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This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone; parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the 1894 general election; [1] no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in the Pacification of 1917. All governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, with all parties having to adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | European affiliation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij | Friesland | Civic nationalism | Big tent [74] | EFA | ||
GB | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang | Groningen | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
LB | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant | North Brabant | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
LL | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg | Limburg | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden | Groningen Friesland Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
PvZ | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland | Zeeland | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
PBF | Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân | Friesland | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
SLD | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe | Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
SLF | Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Flevoland | Flevoland | Regionalism | Centre | — |
Party | Main ideology | Position | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forza! | Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland | Right-wing populism | Right-wing | ||
HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | ||
LR | Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam | Fortuynism | Right-wing | ||
VSP | United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics |
Political party | Main ideology | Position | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AWP | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij | Apoliticism | Syncretic | ||
WN | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left |
Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American | Intl. | ||||||
PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano | Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano | Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
MPB | Bonaire People's Movement Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano | Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo | Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — |
Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DP | Democratic Party | Christian democracy | Centre | Adelka Spanner | |
PLP | Progressive Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Rechelline Leerdam |
The Labour Party is a social-democratic political party in the Netherlands.
The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy. A constitutional monarchy, the country is organised as a decentralised unitary state. The Netherlands can be described as a consociational state. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by a common striving for broad consensus on important issues, within both of the political community and society as a whole.
The Christian Democratic Appeal is a Christian-democratic and socially conservative political party in the Netherlands. It was originally formed in 1977 from a confederation of the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union; it has participated in all but three of the Dutch cabinets formed since it became a unitary party.
The Anti-Revolutionary Party was a Protestant conservative and Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1879 by Abraham Kuyper, a neo-Calvinist theologian and minister. In 1980 the party merged with the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) to form the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
Democrats 66 is a social liberal and progressive political party in the Netherlands, which positions itself in the centre of the political spectrum. It is a member of the Liberal International (LI) and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).
The Socialist Party is a democratic socialist and social democratic political party in the Netherlands. Founded in 1971 as the Communist Party of the Netherlands/Marxist–Leninist, the party has since moderated itself from Marxism–Leninism and Maoism towards democratic socialism and social democracy. The SP has also been described as left-wing populist, far-left and Eurosceptic, and is an advocate of Dutch republicanism.
The Catholic People's Party was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the interwar Roman Catholic State Party, which was in turn a successor of the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses. The party was in government throughout its existence. In 1977, a federation of parties including the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) ran together under the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) banner. The three participating parties formally dissolved to form the CDA in 1980.
Liberalism in the Netherlands started as an anti-monarchical effort spearheaded by the Dutch statesman Thorbecke, who almost single-handedly wrote the 1848 Constitution of the Netherlands that turned the country into a constitutional monarchy.
The Christian Historical Union was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged in September 1980.
The Party for the Animals is a political party in the Netherlands. Among its main goals are animal rights and animal welfare.
The Political Party of Radicals was a Christian-radical, progressive Christian and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to form GreenLeft in 1991.
This article gives an overview of socialism in the Netherlands, including communism and social democracy. It is limited to communist, socialist, social democratic, and democratic socialist parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme.
This article gives an overview of Christian democracy in the Netherlands, which is also called confessionalism, including political Catholicism and Protestantism. It is limited to Christian democratic parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme.
Pieter Herman Omtzigt is a Dutch politician who has served as a member of the House of Representatives since 2003 apart from a short interruption between June and October 2010. He was member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), but left in 2021 and continued as independent. In August 2023, he founded a new party called New Social Contract, its name taken from his 2021 manifesto. Three months later, his party won 20 out of 150 seats in the 2023 Dutch general election.
The Farmer–Citizen Movement is an agrarian and right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands. It is headquartered in Deventer, Overijssel. The current party leader is founder Caroline van der Plas, who has led it since its creation in 2019.
Early general elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2023 to elect the members of the House of Representatives. The elections had been expected to be held in 2025 but a snap election was called after the fourth Rutte cabinet collapsed on 7 July 2023 due to immigration policy disagreements between the coalition parties. The incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced that he would not lead his party into the election and that he would retire from politics.
A process of cabinet formation took place following the 2021 Dutch general election, leading to the formation of the Fourth Rutte cabinet in 2022. The coalition consisted of People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Democrats 66 (D66), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and Christian Union (CU), the same parties that formed the preceding Third Rutte cabinet. At 299 days, it was the longest formation in Dutch history.
In the run-up to the 2023 Dutch general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in the Netherlands. Results of such polls are displayed in this list.
New Social Contract is a political party in the Netherlands launched and led by Pieter Omtzigt. The party focuses on the themes of good governance and social security.
A process of cabinet formation is taking place following the Dutch general election of 22 November 2023.
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The BBB, which has won the support of far-right and populist parties internationally, claims the problem has been exaggerated and that farmers' livelihoods are being sacrificed to the green transition.
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