After Curtis' death in 1933, the yacht was purchased by Pan American Airways, converted to a floating hotel for use in the south Pacific and renamed Southern Seas in a shuttle service from Nouméa to Australia. At the outbreak of World War II, the vessel was taken over by the U.S. Army for use as a passenger and cargo ship until grounded on a New Caledonian reef. The ship was salvaged by the U.S. Navy, repaired in New Zealand, commissioned 23 December 1942 as USS Southern Seas and designated as a Patrol Yacht (PY-32).
Yacht Lyndonia
Lyndonia was named "Yacht of the Year" in the May 1920 issue of The Rudder and described as the largest and most completely fitted vessel of the kind since World War I had put a stop to such construction. She was launched 3 April 1920 with Curtis and a large party of friends as witnesses, including Curtis' captain, A. W. Rich. The ship was expected to be fitted out and ready for the season by 1 June.[2]
The yacht had three decks with the Jacobean style dining saloon, the early Tudor style smoking room, and some accommodations on the main deck. Half of the lower deck was reserved for the owner and guest with six guest staterooms. The owner's apartments were created to resemble those found in a fine home ashore. The ship had a number of boats, the owner's 30-foot launch and a 24-foot crew's launch, two 22-foot lifeboats, and an 18-foot dinghy. She was powered by four Seabury boilers with two oil burners to each and two triple-expansion steam engines with cruising speed of about 16 knots and range of 3,000 miles at that speed or 6,000 at 12 knots. Electricity was furnished by a 15kW and a 30kW General Electric generating set. She was fully equipped for navigation and had a ship stabilizer as well as gyrocompass built by Sperry Gyroscope Company.[2] In 1925, the steam plant was replaced with two diesel engines.[3] The ship had a crew of 39, and Curtis spent considerable time and did much of his business aboard.
In a 1922 interview with New York Times reporter Rose C. Feld, Curtis stated "Yachting is not a hobby with me. It is a necessity. I spend half my time on this ship."[5][6] He noted that most of his meetings with his staff or directors were held in the Lyndonia's dining room and that he stationed the ship to facilitate meetings. Comparing his use, and its position as his second home, he told the reporter "Most yacht owners show an annual run of three thousand miles. Ten thousand miles of cruising is no unusual figure for the Lyndonia.[7] The yacht spent winter months in southern waters with many references to its Florida visits in social pages and returned to Camden for summer with her whistle on arrival signaling "summer" to some.[8]
After Curtis' death on June 7, 1933, the ship was laid up much of the time until sold to Pan American Airways in 1940.[9] Records related to the later sale of the vessel to the U.S. Army in 1940 mention "Corres. re: M. V. Southern Seas, including "A narrative relating to purchase and operation of the M.V. Southern Seas"; Bill of Sale from Mrs. Curtis (wife of owner of The Saturday Evening Post) to Pan American Airways, Inc."[10]
Southern Seas
Pan American Airways
Pan American Airways acquired the ship and made modifications for use as a "hotel" ship and surface link for its Clipper service based in Nouméa to Australia before it acquired landing rights in Australia.[11] By September 1940 the ship was in Sydney for overhaul.[12] The combination air-sea link between San Francisco and Sydney, made necessary by early British air lines' opposition to landing rights, was to be on a seven-day schedule with the ship's twenty luxurious staterooms providing the sea link for forty[13] passengers at a cost of about £24 Australian.[14]
The war in Europe was intruding with the German raider Orion having sunk ships and been active off New Caledonia in mid-August 1940 and even flying a reconnaissance aircraft over Nouméa that observed pro-de Gaulle and anti-Vichy crowds in public areas.[15] Changed plans were indicated by early September with reports in connection with a report of high level visitors, including Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, chairman of Pan American's directors, arriving by Clipper in Auckland by way of Nouméa that the yacht was purchased as a "floating air base" and not as a surface connection to Australia.[16] The tense political situation contributing to these decisions is noted in a report of Mr. Vanderbilt's description of Nouméa with crowds demonstrating in favor of General de Gaulle under the guns of a Vichy warship, the Dumont d'Urville.[17][15] By mid September 1940 agreement had been reached on sharing routes, part of Pacific defense plans reached at a Wellington, New Zealand conference, resulted in plans for the ship's surface shuttle being replaced by its use as a floating transit hotel in Nouméa's harbor while the wartime political situation on the French island was resolved with the September 19 arrival of de Gaulle's representative Henri Sautot backed by HMAS Adelaide.[18][15]
Pan American Clipper at Nouméa, 1941.
By May 1941, the ship was described, in contrast to a somewhat shabby but free Nouméa, as lying a half-mile out in the harbor, a "dazzling white motor yacht" the "embodiment of smartness and comfort" with American officers and drink stewards, Melanesian deck hands and Japanese waiters that make passengers feel like millionaires at least for a night.[19]
The political situation's resolution in Nouméa resulted in the ship and routes being under Free vice Vichy French control of the Pan American air link until U.S. entry into the war.[20][21]
U.S. Army
After 7 December 1941, Pan American abandoned its commercial facilities in the Pacific war zone and requested they be taken over by the U.S. military. Southern Seas, along with other company property, was taken over by the U.S. Army and the seaplane base was kept operational by two Army Engineers, Captain MacCasland and Lieutenant Sauer, after Pan American evacuated its employees shortly after 7 December.[22] On 30 Dec. 1941 the M.V. Southern Seas was purchased from Pan American Airways Inc. by the U.S. Army District Engineer (Hawaii) for the sum of one dollar while settlement was reached on value of the ship. The ship had been recommended for use as a transport supporting U.S. Army construction of South Pacific air ferry route airfields by Leif J. Sverdrup with some work surveying islands for suitable field locations.[10][21]
The Southern Seas was being used in February 1942 for accommodating airbase construction personnel in Nouméa harbor with a meeting aboard described by Captain Norman Miller in I Took The Sky Road between himself, a Lt. Colonel Rich and 'Jack' Sverdrup, in charge of constructing airfields on a number of the islands, during a stop in Nouméa harbor on the return flight of XPBS-1 from Java:[23]
The luxury of the Southern Seas was a far cry from the cramped quarters of the old XPBS, and I remained aboard over night, reveling in comforts previously enjoyed by Pan Am's customers. But the yacht was of no further use to Pan Am. Their service to New Zealand had been discontinued. The yacht was to be turned over to Sverdrup to serve him as a floating office which could follow him around among the islands.
In the meeting, they decided Sverdrup would fly from Nouméa to Suva, Sverdrup's headquarters, with the former yacht following.[23]
On 22 July 1942, in Taruia Pass while en route to Penrhyn Island on an island charting assignment, the ship struck an uncharted reef and her engine rooms were flooded.[10][24]
U.S. Navy
After the collision, the US Navy salvaged Southern Seas and towed her from New Caledonia to New Zealand, where she was docked while the holes in the hull were patched and repairs were made on the main engines. The homeport and navy yard of the Southern Seas was Pearl Harbor, but she had never been there due to her extended operations in the forward areas. When the ship was first commissioned, Commander South Pacific Fleet, who at that time was Admiral Halsey, considered the possibility of using her as his flagship; however, he decided against it, and from that time on Southern Seas was used as a barracks ship for transient officers and enlisted men.[24]
On 12 January 1943, Southern Seas got underway from Auckland, New Zealand, for Noumea, New Caledonia. The ship remained there until June 1943, when she left for Tarawa, Gilbert Island by the way of Funafuti, Ellice Islands. At Tarawa, she again served as a barracks ship and was attached to Commander Aircraft Pacific Fleet at this time.[24]
In February 1944, the Southern Seas departed for Kwajalein Island by the way of Makin, where she again assumed the duties of a barracks ship.[24]
On 25 June 1944, Southern Seas departed from Kwajalein en route to Eniwetok, Marshall Islands in company with SS Pacific Sun and USS YMS-388, where she arrived on 27 June 1944. On 8 August 1944, Southern Seas was ordered to Saipan, Marianas Islands, where she again served as a barracks ship in the forward area. The ship remained at Saipan until 1 January 1945, when she departed for Guam, Marianas Islands. At Guam, the ship was attached to Commander Submarines Pacific Fleet and was moored alongside USSHolland(AS-3).[24]
The ship was used as a quarters ship in Auckland, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Nouméa, Gilbert Islands, Marshall Islands and the Marianas where she was located at Guam at the end of the war. During the time that Southern Seas served as barracks ship, accommodating officials of the United States Government and newspaper correspondents, she compiled an impressive guest list including two vice admirals, thirty rear admirals, fifty-three captains, one lieutenant general, four major generals, six brigadier generals, forty-five newspaper correspondents, the Honorable Mr. Nash, New Zealand Minister to the United States, and Mr. Warren Atherton, National Commander of the American Legion.[25]
On 7 September 1945, Southern Seas was ordered to Okinawa to work directly under Rear Admiral J. D. Price, U3 Navy, who was Commander Naval Operating Base, Okinawa. The ship arrived in Okinawa with the 15 September typhoon. During typhoon "Louise" of 9 October 1945, in which 12 ships were sunk, 222 grounded, and 32 damaged beyond crew's capability to repair, Southern Seas suffered collisions with five other vessels before sinking with the loss of 13 crew.[24][26]
In naval service, the specifications of the ship are given as 230ft (70.1m)long overall and 200ft (61.0m)between perpendiculars, with a beam of 30ft 3in (9.2m) and a draft of 15ft (4.6m).[27] The ship had a full load displacement of 1,116 long tons (1,134t)[24] and a Gross register tonnage of 819.[27] She was powered by two diesel engines,[27] giving a speed of 11kn (13mph; 20km/h). Southern Seas had a crew of 47.[24]
See also
Pacific Clipper for a significant event related to Pan American assets, Nouméa, and the outbreak of war in the Pacific.
USS Chicago (CA-29) was a Northampton-class cruiser of the United States Navy that served in the Pacific Theater in the early years of World War II. She was the second US Navy ship to be named after the city of Chicago. After surviving a midget submarine attack at Sydney Harbour and serving in battle at the Coral Sea and Savo Island in 1942, she was sunk by Japanese aerial torpedoes in the Battle of Rennell Island, in the Solomon Islands, on 30 January 1943.
The third USS Farragut (DD-348) was named for Admiral David Glasgow Farragut (1801–1870). She was the lead ship of her class of destroyers in the United States Navy.
Apra Harbor, also called Port Apra, is a deep-water port on the western side of the United States territory of Guam. It is considered one of the best natural ports in the Pacific Ocean. The harbor is bounded by Cabras Island and the Glass Breakwater to the north and the Orote Peninsula in the south. Naval Base Guam and the Port of Guam are the two major users of the harbor. It is also a popular recreation area for boaters, surfers, scuba divers, and other recreationalists.
The second USS Cummings (DD-365) was a Mahan-class destroyer in the United States Navy, named for Andrew Boyd Cummings. She was a Pacific-based vessel, performing patrol and escort duties before and during World War II. The ship was present at Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941, though she escaped major damage or casualties. Cummings was decommissioned in 1945 and sold for scrap in 1947.
Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar Curtis was an American publisher of magazines and newspapers, including the Ladies' Home Journal and The Saturday Evening Post.
Naval Air Station Alameda was a United States Navy Naval Air Station in Alameda, California, on San Francisco Bay.
USS Southard (DD-207/DMS-10) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the second Navy ship named for Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard (1787–1842).
USS Humphreys (DD-236/APD-12) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Joshua Humphreys, a pioneer US shipbuilder.
USS Patterson (DD-392), a Bagley-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Daniel Todd Patterson, an officer of the US Navy who served in the Quasi-War with France, First Barbary War, and the War of 1812.
Leif Johan Sverdrup was a Norwegian-born American civil engineer and general with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the first half of the 20th century. He is best known for his service in the Southwest Pacific Area during World War II where he was Chief Engineer under General of the Army Douglas MacArthur.
USS Wharton (AP-7) was a troop transport in the service of the United States Navy during World War II. The ship was originally an Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1029 type built for the United States Shipping Board. The ship was laid down as Manmasco but renamed and launched as Sea Girt then completed September 1921 as Southern Cross. The ship was first allocated by the United States Shipping Board to the Munson Steamship Line until purchased by the line in 1925. Munson operated the Southern Cross in the South American trade from 1921 until 1938 when the ship was sold at a Marshall's sale and taken over by the United States Maritime Commission which paid the full mortgage claim.
USS President Jackson (APA-18) was a President Jackson-class attack transport that saw service with the US Navy in World War II and the Korean War. She was the lead ship in her class.
USS President Hayes (APA-20) was a President Jackson-class attack transport that saw service with the US Navy in World War II. It was named for Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th U.S. president.
USS Sonoma (AT-12) was a Sonoma-class fleet tug which had the distinction of serving her country during World War I and World War II. For her work as a tugboat in some very dangerous battle areas, she earned five battle stars during World War II. She ended her battle career when she was sunk by a crashing Japanese bomber.
USS Hunter Liggett (APA-14) was built as an Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) Design 1029 ship, launched as Palmetto State and shortly after renamed Pan America for operation as the United States Shipping Board (USSB) owned liner operated by the Munson Steamship Line on New York to South American service. The ship was acquired by the War Department in February 1939 and renamed Hunter Liggett for operation as the United States Army transport USAT Hunter Liggett mainly between New York and San Francisco.
USS J. Franklin Bell (APA-16) was a Harris-class attack transport ship. She was built in 1921 and spent 20 years in merchant service as a passenger and cargo liner. She was acquired for the United States Army in 1940 and transferred to the United States Navy shortly after the USA entered the Second World War. She served throughout and after the Pacific War, was decommissioned in 1946 and scrapped in 1948.
USS William Ward Burrows was a transport ship that saw service with the United States Navy in World War II. The ship was the former Grace Steamship Company liner MV Santa Rita by Burmeister & Wain and launched in 1929 at Copenhagen, Denmark.
Southern Seas may refer to:
The China Clipper flight departure site is listed as California Historical Landmark number 968. It is the site from which Pan American World Airways initiated trans-Pacific airmail service on November 22, 1935. A flying boat named China Clipper made the first trip, and the publicity for that flight caused all flying boats on that air route to become popularly known as China Clippers. For a few years, this pioneering mail service captured the public imagination like the earlier Pony Express, and offered fast luxury travel like the later Concorde.
The South Pacific air ferry route was initially established in the 1920s to ferry United States Army Air Service aircraft to the Philippines. As the Japanese threat in the Far East increased in 1940, General Douglas MacArthur planned that in the event of war, the United States Army Air Corps would play a major role in defending the Philippines. The reinforcement by the Air Corps of forces in the Philippines, and later Allied forces in Australia, became the basis for developing the South Pacific air ferry route used during World War II.
↑ "Yacht As Air Line Link". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The Argus (Melbourne, Victoria). 22 August 1940. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
↑ "Pacific Air Service—Luxury At Nouméa". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The West Australian (Perth, WA). 10 September 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ "By Air and Sea". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. Examiner (Launceston, Tasmania). 22 August 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
1 2 3 Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp.261–266. Archived from the original on 2009-05-25.
↑ "American Visitors". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The West Australian (Perth). 3 September 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ "Pro-British Feeling In Nouméa". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld). 5 September 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ "Suva To Be Air Base". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 September 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ R. R. Leonard, Special Representative of The Courier-Mail (24 May 1941). "Nouméa, Pacific Outpost . . . Where Frenchmen Retain Freedom". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld). Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ "Vichy Group Evicted From Nouméa". Link: National Library of Australia, Digitised Newspapers. The Courier-Mail (Brisbane). 16 October 1940. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
↑ Dod, Karl C. (1987). The Corps Of Engineers: The War Against Japan. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. p.163. LCCN66-60004.
1 2 Miller, Norman M; Cave, Hugh B. (1945). I Took The Sky Road. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Southern Seas". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
↑ Bureau of Naval Personnel, December 28, 1945, William A. Howard, Author
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