King of Thailand | |
---|---|
พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย | |
Incumbent | |
Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) since 13 October 2016 | |
Details | |
Style | His Majesty |
Heir presumptive | Dipangkorn Rasmijoti |
First monarch | Si Inthrathit of Sukhothai |
Formation | 1238 |
Residence | Grand Palace (official) Dusit Palace (private) |
Website | Royal Office |
The succession of Thai monarchs began with Si Inthrathit at the establishment of the first Thai kingdom in 1238. With brief interruptions, 55 monarchs have ruled over four successive kingdoms, the current monarch being Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) of the Chakri dynasty.
In the Sukhothai Kingdom, the monarch used the title Pho Khun (Thai : พ่อขุน), and monarchs who reigned over the period of decline after Ram Khamhaeng the Great used the title Phaya (Thai : พญา).
In the Ayutthaya Kingdom and afterward, thanandon , the system of Thai royal titles, determines the style of the monarch's full regnal name (which includes the title), consisting of two interconnected parts:
Western nations referred to the monarch as the "King of Siam" (Latin : Rex Siamensium), regardless of Thai titles, since the initiation of relations in the 16th century. Mongkut (Rama IV) was the first monarch to adopt the title when the name Siam was first used in an international treaty. [2] When the kingdom's name was changed to Thailand, the monarch's Western title changed accordingly. [3]
Tai peoples migrated into mainland Southeast Asia in the 8th–10th centuries. [4] In the years after, Northern Thai groups established mueang that evolved into larger states, such as Ngoenyang. [5] [6] However, it was not until the decline of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century that a Central Thai kingdom politically and culturally related to modern Thailand was first founded.
The Phra Ruang dynasty was the only royal lineage that ruled over the Sukhothai Kingdom, the first Central Thai state. Established by Si Inthrathit in 1238, who declared independence from the Khmer Empire, the dynasty laid the foundations for Thai society. [7] Under Ram Khamhaeng the Great, the initial Thai script was invented and Therāvada Buddhism was established as the state religion. [8] : 197 [9] : 25
The dynasty is named after the Traiphum Phra Ruang, a Buddhist cosmology book written by Maha Thammaracha I. During his reign, the kingdom was invaded by Ayutthaya, a neighboring Thai state, becoming a tributary during the reign of Maha Thammaracha II. [8] : 222
In the Sukhothai Kingdom, the monarch ruled from the city of Sukhothai, while the heir presumptive would occasionally be named uparaja , or viceroy, and ruled in Si Satchanalai. In 1438, Ayutthaya annexed Sukhothai at the death of Maha Thammaracha IV when Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya named his son Prince Ramesuan uparaja. In Ayutthaya, the tradition would evolve into the Front Palace system. [10]
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kamonteng Ansi Inthrabodinthrathit กมรเตงอัญศรีอินทรบดินทราทิตย์ | Pho Khun Si Inthrathit พ่อขุนศรีอินทราทิตย์ or Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao พ่อขุนบางกลางหาว | 1238 – 1270 (32 years) | Monarchy established | 1188 – 1270 (aged 82) Ruled locally in the Khmer Empire as Bang Klang Hao. His rebellion led to the establishment of Sukhothai, the first Central Thai kingdom [7] | |
2 | Pho Khun Ban Mueang พ่อขุนบานเมือง | 1270 – 1279 (9 years) | Son of Si Inthrathit | c. 1237 – 1279 (aged approx. 42) Namesake for birth name of Maha Thammaracha IV [11] | ||
3 | Phrabat Kamonteng Ansi Rammarat พระบาทกมรเตงอัญศรีรามราช | Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng the Great พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช | 1279 – 1298 (19 years) | Younger brother of Ban Mueang; named uparaja | c. 1237/1247 – 1298 (aged approx. 51/61) Oversaw the height of Sukhothai prosperity, the development of the Thai script, and the propagation of Therāvada Buddhism within Sukhothai [8] | |
4 | Phraya Loe Thai พระยาเลอไทย | 1298 – 1323 (25 years) | Son of Ram Khamhaeng the Great | c. 1262 – 1323 (aged approx. 61) Brother of Burmese queen consort May Hnin Thwe-Da. [12] His reign saw the decline of Sukhothai, as regions conquered by Ram Khamhaeng broke away | ||
5 | Phraya Ngua Nam Thum พระยางั่วนำถุม | 1323 – 1347 (24 years) | Son of Ban Mueang and cousin of Loe Thai | c. 1266 – 1347 (aged approx. 81) Brother of Burmese queen consort May Hnin Htapi. [13] Origin of his name is disputed [14] | ||
6 | Phra Maha Thammaracha I พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ ๑ | Phraya Li Thai พระยาลิไทย | 1347 – 1368 (21 years) | Son of Loe Thai and first cousin once removed of Ngua Nam Thum; named uparaja as Li Thai in 1340/41 [11] | c. 1300 – 1368 (aged approx. 68) Known for his devotion to Buddhist philosophy and writing. [9] During his reign Ayutthaya began invasions into Sukhothai [8] | |
1378: Sukhothai became a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. | ||||||
7 | Phra Maha Thammaracha II พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ ๒ | Phraya Lue Thai พระยาลือไทย | 1368 – c. 1400 (approx. 32 years) | Son of Maha Thammaracha I | c. 1358 – 1400 (aged approx. 42) Born Lue Thai. Under his rule the dynasty continued under tributary status [8] | |
8 | Phra Maha Thammaracha III พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ ๓ | Phraya Sai Lue Thai พระยาไสลือไทย | c. 1400 – 1419 (approx. 19 years) | Son of Maha Thammaracha II | c. 1380 – 1419 (aged approx. 39) Born Sai Lue Thai | |
9 | Phra Maha Thammaracha IV พระมหาธรรมราชาที่ ๔ | Phraya Borommapan พระยาบรมปาล | 1419 – 1438 (19 years) | Son of Maha Thammaracha III | c. 1401 – 1438 (aged approx. 37) Born Borommapan. Won the throne against his brother after the intervention of Intharacha of Ayutthaya. [15] Upon his death, Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya installed his son as uparaja, ending Phra Ruang succession [10] | |
1438: Unification with Ayutthaya ended Sukhothai autonomy. | ||||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Somdet Phra Ramathibodi I สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ ๑ | Phra Chao Uthong พระเจ้าอู่ทอง | 3 April 1314 | 4 March 1351 [16] | 1369 (18 years) (63 years old) | • First King of Ayutthaya | ||
2 | Somdet Phra Ramesuan สมเด็จพระราเมศวร | 1339 | 1369 | 1370 (less than one year) (abdicated) | 1395 (56 years old) | • Son of Uthong | ||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat I สมเด็จพระบรมราชาธิราชที่ ๑ | Khun Luang Pha Ngua ขุนหลวงพะงั่ว | 1310 | 1370 | 1388 (18 years) (78 years old) | •Husband of Uthong's older sister • Usurper • Former Lord of Suphanburi | ||
4 | Somdet Phra Chao Thong Lan สมเด็จพระเจ้าทองลัน | 1374 | 1388 (7 days) (14 years old) | • Son of Borommarachathirat I | ||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(2) | Somdet Phra Ramesuan สมเด็จพระราเมศวร | 1339 | 1388 | 1395 (7 years) (56 years old) | • Former King reclaiming the throne • Son of Uthong | |||
5 | Somdet Phra Chao Ramracha สมเด็จพระเจ้ารามราชา | Somdet Phraya Ram Chao สมเด็จพญารามเจ้า | 1356 | 1395 | 1409 (14 years) (usurped) | ? | • Son of Ramesuan | |
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Somdet Phra Intharachathirat สมเด็จพระนครินทราธิราช | Chao Nakhon In เจ้านครอินทร์ | 1359 | 1409 | 1424 (15 years) (65 years old) | • Son of Borommarachathirat I • Former Lord of Suphanburi, offered crown | |||
7 | Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat II สมเด็จพระบรมราชาธิราชที่ ๒ | Chao Sam Phraya เจ้าสามพระยา | 1386 | 1424 | 1448 (24 years) (62 years old) | • Son of Inthracha I | |||
Administrative reform Chatusadom, 1463 | |||||||||
8 | Somdet Phra Mahathibodi Borommatrailokkanat Mahathephayamanut Borisuthisuriwong Ongphutthangkunborombophit สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีบรมไตรโลกนาถ มหามงกุฎเทพยมนุษย์ บริสุทธิสุริยวงศ์ องค์พุทธางกูรบรมบพิตร | Phra Ramesuan (II) พระราเมศวร (ที่๒) | 1431 | 1448 | 1488 (40 years) (57 years old) | • Son of Borommarachathirat II | |||
9 | Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat III สมเด็จพระบรมราชาธิราชที่ ๓ | Phra Borommaracha พระบรมราชา | 1462 | 1488 | 1491 (3 years) (29 years old) | • Son of Borommatrailokkanat | |||
10 | Somdet Phra Ramathibodi II สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ ๒ | Phra Chettha พระเชษฐา | 1473 | 1491 | 10 October 1529 (38 years) (56 years old) | • Younger brother of Borommarachathirat III • Son of Borommatrailokkanat | |||
11 | Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat IV สมเด็จพระบรมราชาธิราชที่ ๔ | Phra Athittayawong พระอาทิตยวงศ์ | 1488 | 10 October 1529 | 1533 (4 years) (45 years old) | • Son of Ramathibodi II | |||
12 | Somdet Phra Ratsadathirat สมเด็จพระรัษฎาธิราช | 1529 | 1533 (5 months) (4 years old) | • Son of Borommarachathirat IV • Child King, reign under regency | |||||
13 | Somdet Phra Chairachathirat สมเด็จพระไชยราชาธิราช | 1499 | 1533 | 1546 (13 years) (47 years old) | • Uncle of Ratsadathirat • Son of Ramathibodi II • Usurper | ||||
14 | Somdet Phra Yotfa สมเด็จพระยอดฟ้า | 1535 | 1546 | 1548 (2 years) | 10 June 1548 (13 years old) | • Son of Chairacha | |||
- | Khun Worawongsathirat ขุนวรวงศาธิราช | Bunsi บุญศรี | 1503 | before 10 June 1548 | 11 November 1548 - 5 January 1549 (45 years old) | • Usurper monarch, not accepted by some historians | |||
15 | Somdet Phra Maha Chakkraphat สมเด็จพระมหาจักรพรรดิ | Phra Chao Chang Pheuak พระเจ้าช้างเผือก or Phra Thianracha พระเทียรราชา | 1509 | 1548 | 1568 (20 years) (59 years old) | • Son of Ramathibodi II • Younger brother of Borommarachathirat IV and Chairacha • Seized the throne from usurper • Became a Buddhist monk at Pegu (1564–1568) | |||
16 | Somdet Phra Mahinthrathirat สมเด็จพระมหินทราธิราช | 1539 | 1568 | 2 August 1569 (1 year) | c. late 1569 (30 years old) | • Son of Maha Chakkraphat and Queen Suriyothai | |||
First Fall of Ayutthaya | |||||||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vassal of the First Toungoo Empire (1569–1584) | |||||||||
17 | Somdet Phra Sanphet I สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๑ | Somdet Phra Maha Thammarachathirat สมเด็จพระมหาธรรมราชาธิราช | 1517 | 1569 | c. 30 June 1590 (21 years) (73 years old) | • Former Lord of Phitsanulok • Son-in-law of Maha Chakkraphat and Queen Suriyothai • Installed as vassal of Bayinnaung of Burma, declared independence in 1584 | |||
Independence from the First Toungoo Empire, 1584 | |||||||||
18 | Somdet Phra Sanphet II สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๒ | Somdet Phra Naresuan the Great สมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช | 1555/56 | 1 July 1590 | 25 April 1605 (15 years) (49 years old) | • Son of Maha Thammarachathirat I | |||
19 | Somdet Phra Sanphet III สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๓ | Somdet Phra Ekathotsarot สมเด็จพระเอกาทศรถ | 1557 | 25 April 1605 | 1610 (5 years) (53 years old) | • Brother of Naresuan • Son of Maha Thammarachathirat I | |||
20 | Somdet Phra Sanphet IV สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๔ | Somdet Phra Si Saowaphak สมเด็จพระศรีเสาวภาคย์ | 1585 | 1610 | 1611 (1 year, 2 months) (26 years old) | • Son of Ekathotsarot | |||
21 | Somdet Phra Borommaracha I สมเด็จพระบรมราชาที่ ๑ | Somdet Phra Songtham สมเด็จพระเจ้าทรงธรรม | 1590 | 1611 | 12 December 1628 (17 years) (38 years old) | • Son of Ekathotsarot, invited to take the throne after leaving the Sangha | |||
22 | Somdet Phra Borommaracha II สมเด็จพระบรมราชาที่ ๒ | Somdet Phra Chetthathirat สมเด็จพระเชษฐาธิราช | c. 1613 | 12 December 1628 | 1628–1629 (1 year) (16 years old) | • Son of Songtham | |||
23 | Somdet Phra Athittayawong สมเด็จพระอาทิตยวงศ์ | 1620 | 1629 (36 days) (usurped) | 1637 (17 years old) | • Younger brother of Chetthathirat II • Son of Songtham | ||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 | Somdet Phra Chao Sanphet V สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๕ | Somdet Phra Chao Prasat Thong สมเด็จพระเจ้าปราสาททอง | 1599 | 1629 [17] [18] | August 1655 (26 years) (56 years old) | • Usurper, formerly the Kalahom • Rumored to be a son of Ekathotsarot | |||
25 | Somdet Phra Sanphet VI สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๖ | Somdet Chao Fa Chai สมเด็จเจ้าฟ้าไชย | 1630 | August 1655 | 1656 (1 year) (26 years old) | • Son of Prasat Thong | |||
26 | Somdet Phra Sanphet VII สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๗ | Somdet Phra Si Suthammarachathirat สมเด็จพระศรีสุธรรมราชาธิราช | 1600 | August 1656 | 26 October 1656 (~2 months) (56 years old) | • Usurper, Uncle of Chao Fa Chai •Younger brother of Prasat Thong | |||
27 | Somdet Phra Ramathibodi III สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ ๓ | Somdet Phra Narai the Great สมเด็จพระนารายณ์มหาราช | 16 February 1632 | 26 October 1656 | 11 July 1688 (32 years) (56 years old) | • Usurper, nephew of Si Suthammaracha • Son of Prasat Thong • Half-brother of Chao Fa Chai • Former Front Palace | |||
The Siamese revolution of 1688; populist upheaval [19] | |||||||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 | Somdet Phra Phetracha สมเด็จพระเพทราชา | Somdet Phra Mahaburut สมเด็จพระมหาบุรุษ | 1632 | 11 July 1688 | 5 February 1703 (14 years) (71 years old) | • Former commander of the Royal Elephant Corps | |||
29 | Somdet Phra Sanphet VIII สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๘ | Somdet Phra Suriyenthrathibodi สมเด็จพระเจ้าสุริเยนทราธิบดี or Phra Chao Seua พระเจ้าเสือ | 1661 | 5 February 1703 | 9 February 1709 (7 years) (48 years old) | • Adoptive son of Phetracha • Son of Narai and Chiang Mai's Princess that was given to be Phetracha's wife later. | |||
30 | Somdet Phra Sanphet IX สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๙ | Phra Chao Thai Sa พระเจ้าท้ายสระ | 1679 | 9 February 1709 | 13 January 1733 (23 years) (54 years old) | • Son of Suriyenthrathibodi | |||
31 | Somdet Phra Maha Thammarachathirat II สมเด็จพระมหาธรรมราชาธิราชที่ ๒ | Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua Borommakot สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวบรมโกศ | c. 1681 [20] | 13 January 1733 | 26 April 1758 (26 years) (77 years old) | • Brother of Thai Sa, Former Front Palace • Son of Suriyenthrathibodi | |||
32 | Somdet Phra Maha Thammarachathirat III สมเด็จพระมหาธรรมราชาธิราชที่ ๓ | Somdet Phra Chao Uthumphon สมเด็จพระเจ้าอุทุมพร | 1733 | 1 May 1758 | 1758 (3 months) | 1796 (~63 years old) | • Son of Borommakot • Former Front Palace | ||
33 | Somdet Phra Borommaracha III สมเด็จพระบรมราชาที่ ๓ | Somdet Phra Thinang Suriyat Amarin สมเด็จพระที่นั่งสุริยาศน์อมรินทร์ or Somdet Phra Chao Ekkathat สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอกทัศ | 1718 | 1758 | 7 April 1767 (9 years) | 17 April 1767 (49 years old) | • Usurper, brother of Uthumphon • Son of Borommakot | ||
Second Fall of Ayutthaya | |||||||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth | Reign from | Reign until | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Somdet Phra Sanphet X สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ ๑๐ or Somdet Phra Borommaracha IV สมเด็จพระบรมราชาที่ ๔ | Somdet Phra Chao Taksin the Great สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช | 17 April 1734 | 28 December 1767 | 1 April 1782 (14 years) (deposed) [21] [22] [lower-alpha 1] | 7 April 1782 (47 years old) (executed) [lower-alpha 2] | • Only King of Thonburi • Son of Yong Saetae a Teochew Chinese family named "Tea" (鄭) or "Zheng" in Mandarin Chinese and Thephamat | |
The coup seized power as the Rattanakosin Kingdom [24] | ||||||||
No. | Portrait | Regnal Name | Personal Name | Birth (Parents) | Accession (Coronation) | Reign ends | Death | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rama I รัชกาลที่ ๑ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Maha Chakri Boromanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok the Great พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรโมรุราชามหาจักรีบรมนารถ พระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช or Somdet Chao Phraya Maha Kasatseuk สมเด็จเจ้าพระยามหากษัตริย์ศึก | 20 March 1737 4th child (2nd son) of Thongdee (Mon nobleman) and Yok | 6 April 1782 (1st: 10 June 1782, 2nd: 17 June 1785) | 7 September 1809 (27 years 154 days) (72 years old) | • Father-in-law of Taksin • His father was a great-grandson of Kosa Pan, his mother the daughter of a Hokkien Chinese millionaire family. •Claimed to be a descendant of Sukhothai dynasty | |||
2 | Rama II รัชกาลที่ ๒ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Boromratchapongchet Mahetsawarasunthon Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai พระบาทสมเด็จพระบรมราชพงษเชษฐมเหศวรสุนทร พระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย | 24 February 1767 4th child (2nd son) of Rama I and Queen Amarindra | 7 September 1809 (17 September 1809) | 21 July 1824 (14 years 317 days) (57 years old) | ||||
3 | Rama III รัชกาลที่ ๓ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Paramathiworaset Maha Chesadabodindra Phra Nangklao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมาธิวรเสรฐมหาเจษฎาบดินทรฯ พระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว or Phra Maha Chettha Chao พระมหาเจษฎาราชเจ้า | 31 March 1788 3rd child (2nd son) of Rama II and 1st child of Consort Sri Sulalai | 21 July 1824 (1 August 1824) | 2 April 1851 (26 years 255 days) (63 years old) | His mother was a great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Sultan Sulaiman Shah of Singora. | |||
4 | Rama IV รัชกาลที่ ๔ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Ramathibodhi Srisindra Maha Mongkut Phra Chomklao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรรามาธิบดีศรีสินทรมหามงกุฎ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว or Phra Sayam Thewa Maha Makut Witthaya the Great พระสยามเทวมหามกุฏวิทยมหาราช | 18 October 1804 44th child (22nd son) of Rama II and 2nd son of Queen Sri Suriyendra | 2 April 1851 (15 May 1851) | 1 October 1868 (17 years 182 days) (63 years old) | Half-brother of Rama III | |||
The feudal system was changed to absolute monarchy in 1892 | |||||||||
5 | Rama V รัชกาลที่ ๕ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Chulalongkorn Phra Chulachomklao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์ฯ พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว or Phra Piya the Great พระปิยมหาราช (His full name is 979 characters long) | 20 September 1853 9th child (5th son) of Rama IV and 1st child of Queen Debsirindra | 1 October 1868 (1st: 11 November 1868, 2nd: 16 November 1873) | 23 October 1910 (42 years 22 days) (57 years old) | Under regency of Grand Duke Sri Suriwongse (1868–1873) | |||
6 | Rama VI รัชกาลที่ ๖ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha Vajiravudh Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาวชิราวุธ พระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว or Phra Maha Thirarat Chao พระมหาธีรราชเจ้า | 1 January 1881 28th child (11th son) of Rama V and 2nd child of Queen Saovabha Phongsri | 23 October 1910 (1st: 11 November 1910, 2nd: 28 November 1911) | 26 November 1925 (15 years 34 days) (44 years old) | ||||
7 | Rama VII รัชกาลที่ ๗ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha Prajadhipok Phra Pok Klao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาประชาธิปก พระปกเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว | 8 November 1893 27th child (31st son) of Rama V and 9th child of Queen Saovabha Phongsri | 26 November 1925 (25 February 1926) | 2 March 1935 (9 years 96 days) (abdicated) | 30 May 1941 (47 years old) | Younger brother of Rama VI | ||
The Siamese revolution of 1932 ended absolute monarchy | |||||||||
8 | Rama VIII รัชกาลที่ ๘ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha Ananda Mahidol Phra Atthamaramathibodin พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาอานันทมหิดล พระอัฐมรามาธิบดินทร | 20 September 1925 2nd child (1st son) of Mahidol Adulyadej and Consort Sangwan | 2 March 1935 (11 August 1946; posthumous) [25] | 9 June 1946 (11 years 99 days) (20 years old) | • Nephew of Rama VII • Under regency from 1935–1946 | |||
9 | Rama IX รัชกาลที่ ๙ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej the GreatMahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakri Naribodin Sayamintharathirat Boromanatbophit พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช มหาราช มหิตลาธิเบศรรามาธิบดี จักรีนฤบดินทร สยามินทราธิราช บรมนาถบพิตร or Phra Phatthara the Great พระภัทรมหาราช | 5 December 1927 3rd child (2nd son) of Mahidol Adulyadej and Consort Sangwan | 9 June 1946 (5 May 1950) | 13 October 2016 (70 years 126 days) (88 years old) | • Younger brother of Rama VIII • Under regency from 1946–1949 | |||
10 | Rama X รัชกาลที่ ๑๐ | Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Mahathibodi Sisintharamaha Vajiralongkorn Phra Wachiraklao Chao Yu Hua พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรรามาธิบดีศรีสินทรมหาวชิราลงกรณ พระวชิรเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว | 28 July 1952 2nd child (only son) of Rama IX and Queen Sirikit | 13 October 2016 (4 May 2019) [26] | Incumbent (7 years, 229 days) (71 years old) |
The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Mon and later Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. European travellers in the early 16th century called Ayutthaya one of the three great powers of Asia. The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand, and its developments are an important part of the history of Thailand.
The Sukhothai Kingdom or the Northern Cities was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Sri Inthrathit in 1238 and existed as an independent polity until 1438, when it fell under the influence of the neighboring Ayutthaya after the death of Borommapan.
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharat, personal name Thongduang (ทองด้วง), also known as Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam. His full title in Thai is Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Mahachakkriborommanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok. He ascended the throne in 1782, following the deposition of King Taksin of Thonburi. He was also celebrated as the founder of Rattanakosin as the new capital of the reunited kingdom.
The Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, Nagara Sri Dharmarashtra or the Kingdom of Ligor, was one of the major constituent city states (mueang) of the Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai and later Ayutthaya and controlled a sizeable part of the Malay Peninsula. Its capital was the eponymous city of Nakhon Si Thammarat in what is now Southern Thailand.
Borommatrailokkanat or Trailok (1431–1488) was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1448 to 1488. He was one of many monarchs who gained the epithet King of White Elephants. He was the first Thai king to possess a "noble" or white elephant, which, according to Hindu belief, was a "glorious and happy sign". His reign was also known for massive reforms of Thai bureaucracy and a successful campaign against the Lan Na Kingdom to the north. He was revered as one of the greatest monarchs of Thailand.
Maha Thammaracha I, born as Li Thai, was a king of the Sukhothai Kingdom, and the first Buddhist philosopher to write in the Thai language. He reigned from roughly 1347 until his death in 1368. Li Thai was the son of Loe Thai and the grandson of Ram Khamhaeng the Great.
The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Taksin the Great, who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which saw the country separate into five warring regional states. The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms, and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence.
King Borommakot or King Maha Thammarachathirat II was the king of Ayutthaya from 1733 to 1758. His reign was the last blooming period of Ayutthaya as the kingdom would fall nine years after his death.
Maha Thammaracha, Maha Thammarachathirat, or Sanphet I, formerly known as Khun Phirenthorathep, was a king of Ayutthaya Kingdom from the Sukhothai dynasty, ruling from 1569 to 1590. As a powerful Sukhothai noble, Phirenthorathep gradually rose to power. After playing many political turns, he was eventually crowned as the King of Siam.
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The monarchy of Thailand is the constitutional form of government of Thailand. The king of Thailand is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Chakri.
Maha Chakkraphat was king of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1548 to 1564 and 1568 to 1569. Originally called Prince Thianracha, or Prince Tien, he was put on the throne by Khun Phiren Thorathep and his supporters of the Sukhothai clan, who had staged a coup by killing the usurper King Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan.
Ramrachathirat was a king of Ayutthaya, an ancient kingdom in Thailand.
Wisutkasat or Borommathewi (บรมเทวี), was a Siamese Queen and Princess during the Ayutthaya period in the 16th century, born Sawatdiratchathida (สวัสดิราชธิดา) to Prince Thianracha and Suriyothai. She was a mother of two kings (Naresuan and Ekathotsarot, and the maternal ancestor of the Sukhothai Dynasty, which ruled Ayutthaya from 1569 to 1629.
Si Inthrathit was the first king of the Sukhothai Kingdom, a historical kingdom of Thailand, and ruled from 1238 until around 1270. He is credited as the founder of the Phra Ruang (พระร่วง) Dynasty, itself credited as the first historical Siamese dynasty, having a double claim to this title: for being cradled precisely in the region designated by foreigners as "Siam", and for being the dynasty which freed the Thai principalities from the Khmer Empire
Maha Thammaracha III, born as Sai Luthai, was a king of the Sukhothai Kingdom. He was the son of Maha Thammaracha II and great-great grandson of King Ram Khamhaeng the Great.
King Taksin the Great or the King of Thonburi was the only king of the Thonburi Kingdom that ruled Thailand from 1767 to 1782. He had been an aristocrat in the Ayutthaya Kingdom and then was a major leader during the liberation of Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam after it fell under various warlords. He established the city of Thonburi as the new capital, as the city of Ayutthaya had been almost completely destroyed by the invaders. His reign was characterized by numerous wars; he fought to repel new Burmese invasions and to subjugate the northern Thai kingdom of Lanna, the Laotian principalities, and a threatening Cambodia.
Phitsanulok is a city, municipality, the capital and the largest populated place of the Thai province of Phitsanulok. It is also the headquarters of the Mueang Phitsanulok District. In 2022, it had a population of 62,000, making it the second–largest cities by population in the lower northern Thailand. The city is one of the centre of Thailand's tourism industry, and it is a historic city in the country.
The Thai nobility was a social class comprising titled officials in the service of the monarchy. They formed part of a hierarchical social system which developed from the time of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, through the Thonburi (1767–1782) and early Rattanakosin periods. Reforms by King Chulalongkorn ended the system around the end of the 19th century, though noble titles continued to be granted until the abolition of absolute monarchy in 1932.
(1) The translation of this paper, which has been read at a joint session of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Société Asiatique, and American Oriental Society, and published in the Journal asiatique (April–June 1920), is the work of Mr. J. Crosby, to whom the author begs to tend his heartfelt thanks.
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