Governor of Tanganyika | |
---|---|
Tanganyika (territory) | |
Formation | 27 May 1885 |
First holder | Carl Peters |
Final holder | Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull |
Abolished | 9 December 1961 |
Succession | Governor-General of Tanganyika |
The colony of German East Africa (German : Deutsch-Ostafrika) was founded in the 1880s, after the German explorer Carl Peters signed treaties with native chieftains on neighboring Zanzibar. On 3 March 1885, the government of the German Empire granted an imperial charter to the German East Africa Company, and a protectorate was established. German colonial rule in the region lasted until World War I, when the British occupied the colony during the East African campaign. The British territory of Tanganyika was established on 20 July 1922, when Britain acquired a mandate to administer the region as a result of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. On 18 April 1946, the mandate was reorganized as a Trust Territory of the United Nations. Afterwards, the region remained under British administration until it gained independence on 9 December 1961 as Tanganyika.
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Tenure | Portrait | Incumbent | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
German East Africa | |||
Protectorate | |||
27 May 1885 to 8 February 1888 | Carl Peters , Administrator | ||
8 February 1888 to 1 January 1891 | Hermann von Wissmann , Reichskommissar | Imperial commissioner, 1st time | |
Colony | |||
1 January 1891 to 21 February 1891 | Hermann von Wissmann , Reichskommissar | Imperial commissioner, 1st time | |
21 February 1891 to 15 September 1893 | Julius von Soden , Governor | ||
1891 | Rüdiger, acting Governor | acting for Soden | |
15 September 1893 to 25 April 1895 | Friedrich von Schele , Governor | ||
25 April 1895 to 3 December 1896 | Hermann von Wissmann , Governor | 2nd time | |
3 December 1896 to 12 March 1901 | Eduard von Liebert , Governor | ||
12 March 1901 to 15 April 1906 | Gustav Adolf von Götzen , Governor | ||
15 April 1906 to 22 April 1912 | Albrecht von Rechenberg , Governor | ||
22 April 1912 to 14 November 1918 | Heinrich Schnee , Governor | From 9 October 1916 on the move in opposition to British forces, together with General d. Inf. Lettow-Vorbeck's colonial troops. Later served as the last President of the DKG, from 1930 to 1936 | |
Occupation of German East Africa by United Kingdom | |||
9 October 1916 to 22 July 1920 | Horace Archer Byatt , Administrator | From 1918, Sir Horace Archer Byatt | |
22 July 1920 to 20 July 1922 | Sir Horace Archer Byatt , Governor | ||
Tanganyika | |||
League of Nations Mandate (administered by United Kingdom) | |||
20 July 1922 to 5 March 1925 | Sir Horace Archer Byatt , Governor | ||
1924 to 5 March 1925 | John Scott , acting Governor | acting for Byatt | |
5 March 1925 to 1 February 1931 [1] | Donald Charles Cameron , Governor | ||
1 February 1931 to 23 May 1931 [2] | Sir Douglas James Jardine , acting Governor | acting for Cameron | |
23 May 1931 to February 1934 | George Stewart Symes , Governor | ||
19 February 1934 to 8 July 1938 | Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael , Governor | ||
8 July 1938 to 19 June 1941 | Sir Mark Aitchinson Young , Governor | ||
19 June 1941 to 28 April 1945 | Sir Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson , Governor | ||
28 April 1945 to 11 December 1946 | Sir William Denis Battershill , Governor | ||
United Nations Trust Territory (administered by United Kingdom) | |||
11 December 1946 to 18 June 1949 | Sir William Denis Battershill , Governor | ||
18 June 1949 to 16 June 1958 | Sir Edward Francis Twining , Governor | ||
16 June 1958 to 15 July 1958 | Arthur John Grattan-Bellew , Officer Administering the Government | ||
15 July 1958 to 9 December 1961 | Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull , Governor | ||
9 December 1961 | Independence as Tanganyika |
For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Tanzania#Governor-General
The modern-day African Great Lakes state of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919 when, under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate. It served as a British military outpost during World War II, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961. The island of Zanzibar thrived as a trading hub, successively controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and then as a British protectorate by the end of the nineteenth century.
Tanganyika was a sovereign state, comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania, that existed from 1961 until 1964. It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations a year later. After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day, 26 April 1964. The new state changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania within a year.
The flag of Tanzania consists of a Gold-edged black diagonal band, divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner, with a green upper triangle and light blue lower triangle. Adopted in 1964 to replace the individual flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, it has been the flag of the United Republic of Tanzania since the two states merged that year. The design of the present flag incorporates the elements from the two former flags. It is one of a relatively small number of national flags incorporating a diagonal line, with other examples including the DR Congo, Namibia, Trinidad and Tobago and Brunei.
The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is the head of state and head of government of the United Republic of Tanzania. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Tanzania and is the commander-in-chief of the Tanzania People's Defence Force.
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Tanganyika under British mandate.
The decolonisation of Africa is a process that largely took place from the mid-1950s to 1975 during the Cold War, with radical government changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states. The process was often marred with violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Mau Mau rebellion in British Kenya, the Algerian War in French Algeria, the Congo Crisis in the Belgian Congo, the Angolan War of Independence in Portuguese Angola, the Zanzibar Revolution in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and the Nigerian Civil War in the secessionist state of Biafra.
The National Assembly of Tanzania and the President of Tanzania of the United Republic make up the Parliament of Tanzania. The current Speaker of the National Assembly is Tulia Ackson, who presides over a unicameral assembly of 393 members.
The following is a list of the political history of East Africa.
The Sultanate of Zanzibar, also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and after a period of decline, the state had sovereignty over only the Zanzibar Archipelago and a 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) strip along the Kenyan coast, with the interior of Kenya constituting the British Kenya Colony and the coastal strip administered as a de facto part of that colony.
Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 until 1961. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory.
The Rugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA) is an umbrella union for the Kenya Rugby Football Union, Tanzania Rugby Football Union and Uganda Rugby Football Union. It owes its existence to the fact that, prior to independence, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were either a protectorate or mandate of the British Empire. It now has little to do with the direct administration of the modern game but it continues to exist in order to promote and support the game in the three countries, to facilitate club competition between the three unions and to administer the RFUEA Ground and the East Africa rugby union team.
Tanzanian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Tanzania, as amended; the Tanzania Citizenship Act, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Tanzania. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Commonwealth countries, including Tanzania, often use the terms nationality and citizenship as synonyms, despite recognising their legal distinction and the fact that they are regulated by different governmental administrative bodies. For much of Tanzania's history racist policy curtailed domestic rights and nationality. Tanzanian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in the territory, or jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Tanzania or abroad to parents with Tanzanian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation.
The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, also known as the Permanent Constitution, was ratified in 16 March 1977. Before the current establishment, Tanzania has had three constitutions: the Independence Constitution (1961), the Republican Constitution (1962), and the Interim Constitution of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (1964).
Namibia–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between Namibia and the United Kingdom. Both nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.
The history of rail transport in Tanzania began in the late nineteenth century.
Elizabeth II was Queen of Tanganyika from 1961 to 1962, when Tanganyika was an independent sovereign state and a constitutional monarchy. She was also the monarch of other sovereign states, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in Tanganyika were mostly delegated to the governor-general of Tanganyika.
Tanzania–United Kingdom relations are bilateral relations between Tanzania and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has historically been a partner of Tanzania in many areas, particularly trade and security.
Mainland Tanzania refers to the part of Tanzania on the continent of Africa; excluding the islands of Zanzibar. It corresponds with the area of the former country of Tanganyika.
Germany–Tanzania relations are the bilateral relations between Germany and Tanzania. From 1885 to 1918, Tanzania was a German colony as part of German East Africa. In the 21st century, relations are primarily characterized by the joint development cooperation.