporation, responsible for administering the legal aid program in the province of Ontario, Canada. Through a toll-free number and multiple in-person locations such as courthouse offices, duty counsel and community legal clinics, the organization provides more than one million assists to low-income Ontario residents each year.
Justice Jean-Paul Beraudo is a lawyer, academic and author of legal works. He was Justice at the French Supreme Court and vice-chairman of the International Court of Arbitration. He lectures on International Private Law and International Trade Law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University and on Company law at Sciences-Po, Paris. The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) appointed him correspondent for France and a member of the scientific committee.
The Centre for Clinical Legal Education is an institute of Palacký University Faculty of Law, which focuses on practical ways of teaching prospective lawyers. While most of the syllabus in the Faculty's five-year Master program of Law and Jurisprudence comprises the Law in Books, the Centre focuses on Law in Action.
André-Pierre Nouvion is a French lawyer and historian of French law.
Emmanuelle Tourme-Jouannet is a professor of International law at the Sciences Po School of Law. She teaches and carries out research in International law, International dispute, Human rights and International humanitarian law as well as in History of law and Philosophy of law. Her career as a jurist and a philosopher has begun after having taken courses in law and philosophy respectively at Panthéon-Assas University and the Paris-Sorbonne University.
O.P. Jindal Global is a private university located at Sonipat in Haryana, India. It was established in 2009 as a philanthropic initiative of its founding chancellor, Naveen Jindal, in memory of his father, O.P. Jindal. In 2020, UGC named JGU as an Institute of Eminence, making it one of the ten private universities in India to have received the distinction. The university offers 45 programmes in law, liberal arts, life sciences and business.
Danièle Bourcier is a French lawyer and essayist, who has contributed to the emergence of a new discipline in France: Law, Computing and linguistics.
Lucien François is a Belgian lawyer.
This glossary of French criminal law is a list of explanations or translations of contemporary and historical concepts of criminal law in France.
Jurisdictional dualism in France is the separation of the French court system into two separate divisions, or "ordres", as they are called in French: the ordinary courts, and the administrative courts. The ordinary courts, also known as the judiciary order, handle criminal and civil cases, while the administrative courts handle disputes between individuals and the government. This dual system allows for a clear separation of powers and specialized handling of cases related to the actions of the government.The administrative courts are headed by the Council of State, and the ordinary courts by the Court of Cassation for judiciary law.