List of the oldest mosques

The oldest mosques in the world can refer to the oldest, surviving building or to the oldest mosque congregation. There is also a distinction between old mosque buildings in continuous use as mosques and others no longer used as mosques. In terms of congregations, there are early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist.

The major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, and the minor regions, such as Arabia and South Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.

To be listed here a site must:

• be the oldest mosque in a country, large city (top 50), or oldest of its type (denomination, architectural, etc.);
• be the oldest congregation of its type (denomination).

Mentioned in the Quran

The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries ^[1] mentioned in the Quran: ^[2]

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Notes
Al-Haram Mosque		Mecca	Saudi Arabia	Unknown, considered the oldest mosque, associated with Abraham [1]	Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, Quran 2:144–217; [3] Quran 5:2; [4] Quran 8:34; [5] Quran 9:7–28; [6] Quran 17:1; [2] Quran 22:25; [7] Quran 48:25–27. [8] the holiest sanctuary, containing the Ka'bah , a site of the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), the Qiblah [9] (Direction of formal prayers of Muslims), and the first mosque [10] [11] in Islamic thought. [12] [13] Rebuilt many times, notably 1571 by the Ottomans, and the late 20th century by the Saudis, further enlargement under way since 2010.
Haram al-Sharif, also known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound		Jerusalem (old city)	Palestine	Considered the second oldest mosque in Islamic tradition, [14] associated with Abraham. [1] The Dome of the Rock was constructed in 692, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705.	Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, [2] the former Qiblah, [15] site of the significant event of Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj) [16] , considered the third holiest site in Islam. The Qur'an does not specify the precise location of "the furthest place of prayer", and its meaning was debated by early Islamic scholars. [17] [18] [19] [20] Eventually, a consensus emerged its identification with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. [19] [21] The term Al-Aqsa properly refers to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque). [note 1] The mosque compound should not be confused with the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca, commonly referred to in English as Al-Aqsa Mosque, and also known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below).
The Sacred Monument		Muzdalifah	Saudi Arabia	Unknown	Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām [23] a site of the Hajj. [24] [25] [26] [27]
Quba Mosque		Medina	Saudi Arabia	622	The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day" [28] in the Quran.[ citation needed ] Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.

Africa

See also: List of mosques in Africa

Northeast Africa

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Mosque of the Companions		Massawa	Eritrea	620s–630s [29]		Believed by some to be the first mosque in Africa and built by the companions of Muhammad in the 7th century. [29]
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As		Cairo	Egypt	641		Named after 'Amr ibn al-'As, commander of the Muslim conquest of Egypt. First mosque in Egypt and claimed by some to be the first mosque in Africa. [30] [31] [32] [33]
Mosque of Ibn Tulun		Cairo	Egypt	879
Al-Azhar Mosque		Cairo	Egypt	972	Sunni
Arba'a Rukun Mosque		Mogadishu	Somalia	1268/9	Sunni

See also: Islam in Rwanda

Northwest Africa

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Great Mosque of Kairouan		Kairouan	Tunisia	670	Sunni	Believed to be the first mosque in the Maghreb. The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction starting in 836 under the Aghlabids, with further restorations and additions in later periods. [34]
Sidi Okba Mosque		Sidi Okba	Algeria	686–1025		Mosque and tomb dated between 686 and 1025, starting with the tomb in 686. The mosque was subsequently built around it. [35]
Al-Zaytuna Mosque		Tunis	Tunisia	698	Sunni	There are some doubts about the exact foundation date: usually attributed to 698 but it could have been a bit later in 734. [36] [37] The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction in 864 under the Aghlabids, [38] with further modifications and renovations in later eras. [36]
Bu Ftata Mosque		Sousse	Tunisia	838–841		Dated by an inscription to the reign of Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim (838–841). Minaret added later under the Hafsids. [39]
Great Mosque of Sfax		Sfax	Tunisia	849		Exact construction date uncertain, but probably around 849. [40]
Great Mosque of Sousse		Sousse	Tunisia	851 [41]
Al-Qarawiyyin mosque		Fez	Morocco	859		Some doubts exist about the story of its foundation in 859. [42] A possible alternative date is 877, based on an inscription discovered in the 20th century. [43] [44] The present building dates from multiple later expansions and reconstructions, with the oldest elements dating to the 10th century. [42] It underwent its most important expansion under the Almoravids between 1135 and 1143. [45]
Mosque of the Andalusians		Fez	Morocco	859		Like the Qarawiyyin Mosque, there are doubts about the story of its foundation. The oldest parts of the present building date from the 10th century. [42] It was mostly reconstructed by the Almohads between 1203 and 1207. [46]
Al-Naqah Mosque		Tripoli	Libya	973		Oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli, [47] though its history is not well-known. [48] Likely built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz in 973, though it may be older. [47] An inscription records that it was reconstructed in 1610–1611 (1019 AH). [48]
Great Mosque of Tlemcen		Tlemcen	Algeria	1082		Founded in 1082 under the Almoravids, decoration completed or redone in 1136 by another Almoravid ruler. Important renovation and additions took place in 1236 under the first Zayyanid ruler. [49]
Ksar Mosque		Tunis	Tunisia	1106
Kutubiyya Mosque		Marrakesh	Morocco	1147

Southeast Africa (including nearby islands of the Indian Ocean, but barring countries that are also in Southern Africa)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Shanga Mosque		Shanga, Pate Island	Kenya			Foundation discovered, with coins attesting dates, during the 1980s excavations. The earliest concrete evidence of Muslims in East Africa. [50] : 97
Great Mosque of Kilwa		Kilwa Kisiwani	Tanzania	1000–1100
Kizimkazi Mosque		Dimbani	Tanzania	1107 (according to an inscription) [51]
Tsingoni Mosque		Tsingoni, Mayotte	France	1538 [52]
Al-Fatah Mosque (Green Mosque)		Kigali	Rwanda (then German East Africa)	1913 [53]		Founded by coastal Swahili-speaking Tanzanian Muslims who came to Rwanda to work in the German administration. [53]

West Africa

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Larabanga Mosque		Larabanga	Ghana	1421		The oldest existing mud-brick mosque in Ghana.
Great Mosque of Kano		Kano	Nigeria	15th century		Built in for Emir Muhammad Rumfa
Agadez Mosque		Agadez	Niger	1515		Niger's oldest mosque.
Grand Mosque, Sokodé		Sokodé	Togo	1820 [54]

Southern Africa

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Auwal Mosque		Cape Colony	South Africa (then Cape Colony)	1798 [55]		Recognised as the first mosque established in the country.
Palm Tree Mosque		Cape Colony	South Africa (then Cape Colony)	1807		Building constructed in 1788(236 years ago) (1788), and established as a mosque in 1807(217 years ago) (1807).
Masjid al-Qudama		Uitenhage, Eastern Cape	South Africa	1849 [56]		It has been deduced that the mosque was a completed building by March 1849
Grey Street Mosque (Juma Mosque)		Durban [57]	South Africa	1881
Soofie Masjid		Butha Buthe	Lesotho	1900 (approximate) [50] : 115		Founded by Soofie Saheb at the turn of the century; the community is described as African Muslim yet speaking an Indian language. [50] : 115
Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid		Rylands, Cape Town	South Africa	1905
Lobatse Masjid		Lobatse	Botswana	1960s [58]		Founded by Indian Muslims who were brought over during the British colonial period.
Ezulwini Mosque		Ezulwini, near Mbabane	Eswatini	1982 [59]

Americas

See also: List of mosques in the Americas, List of mosques in Mexico, and List of mosques in Brazil

South America

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
			Suriname (then a colony of the Netherlands)	1906 [60]		Built by immigrant Javanese rice farmers. [60]
Mesquita Brasil (São Paulo),		São Paulo	Brazil	1929 [61]		Previous site built in 1929; [61] current building inaugurated in 1952. First known mosque in Brazil. [62]
			Panama	1930 [63]	Ahmadiyya [63]
		El Paraíso, Caracas	Venezuela	1968 [64]
At-Tauhid Mosque		Buenos Aires	Argentina	1983 [65]	Shi'ite	Opened in October 1983 by the Shi'ite community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina. It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade. [66]
Mezquita as-Salam		Santiago	Chile	1995 [67]		Commissioned 1989, inaugurated in 1995.
Mohammed VI Mosque		Coquimbo	Chile	2007

See also: List of mosques in Canada and List of mosques in the United States

North America (including Central America and island-states of the Caribbean Sea)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Al-Sadiq Mosque		Chicago, Illinois	United States	1922	Ahmadiyya	Oldest extant mosque in the Americas.
Mother Mosque of America (Moslem Temple)		Cedar Rapids, Iowa	United States	1934		Oldest extant purpose-built mosque in the United States
Al-Rashid Mosque		Edmonton, Alberta	Canada	1938		First purpose-built mosque in Canada.
		Westmoreland and Spanish Town	Jamaica	1950s [68]		Constructed by the Islamic Society of Jamaica, which was founded in 1950.
Bridgetown Mosque		Bridgetown	Barbados	1957 [69]		First purpose-built mosque in Barbados.
Omar bin Al-Khattab Mosque		Willemstad, Curaçao	Netherlands	1965 [70]
			Haiti	1985 [71]		Converted private residence.
Suraya Mosque		Torreón	Mexico	1989	Shi'ite	Built by the immigrants from the Middle East living in Torreón.
Omar Mosque		San José	Costa Rica	1995 [72]	Sunni	Founded by the Islamic Cultural Association of Costa Rica.
		Belize City [73]	Belize	2008 (approximate) [74]		Founded by Belizeans who converted to Islam while in the United States. [74]
Boukman Buhara Mosque		Cap-Haïtien	Haiti	2016 [75]		First purpose-built mosque in Haiti. Includes a minaret. Constructed by the Diyanet Foundation of Turkey following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. [75]

Asia

See also: List of mosques in Asia

Arabian Peninsula (including the island-state of Bahrain)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi		Medina	Saudi Arabia	622		Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Masjid al-Qiblatain		Medina	Saudi Arabia	623		Mosque originally with two Qiblah walls: One facing Jerusalem, the first Qiblah and another facing Mecca
Jawatha Mosque		Al-Kilabiyah	Saudi Arabia	629/639 [76] [77]		Has recently been renovated[ citation needed ] and prayers are still held in this mosque. [78]
Great Mosque of Sana'a		Sana'a	Yemen	7th century		Possibly the oldest mosque in the country.
Mazin Mosque		Samail	Oman	7th century [79] [ better source needed ]		Founded by Mazin Ben Ghadooba, who is considered to be the first Omani to adopt Islam during Muhammad's lifetime. [79] [ better source needed ]
Al-Shawadhna Mosque		Nizwa	Oman	628–629 (possibly) [80]		Original foundation attributed by some to 7 AH (628–629 CE). [80] A construction or renovation dated to 1529 CE is recorded by an inscription above the mihrab. [80] [81]
Al-Hadi Mosque		Sa'dah	Yemen	897
Khamis Mosque		Khamis, Manama	Bahrain	1000–1200 (approximate) [82]		Though most of the structure is dated to the 11th or 12th century, it is popularly believed to have been founded by the Caliph Omar in the 600s. [83]
Mosque in Al-Ain		Al Ain	United Arab Emirates	1000s (Islamic Golden Age)		Possible the oldest mosque in the country. [84] [85]
Al Badiyah Mosque		Fujairah	United Arab Emirates	1400s [86]		Some much earlier estimates have been proposed.

See also: List of mosques in China and List of mosques in Taiwan

Greater China

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Huaisheng Mosque		Guangzhou	China	627		The Huaisheng Mosque is the main mosque of Guangzhou. It has been rebuilt many times over its history. According to tradition it was originally built over 1,300 years ago in 627 CE by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad.
Xianxian Mosque		Guangzhou City	China	629		The mosque was originally built in 629 during the Tang dynasty.
Great Mosque of Xi'an		Xi'an, Shaanxi	China	742 [87]		Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century, [88] the mosque was founded in 742 [89] Built in 742, but oldest mosque in China is the Beacon Tower mosque of Guangzhou being built in 627. [90]
Jamia Mosque		Hong Kong (then British Hong Kong)	China	1890
Taipei Grand Mosque		Taipei	Taiwan	1947		Oldest and most famous mosque in Taiwan. Original building was firstly used in 1947, then relocated to a new site where it was reconstructed in 1960.
Kaohsiung Mosque		Taipei	Taiwan	1949		The second oldest mosque in Taiwan. The original building was built in 1949, then moved to a new location where the second building was built in 1951, and the third and final building built in 1992.
Macau Mosque		Macau (then Portuguese Macau)	China	1980		The first and only mosque in Macau.

East Asia (excluding Greater China)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Kobe Mosque		Kobe	Japan	1935 [91]		Designed in the Turkish style by a Czech architect, confiscated by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1943, and later returned.
Seoul Central Mosque		Seoul	South Korea	1976 [92]

See also: List of mosques in India, List of mosques in Bangladesh, and List of mosques in Pakistan

South Asia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Barwada mosque		Ghogha, Gujarat	India	Before 623		Built by Arab traders at ancient port of Ghogha, Bhavnagar district in the state of Gujarat. The qibla (direction to be faced while offering namaaz) of the mosque is faced to Bait al Mukaddas (Jerusalem). The mosque is abandoned by devotees after the qibla was changed to Makkah in AD 623 and another mosque constructed at the same time. [93] [94] [95] [96] [97]
Cheraman Juma Masjid		Kodungallur	India	629		Built by Malik bin Dinar, companion of Muhammad, on orders of Cheraman Perumal, [98] then King of modern-day Kerala, it is the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent. [99]
Palaiya Jumma Palli		Kilakarai	India	630	Sunni	Considered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad. [100]
Masjid Al-Abrar		Beruwala, Kalutara District, Western Province	Sri Lanka	First century in the Hijri calendar		The date has been carved in its stone pillars. It is situated in western province of Sri Lanka.
Haji Piyada		Balkh	Afghanistan	794 or 9th century		The oldest identifiable Islamic building in Afghanistan. [101] Construction dated to either the 9th century [102] or to 794. [103]
Jamia Masjid, Banbhore		Banbhore, Sindh	Pakistan	727		This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan which is located in Bhambore. [104] Also believed to be the first mosque in South Asia. [105] Built after the conquest of Sindh.
Kazimar Big Mosque		Madurai	India	1284	Sunni, Hanafi, Shadhili	First mosque in Madurai.
Chaqchan Mosque		Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan	Pakistan	1370		This is the oldest mosque of Gilgit Baltistan located in Khaplu. [106] [107]
Sixty Dome Mosque		Bagerhat	Bangladesh	1450		Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Neevin Mosque		Lahore	Pakistan	1460

See also: List of mosques in Indonesia, List of mosques in Malaysia, List of mosques in the Philippines, List of mosques in Singapore, and List of mosques in Thailand

Southeast Asia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque		Tubig Indangan, Simunul island, Bangsamoro	Philippines	1380 [108]		Founded by Makhdum Karim, who introduced Islam to the Philippines. This is the oldest mosque in Southesast Asia.
Wapauwe Old Mosque		Kaitetu, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku	Indonesia	1414		The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia.
Ampel Mosque		Ampel, Surabaya, East Java	Indonesia	1421 [109]		The oldest surviving mosque in Java, and second oldest in Indonesia.
Masjid Sultan Sharif Ali		Brunei	Brunei	1430 (approximate) [110]		Built under the direction of Sharif Ali ("Sultan Berkat"), who reigned 1425–1432.
Great Mosque of Demak		Demak, Central Java	Indonesia	15th century [111]		Oldest mosque in Central Java and second oldest in Java. [111]
300 Years Mosque		Narathiwat	Thailand	17th century		It is at least one of the oldest known mosques in Thailand. [112]
Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka		Central Area	Singapore	1820 [113]		Originally a wooden structure built by Arab merchant Syed Omar Ali Aljunied.

See also: List of mosques in Cyprus

Levant (for Cyprus and Greater Syria)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Al-Omari Grand Mosque		Beirut	Lebanon	635	Sunni	The mihrab is the oldest part of the mosque, dating back to the Caliphate of Umar.
Al-Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa)		Jerusalem (old city)	Palestine	637		A Muslim prayer hall with a silver-colored lead dome located in the southern part of Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount), built by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab.
Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque		Aleppo	Syria	637
Ibrahimi Mosque		Hebron	Palestine	637 [114]
Great Mosque of Aleppo		Aleppo	Syria	715
Umayyad Mosque		Damascus	Syria	715	Sunni	Fourth holiest site and the national mosque of Syria. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
White Mosque		Ramla	Israel	720
Al-Omari Mosque		Bosra	Syria	721
Great Mosque of Raqqa		Raqqa	Syria	772
Arab Ahmet Mosque		Arab Ahmet quarter of Nicosia	Cyprus	Late 16th century [115]		The mosque is named after a commander of the 1571 Ottoman army who made an expedition in 1571. [115] [116]

See also: List of mosques in Iran and List of mosques in Turkey

Southwest Asia (excluding the Arabian peninsula, Caucasus, and Levant)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Ayasofya Mosque (Hagia Sophia)		Istanbul	Turkey	1453 (537)		Built in 537 as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931. [117] In 2020, it was again converted into a mosque by order of a Turkish court.
Great Mosque of Kufa		Kufa	Iraq	639	Shia	The mosque, built in the 7th century, contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel – first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.
Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn Mosque		Karbala	Iraq	680	Shia	Reconstructed several times, including in 1016.
Jameh Mosque of Ferdows		Ferdows	Iran	7th century (possibly)
Al-Hisn Mosque		Mopsuestia, Adana Province	Turkey	717-720		Built by the Umayyad caliph Umar II, as part of his conversion of the city into a military base to shield Antioch from a potential Greek attack. The building fell into ruin during the reign of Al-Mu'tasim, approximately 120 years later.
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan		Isfahan	Iran	771
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj		Fahraj	Iran	700s [118]
Tarikhaneh Mosque		Damghan	Iran	8th century
Great Mosque of Samarra		Samarra	Iraq	848
Al-Askari Mosque		Samarra	Iraq	944	Shia (Twelver)	Shrine of the 10th and 11th Twelver Shi'ite Imams: Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari.
Imam Ali Mosque		Najaf	Iraq	977	Shia, Sunni	Houses the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and fourth Caliph, and the first person of the Shia Imamate.
Great Mosque of Diyarbakır		Diyarbakır	Turkey	1092	Sunni	One of the oldest known mosques in modern Turkey.
Yivliminare Mosque (Alaeddin Mosque)		Antalya	Turkey	1230
Aslanhane Mosque		Ankara	Turkey	1290

Central Asia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Po-i-Kalyan		Bukhara	Uzbekistan	713		Since 713 here, several edifices of main cathedral mosque were built then razed, restored after fires and wars, and moved from place to place.

Transcaucasia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Juma Mosque		Shamakhi	Azerbaijan	743-744		Built in 743–744, set on fire by Armenian units of "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1918, reconstructed in 2009.
Blue Mosque		Yerevan	Armenia	Mid-18th century

Europe

See also: List of mosques in Europe

Iberian Peninsula

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita)		Córdoba, Andalusia	Spain (then the Emirate of Córdoba)	785 [119]		Originally built by Abd al-Rahman I in 785, it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Castilian conquest of Cordoba in 1236, it was converted into the city's cathedral, which it remains to this day. [120]
Mosqye inside Aljafería Palace		Zaragoza, Aragon	Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba)	1046 [121]		A small prayer room inside the Aljafería Palace, dating from the Taifa period under the Hudid dynasty. It is accessed through a portal inside palace. [122] In 2001, the original restored structures of the Aljafería were included in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, a World Heritage Site. [123]
Mosque of Madinat al-Zahra		Córdoba, Andalusia	Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba)	941–942 [124]		Friday mosque of Madinat al-Zahra, a vast, fortified palace-city begun in 936 by Abd al-Rahman III. [125] The city's mosque was inaugurated in 941–942. [124] [126] The complex was plundered & destroyed during the civil war that ended the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century. [125] A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018. [127]
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz		Toledo, Castile-La Mancha	Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba)	999 [128]		Built in 999 in Toledo, this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it was originally built. [129] Originally a square structure with nine domed bays, a semi-circular apse was added in 1187, after it had been converted into a church. [130]
Mosque of las Tornerías		Toledo, Castile-La Mancha	Spain (then the Taifa of Toledo)	mid-11th-century(completed) [131]		Arabic : الـمـسـتـمـيـم, romanized: al-Mustimim was built in the middle of the 11th century [132] on the foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos. The building continued maintaining the Islamic faith in Spain well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498–1505, when it was desacralizated by the Catholic Monarchs.
Ribat of Arrifana Archaeological site		Aljezur, Algarve	Portugal (then the Almoravid dynasty)	1130 [133]		Probably constructed by Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi, governor of Silves and a rebel leader against the Almoravid dynasty. These are the only ruins of such Muslim fortress to have been identified in Portugal, excavated by Portuguese archaeologists since 2001.
Church of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação		Mértola, Alentejo	Portugal (then the Almohad Caliphate)	Second-half of the 12th century [134]		Unique and most identifiable former mosque in Portugal, although a mixture of Almohad and Manueline post-Gothic architecture. Rebuilt in the second half of the 12th century with some elements from the 9th century.
Giralda		Seville, Andalusia	Spain (then the Almohad Caliphate)	1248 [135]		Only the minaret remains. Mosque comparable in size to Great mosque of Cordoba, mostly destroyed by earthquake in 1365. Minaret used as a church bell tower was built higher in the 16th century.
Church of São Clemente		Tavira, Algarve	Portugal (then the Kingdom of Portugal)	Second-half of the 13th century [136]		Only parts of the original minaret remain, incorporated in the church bell tower. It's 22.7 metres tall and 4.2 metres across. Across it lies an old Muslim cemetery of Jardim dos Amuados.
Mosque of Tórtoles		Tarazona, Aragon	Spain (then the Crown of Aragon)	15th-century(completed) [137]		Almost unaltered in the later centuries.
San Sebastian Minaret (Alminar De San Sebastian)		Ronda, Andalusia	Spain (then the Almohad Caliphate)			Only minaret of the medium-size mosque in Plaza Abul Beka neighborhood remains. Minaret was expanded and used as a bell tower. The mosque was converted to a church but destroyed in the 1600s during Morisco Revolts. Ronda was a Muslim city for 700 years. The city had 7 or 8 mosques, none survive today. [138]

  Russia

Building	Image	Location	First built	Denomination	Notes
Juma Mosque		Derbent, Dagestan (then part of the Abbasid Caliphate)	700-900 (approximate) [82]

Central Europe and Eastern Europe (excluding the Caucasus, European Russia and Nordic countries)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Al-Agha Mosque		Dragash	Kosovo	1268 [139]		Built by Muslims who migrated from Aleppo, in Syria, to Kosovo. [139]
Dzhumaya Mosque		Plovdiv	Bulgaria	1363–1364		Built during the reign of Sultan Murad II the old building was demolished and replaced by the modern-day mosque.
Sailors' Mosque		Ulcinj	Montenegro	14th century
Halit Efendi Mosque		Slupčane, Lipkovo Municipality	North Macedonia	1415 [140]		It is considered to be the oldest mosque in North Macedonia. However, as a result of the various renovation works, the building has been altered to such an extent that it is no longer in its original state. [140]
Turhan Emin-Beg Mosque		Ustikolina	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1448–1449 [141]		Built by Turhan Emin-beg. Known to have been destroyed two times (1941 and 1992) and rebuilt two times (1956 and 2007). [141]
Fatih Mosque, Elbasan		Elbasan Castle	Albania	1466 [142]		Built by the orders of Sultan Mehmed II. [142]
Old Mosque, Plav (Imperial Mosque)		Plav	Montenegro	1471 [143]		Built during the Ottoman rule in the city. [143]
King Mosque or Sultan Bayazit Mosque		Elbasan	Albania	1482
Iljaz Mirahori Mosque		Korçë	Albania	1494 [144]		It was built by Iljaz Hoxha, also known as Iljaz Bey Mirahor, [144] and is a Cultural Monument of Albania. [145]
Mosque of Kuklibeu		Prizren	Kosovo	1534
Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi		Prizren	Kosovo	1543–1581
Esmahan Sultan Mosque		Mangalia	Romania	1575		Oldest mosque in Romania
			Poland	1558 (earliest attestation in writing) [146]		Tatar mosques in Poland were noted in a 1558 treatise Risale-i Tatar-i Lech. [146]
			Lithuania (then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)	1500–1600 [147]		Various records indicate Lithuanian Tatars built mosques in the Duchy during the 16th century [147]
Mosque of Sinan Pasha		Prizren	Kosovo	1615
Log pod Mangartom Mosque		Log pod Mangartom, Municipality of Bovec	Slovenia (then Austria-Hungary)	1916 [148]		Built by Bosniak members of the Austro-Hungarian army. [148]
Gunja Mosque		Gunja	Croatia	1969		The first and one of the few mosques in Croatia, located near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vienna Islamic Centre-Mosque		Vienna	Austria	1979 [149]
Brno Mosque		Brno	Czech Republic	1998 [150]		Construction began 1996, inaugurated 1998. [150]

British Isles

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute		Liverpool,   England	United Kingdom	1891 [151]	Liverpool Muslim Institute	Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error. [152]
Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre		Dublin	Ireland	1976 [150]		The first purpose-built mosque was built in Ballyhaunis in 1987.[ citation needed ]

See also: List of mosques in France and List of mosques in Germany

Western-Central Europe (excluding the British Isles, Nordic countries, and countries that are also in Eastern Europe)

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Père Lachaise Ottoman Mosque		Paris (first in Metropolitan France)	France	1856		This mosque served for burial prayers for Ottoman diplomats, North African military personnel, and Turkish and Arab students. It fell into disrepair when France and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1914. [153]
Grand Mosque of Paris		Paris	France	1926		The mosque was built in the Moroccan style and honored Muslim French veterans of World War I. [154]
Wünsdorf Mosque		Wünsdorf, Berlin	Germany	1915		Erected in 1915 by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
Mobarak Mosque		The Hague	Netherlands	1955		The first known purpose-built mosque in the Netherlands.
Centre Islamique de Genève ("Little Mosque" of Geneva)		Geneva	Switzerland	1961		Founded by Said Ramadan

Nordic countries

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Järvenpää Mosque			Finland	1942		A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Nordic countries. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops. [155]
Nusrat Djahan Mosque		Hvidovre, outside Copenhagen	Denmark	1967 [155]		Founded by the Ahmadiyya; first purpose-built mosque in a Nordic country.
Islamic Cultural Centre Norway		Oslo	Norway	1974		Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims; of the Sunni Deobandi school. The first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, opened in 1975; the first Sunni Barelvi mosque opened in 1976.
Nasir Mosque		Gothenburg	Sweden	1976
		Stockholm	Sweden	2000 [156]		Converted from Katarinastation, a former power station.
Reykjavík Mosque		Reykjavík	Iceland	2002 [157]		Not a purpose-built mosque, but serves as an interim gathering site.

Oceania

See also: List of mosques in Oceania and List of mosques in Australia

Australasia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Marree Mosque		Marree, South Australia	Australia	1861 [158] / 1882 [67]		Small structure in the South Australian desert built by Australia's "Afghan" camel-drivers, has been restored.
Central Adelaide Mosque		Adelaide	Australia	1888 [158]		The oldest major city mosque in the country. [158]
		Auckland	New Zealand	1979 (begun) [159]		Cornerstone laid in 1979; the first Islamic centre in the country was installed in an Auckland house bought in 1959. [159]

Melanesia

Building	Image	Location	Country	First built	Denomination	Notes
Hidayatullah Sanoek Mosque		Sanoek, South Waigeo, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua	Indonesia	1505 (approximate)		The oldest surviving mosque in Oceania [160]
		Vitogo, Nausori, and Tavua [161]	Fiji	1922 (approximate) [161]		A number of wooden mosques were built by local Islamic assemblies around 1922. [161]
		Port Moresby [67]	Papua New Guinea	2000 [162]		Islam was introduced to the island in the 1970s, [162] and the first Islamic centre established in 1988. [67]

See also

• List of oldest minarets
• List of tallest minarets
• Holiest sites in Islam
• Islamic architecture
• List of mosques in India
  • Congregational mosque
  • List of largest mosques
  • List of mosques
• List of oldest known surviving buildings
• List of oldest church buildings
• List of oldest synagogues

Notes

1. According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm," ^[22]

References

1. Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN   978-0-9187-2058-0.
2. Quran 17:1-7 Quran   17:1–7
3. Quran   2:144–217
4. Quran   5:2  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
5. Quran   8:34  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
6. Quran   9:7–28
7. Quran   22:25  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
8. Quran   48:25–27
9. Quran   2:127  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
10. Quran   3:96  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
11. Quran   22:25–37
12. Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
13. Zeitlin, I. M. (2013-04-25). "3". The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN   978-0745654881.
14. National Geographic Society (U.S.); de Blij, H.J.; Downs, R.; John Wiley & Sons (2007). Wiley/National Geographic College Atlas of the World. Wiley. p. 49. ISBN   978-0-471-74117-6 . Retrieved 2022-06-15. Al 'Aqsa is the second oldest mosque in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and is third in holiness after the mosques in Mecca and Medina. It holds up to 400,000 worshippers at one time.
15. "The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem: The Islamic Vision. The Islamic Quarterly. 4 (1998): pp.233–242
16. Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-52575-6.
17. el-Khatib, Abdallah (1 May 2001). "Jerusalem in the Qur'ān". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 28 (1): 25–53. doi:10.1080/13530190120034549. S2CID   159680405. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
18. Khalek, N. (2011). Jerusalem in Medieval Islamic Tradition. Religion Compass, 5(10), 624–630. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00305.x. "One of the most pressing issues in both medieval and contemporary scholarship related to Jerusalem is weather the city is explicitly referenced in the text of the Qur'an. Sura 17, verse 1, which reads [...] has been variously interpreted as referring to the miraculous Night Journey and Ascension of Muhammad, events recorded in medieval sources and known as the isra and miraj. As we will see, this association is a rather late and even a contested one. [...] The earliest Muslim work on the Religious Merits of Jerusalem was the Fada'il Bayt al-Maqdis by al-Walid ibn Hammad al-Ramli (d. 912 CE), a text which is recoverable from later works. [...] He relates the significance of Jerusalem vis-a-vis the Jewish Temple, conflating 'a collage of biblical narratives' and comments pilgrimage to Jerusalem, a practice which was controversial in later Muslim periods."
19. Frederick S. Colby (6 August 2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN   978-0-7914-7788-5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018. If Muslims interpret the qur'anic phrase "the sacred place of prayer" in diverse ways, one encounters even more debate over the destination of the night journey, the "furthest place of prayer". From the earliest extant Muslim texts, it becomes clear that a group of Muslims from the beginning interpreted "furthest place of prayer" with the city of Jerusalem in general and its Herodian/Solomonic Temple in particular. It is equally clear that other early Muslims disputed this connection, identifying the "furthest place of prayer" instead as a reference to a site in the heavens. Eventually a general consensus formed around the idea that Muhammad's journey did indeed take him to Jerusalem. Even if the night journey verse were thought to refer first and foremost to the terrestrial portion of Muhammad's journey, nevertheless for centuries scholars and storytellers also continued to connect this verse with the idea of an ascent through the levels of the heavens.
20. Grabar, Oleg (1959). "The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem". Ars Orientalis. 3: 33–62. ISSN   0571-1371. JSTOR   4629098. Bevan has shown that among early traditionists there are many who do not accept the identification of the masjid al-aqsd, and among them are to be found such great names as al-Bukhari and Tabarl. Both Ibn Ishaq an al-Ya'qubi precede their accounts with expressions which indicate that these are stories which are not necessarily accepted as dogma. It was suggested by J. Horovitz that in the early period of Islam there is little justification for assuming that the Koranic expression in any way referred to Jerusalem. But while Horovitz thought that it referred to a place in heaven, A. Guillaume's careful analysis of the earliest texts (al-Waqidi and al-Azraqi, both in the later second century A.H.) has convincingly shown that the Koranic reference to the masjid al-aqsa applies specifically to al-Ji'ranah, near Mekkah, where there were two sanctuaries (masjid al-adnai and masjid al-aqsa), and where Muhammad so-journed in dha al-qa'dah of the eighth year after the Hijrah.
21. Busse, H. (1968). The sanctity of Jerusalem in Islam. Judaism, 17(4), 441. "Tradition varies as to the location of the Ascension; Syrian local tradition was able to prevail, by maintaining that the Ascension started in Jerusalem rather than in Mecca, directly following the Night Journey".
22. Grabar 2000, p. 203.
23. Quran   2:129  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
24. Long, David E. (1979). "2: The Rites of the Hajj". The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah. SUNY Press. pp. 11–24. ISBN   978-0-8739-5382-5. With thousands of Hajjis, most of them in motor vehicles, rushing headlong for Muzdalifah, the potential is there for one of ... There is special grace for praying at the roofless mosque in Muzdalifah called al-Mash'ar al-Haram (the Sacred Grove) ...
25. Danarto (1989). A Javanese pilgrim in Mecca. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-8674-6939-4. It was still dark when we arrived at Muzdalifah, four miles away. The Koran instructs us to spend the night at al-Mash'ar al-Haram. the Sacred Grove at Muzdalifah, as one of the conditions for the hajj . We scrambled out of the bus and looked ...
26. Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of religion. Vol. 10. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 7159. ISBN   978-0-0286-5743-1. The Qur'an admonishes: "When you hurry from Arafat, remember God at the Sacred Grove (al-mash' ar al-haram)," that is, at Muzdalifah (2:198). Today a mosque marks the place in Muzdalifah where pilgrims gather to perform the special saldt ...
27. Ziauddin Sardar; M. A. Zaki Badawi (1978). Hajj Studies. Jeddah: Croom Helm for Hajj Research Centre. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-8566-4681-2. Muzdalifah is an open plain sheltered by parched hills with sparse growth of thorn bushes. The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram. On the morning of the tenth, all depart ...{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
28. Quran   9:108  ^{(Translated by  Yusuf Ali)}
29. Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN   978-0470658987 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
30. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2018). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-691-65660-1.
31. Shoup, John A. (2017). The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 209. ISBN   978-1-4408-4041-8.
32. Sheehan, Peter (2015). Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 143. ISBN   978-977-416-731-7.
33. O'Kane, Bernard (2016). The Mosques of Egypt. American University of Cairo Press. p. 2. ISBN   9789774167324.
34. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Kairouan". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 366. ISBN   9780195309911.
35. Lafer, Ali. "Sidi 'Uqba (mosque, minaret and tomb)". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
36. Chater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490. ISBN   9789004161214.
37. Daoulatli, Abdelaziz (2018). "La Grande Mosquée Zitouna : un authentique monument aghlabide (milieu du IXe siècle)". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa (in French). Brill. p. 248. ISBN   978-90-04-35566-8.
38. Lamine, Sihem (2018). "The Zaytuna: The Mosque of a Rebellious City". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 269–293. ISBN   978-90-04-35566-8.
39. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 33. ISBN   9780300218701.
40. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN   9780300218701.
41. Great Mosque of Sousse. Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017.
42. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 42. ISBN   9780300218701.
43. Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire". Al-Masaq. 23 (3): 171–188. doi:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063. S2CID   161308864.
44. Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN   9789004161658.
45. Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée (in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. pp. 5, 17–24.
46. Terrasse, Henri (1942). La mosquée des Andalous à Fès (in French). Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. pp. 10–11.
47. Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Libiya (Libyan Arab People's Socialist State)". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 165–166. ISBN   9781134613663.
48. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN   9780300218701.
49. Almagro, Antonio (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura". Al-Qantara. 36 (1): 199–257. doi: 10.3989/alqantara.2015.007 . hdl: 10261/122812 .
50. Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Psychology Press. ISBN   978-0-7007-1124-6.
51. "Kizimkazi Mosque". ArchNet. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
52. Pauly, Martial (10 February 2011). "La mosquée de Tsingoni, la plus ancienne mosquée en activité de France (Tsingoni Mosque, the oldest active mosque in France)". Archeologie Mayotte, Océan Indien (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2017.
53. Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. Bloomsbury. ISBN   9780313331770 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
54. Melton, John Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2002-01-01). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. S – Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 1285. ISBN   9781576072233.
55. Tayob, Abdulkader (1999). Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons. University Press of Florida. pp. 24–. ISBN   978-0-8130-2485-1.
56. le Roux, Schalk (June 2007). "The First Mosque: Caledon Street, Uitenhage" (PDF). Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Kultuurgeskiedenis (South African Journal of Cultural History). 21 (1): 34. hdl:2263/5330.
57. "Visit the Juma Masjid Mosque", Sa-venues.com, 1999–2018, retrieved 2018-05-15
58. Boehm, Eric H. (2000-01-01). Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450–1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. p. 71.
59. Sasongko, Agus (31 January 2019). "Muslim Swaziland Mendamba Masjid" [Swaziland Muslims Longing for Mosque]. Republika (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
60. Arabian American Oil Company; Saudi Aramco; Aramco Services (1987). Aramco world. Aramco. p. 67. Retrieved 5 July 2012. – Then, in 1902, Indonesian Muslims from Java arrived to cultivate Suriname's coastal rice fields, and four years later, the country's first mosque was built at Wanica.
61. J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–. ISBN   978-1-59884-204-3 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
62. Mesquita Brasil: Nossa História Archived 2018-04-23 at the Wayback Machine in Portuguese.
63. David Westerlund; Ingvar Svanberg (13 November 1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 453–. ISBN   978-0-312-22691-6 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
64. Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN   9780312226916 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
65. "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
66. "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
67. Florian Pohl (1 September 2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 374–. ISBN   978-0-7614-7927-7 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
68. Social and Economic Studies. 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
69. "City Mosque celebrating 60 years". Barbados Advocate. 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
70. "Invitation to celebrate the end of the Ramadan". Curaçao Chronicle. 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
71. "Faith facts about Haitian New Yorkers". A Journey through NYC religions. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
72. Guzmán, Roberto Marín (2000). A Century of Palestinian Immigration Into Central America. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN   9789977675879 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
73. Muslim community officially opens Belize City Mosque
74. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (June 2010). Belize and Its People. Continental Press. ISBN   9789987932214 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
75. AA, Daily Sabah with (2016-06-28). "Haiti's first mosque with minaret opens". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
76. Abdul-Ali (August 24, 2005), Jawatha Mosque in danger of going down, Al-Ahsa: Jafariya News
77. Roger Wood (1975). An introduction to Saudi Arabian antiquities. Department of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 151. Retrieved 18 October 2010.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
78. John, Lawton (1991), The Arab Heartland, vol. 42, Saudi Aramco World, archived from the original on 2012-10-04, retrieved 2019-01-20
79. Darke, Diane (2010). Oman: The Brad Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN   9781841623320 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
80. "مسجد الشواذنة – سلطنة عمان". مرصد التراث المعماري والعمراني في البلدان العربية [Observatory of Architectural and Urban Heritage in Arab Countries] (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
81. Costa, Paolo (2001). Historic mosques and shrines of Oman. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. p. 53. ISBN   978-1-84171-230-7.
82. Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9780203203873 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
83. Middle East on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet Publications. 1997-01-01. p. 131. ISBN   9780864424075.
84. "Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past". The National . Emirates 24/7. 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
85. Power, Timothy (2018-09-13). "How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history". The National . Retrieved 2018-10-10.
86. Eugene Harnan (21 August 2011). "Oldest UAE mosque holds onto its secrets".
87. China By Shelley Jiang,pg. 274
88. Fodor's China edited by Margaret Kelly, pg 618
89. Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places By Britannica Educational Publishing, pg. 181–182, Kenneth Pletcher
90. Britannica Educational Publishing; Kenneth Pletcher (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 181. ISBN   9781615301829 . Retrieved 2014-10-18.
91. Farah, Caesar E. (1 February 2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 291–. ISBN   978-0-7641-2226-2 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
92. Heon Choul Kim (2008). The Nature and Role of Sufism in Contemporary Islam: A Case Study of the Life, Thought and Teachings of Fethullah Gulen. pp. 1–. ISBN   978-0-549-70579-6 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
93. "Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat". The Times of India. November 5, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
94. "India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat". The Times of India. 8 December 2017.
95. Sharma, Indu (2018-03-22). "Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat". Gujarat Travel Blog. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
96. Prof.Mehboob Desai,Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar,Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan',24 May,page 4
97. Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad,July 2012,P 444
98. "1400-year-old mosque to be restored to its original form". The Hindu . Retrieved September 7, 2015.
99. "INTERVIEW". iosworld.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
100. Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 814–815 Vol. 4.
101. Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-134-61366-3.
102. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Balkh". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN   9780195309911.
103. Adle, Chahryar (2011). "La mosquée Hâji-Piyâdah / Noh-Gonbadân à Balkh (Afghanistan). Un chef d'oeuvre de Fazl le Barmacide construit en 178-179/794-795 ?". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 155 (1): 565–625. doi:10.3406/crai.2011.93171.
104. "Mosque of Bhambore". discover-pakistan.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
105. "First Mosque of South Asia". Pakistan Today . Retrieved 17 September 2018.
106. "Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan". achinsights.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
107. "Chaqchan Mosque – Pakistan". Dunya News . Retrieved 17 September 2018.
108. Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. m. Angeles; Sam Wong (1 March 2010). Identity in Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 201–. ISBN   978-90-8964-127-4 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
109. Let's Go, Inc. Staff (2004). Let's Go Southeast Asia 9th Edition (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN   978-03123-35670.
110. Richmond, Simon (2010). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei . Lonely Planet. p.  580. ISBN   9781741048872 . Retrieved 15 March 2015. first mosque singapore.
111. Florida, Nancy K. (1995). "5: The Demak Mosque: A Construction of Authority". Babad Jaka Tingkir: Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. ISBN   978-0-8223-1622-0.
112. "300 Years Mosque". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
113. Ariff, Mohamed (1991). The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   9789813016071 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
114. Mann, Sylvia (January 1, 1983). This is Israel: pictorial guide & souvenir. Palphot Ltd. ISBN   9789652800008 – via Google Books.
115. The Arabahmet Mosque, Nicosia, North Cyprus
116. Arabahmet (Arap Ahmet) Mosque in North Nicosia – Cyprus44, the north cyprus guide
117. Magdalino, Paul, et al. "Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia" in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
118. Friday Mosque Archnet. 8-1-2017.
119. Kathryn Petras; Ross Petras (11 June 1996). World Access: The Handbook for Citizens of the Earth . Simon and Schuster. pp.  288–. ISBN   978-0-684-81016-4 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
120. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Córdoba". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 505–508. ISBN   9780195309911.
121. "Aljafería Palace (Islamic part) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum".
122. Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. pp. 118–120. ISBN   3822896322.
123. "Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon". UNESCO World Heritage Center.
124. Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN   9780190624552.
125. Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. pp. 98, 125, 132. ISBN   9781317870418.
126. Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 61. ISBN   3822896322.
127. "Caliphate City of Medina Azahara". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
128. Antonio Pareja (1999). Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999–1999. Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
129. Pareja, Antonio. Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999-1999. [Spain]:Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 1999.
130. Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 88. ISBN   3822896322.
131. Markus Hattstein; Peter Delius (2007). Islam. Arte y arquitectura. Tandem Verlag.
132. Castilla-La Mancha, Descubre e Sciente
133. "Igreja matriz de Mértola". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
134. Mendonça, Isabel; Gordalina, Rosário (2007), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Mértola/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Anunciação (IPA.00000741/PT040209040002) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 17 April 2017
135. "5 Most Impressive Historic Mosques in Spain - History Lists".
136. "Igreja matriz de Loulé". Direção-Geral do Património Cultural.
137. Markus Hattstein and Peter Delius (2007), Mezquita de Tórtoles (Tarazona, ZARAGOZA), Tandem Verlag
138. "San Sebastian Minaret". rondatoday.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
139. Sharr, KBI (March 2007). "Këshilli me xhaminë më të vjetër në rajon". DITURIA ISLAME, Revistë Mujore, Fetare, Kulturore e Shkencore. 200 (xhamitë nëpër këshillat e Kosovës): 50.
140. "Џамијата на Бедр {{in lang|mk}}". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
141. "Najstarija dzamija u BiH – ..::USTIKOLINA::." Ustikolina. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
142. "Xhamia e parë në Shqipëri (1466)". Orientalizmi Shqiptar. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
143. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
144. Albania Explorer Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
145. "Religious buildings with the 'Culture Monument' status". Republic of Albania National Committee for Culture. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
146. Polish Art Studies. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1991-01-01. p. 40.
147. Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna (2011). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe. Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska. ISBN   9788390322957 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
148. ALI H. Žerdin, Ali H. (20 August 2002). "Minaret nad Alpami". Mladina. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
149. Hunter, Shireen; Hunter, Shireen T. (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   9780275976095 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
150. Jorgen S. Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasic (15 October 2009). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. pp. 169–. ISBN   978-90-04-17505-1 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
151. "Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute". Open University. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
152. Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (July 2010). "The first registered mosque in the UK, Cardiff, 1860': the evolution of a myth". Contemporary Islam. 4 (2): 179–193. doi:10.1007/s11562-010-0116-9. ISSN   1872-0218. S2CID   145759796.
153. Gence, Christelle. "Sur les traces de la mosquée du Père Lachaise" . Retrieved 20 March 2024.
154. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2002). Muslim Minorities in the West. Rowman Altamira. ISBN   9780759102187 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
155. Kent, Neil (2005). Helsinki. Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated. ISBN   9781566565448 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
156. Out, Time (2011). Time Out Stockholm. Time Out Guides. ISBN   9781846702303 . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
157. "Iceland". U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
158. "Afghan cameleers in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
159. Abdullah Drury (2006). Islam in New Zealand: the first mosque : a short history of the New Zealand Muslim Association & the Ponsonby Mosque. A. Drury. ISBN   978-0-473-12249-2 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
160. Tejomukti, Ratna Ajeng (3 December 2017). "Tiga Masjid Bersejarah di Tanah Papua" [Three Historical Mosques in Papua] (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2020.
161. M. Alī Kettani (1986). Muslim minorities in the world today. Mansell. p. 227. ISBN   978-0-7201-1802-5 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.
162. Taylor & Francis Group (September 2004). Europa World Year Book 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3363–. ISBN   978-1-85743-255-8 . Retrieved 5 July 2012.

External links

• International Architecture database
• Al-Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Aqsa as the First and Second Mosques on Earth