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Independence is a condition of a nation,country,or state,in which residents and population,or some portion thereof,exercise self-government,and usually sovereignty,over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of foreign colonialism;free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.
Since its independence from France in 1962,Algeria has pursued an activist foreign policy. In the 1960s and 1970s,Algeria was noted for its support of Third World policies and independence movements. Since its independence,Algeria has been a member of the Arab League,the African Union and of the United Nations.
Daniel Ellsberg is an American political activist and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation,he precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers,a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War,to The New York Times,The Washington Post and other newspapers.
The Algerian War was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962,which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war,it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. The conflict also became a civil war between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of Algeria,with repercussions in metropolitan France.
The Polisario Front,Frente Polisario,Frelisario or simply Polisario,from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro,is a rebel Sahrawi nationalist liberation movement claiming Western Sahara.
The History of Algeria from 1962 to 1999 includes the period starting with preparations for independence and the aftermath of the independence war with France in the 1960s to the Civil War and the 1999 presidential election.
Decolonization or decolonisation is the undoing of colonialism,the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories,often overseas. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on independence movements in the colonies and the collapse of global colonial empires. Other scholars extend the meaning to include economic,cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience.
The National Liberation Front is a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989. The FLN was established in 1954 from a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary;its armed wing,the National Liberation Army,participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962,the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups,the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election,and has generally remained in power ever since,although sometimes needing to form coalitions with other parties.
United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,better known as NSC 68,was a 66-page top secret National Security Council (NSC) policy paper drafted by the Department of State and Department of Defense and presented to President Harry S. Truman on 7 April 1950. It was one of the most important American policy statements of the Cold War. In the words of scholar Ernest R. May,NSC 68 "provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s." NSC 68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States,the development of a hydrogen bomb,and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the rollback of global Communist expansion a high priority. NSC 68 rejected the alternative policies of friendly détente and containment of the Soviet Union.
The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental,non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington,D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy. The National Security Archive is an investigative journalism center,open government advocate,international affairs research institute,and the largest repository of declassified U.S. documents outside the federal government. The National Security Archive has spurred the declassification of more than 15 million pages of government documents by being the leading non-profit user of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA),filing a total of more than 70,000 FOIA and declassification requests in its over 35+ years of history.
Piero Gleijeses is a professor of United States foreign policy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He is best known for his scholarly studies of Cuban foreign policy under Fidel Castro,which earned him a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2005,and has also published several works on US intervention in Latin America. He is the only foreign scholar to have been allowed access to the Cuba's Castro-era government archives.
Robert J. McMahon is an American historian of the foreign relations of the United States and a scholar of the Cold War. He currently holds the chair of Ralph D. Mershon Distinguished Professor at Ohio State University.
Fatal Misconception:The Struggle to Control World Population is a 2008 book by Matthew Connelly,an associate professor of history at Columbia University.
North Vietnam,officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
The post–Cold War era is a period of history that follows the end of the Cold War,which represents history after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. This period saw many former Soviet Republics become sovereign nations,as well as the introduction of market economies in eastern Europe. This period also marked the United States becoming the world's sole superpower.
The Congress of Soummam was the founding act of the modern Algerian State,and a crucial element of success of the Algerian war for independence. It took place on 20 August 1956 when the FLN's leadership within Algeria met secretly in the Soummam valley to compose a common platform and create a new organizational structure.
Matthew Morris Aid was an American military historian and author. Aid graduated from Beloit College in 1980,having studied international relations. He studied the Russian language,while a member of the United States Air Force,and was a Russian linguist for the National Security Agency,and the Air Force.
The George Louis Beer Prize is an award given by the American Historical Association for the best book in European international history from 1895 to the present written by a United States citizen or permanent resident. The prize was created in 1923 to honor the memory of George Beer,a prominent historian,member of the U.S. delegation at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference,and senior League of Nations official. Described by Jeffrey Herf,the 1998 laureate,as "the Academy Award" of book prizes for modern European historians,it is one of the most prestigious American prizes for book-length history. The Beer Prize is usually awarded to senior scholars in the profession;the American Historical Association restricts its other distinguished European history award,the Herbert Baxter Adams Prize,to young authors publishing their first substantial work.
The Paul Birdsall Prize is an biennial prize given to a historian by the American Historical Association.
Algeria–Yugoslavia relations were historical foreign relations between Algeria and now split-up Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Both countries self-identified with the wider Mediterranean region and shared membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. During the Algerian War Yugoslavia provided significant logistical and diplomatic support to the Algerian side which affected its intra-European relations with France. Yugoslavia was the first European country to openly support the FLN.
References
- Matthew Connelly (2002). A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514513-5. Wikidata Q116851557.
- Matthew Connelly (2008), Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population , Harvard University Press, Wikidata Q5437301
- Matthew Connelly (14 February 2023). The Declassification Engine: What History Reveals About America's Top Secrets. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-1-101-87158-4. Wikidata Q116786691.
- Daniel Kahneman; Gary A. Klein (1 September 2009). "Conditions for intuitive expertise: a failure to disagree". American Psychologist . 64 (6): 515–526. doi:10.1037/A0016755. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 19739881. Wikidata Q35001791.
