Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

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Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
缅甸民族民主同盟军
မြန်မာ့အမျိုးသားဒီမိုကရက်တစ်မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော်
Leader Pheung Daxun [1]
Dates of operation12 March 1989 (1989-03-12) – present
Active regions Kokang, Myanmar
Ideology Kokang nationalism
Size6,000+ [2]
Part ofFlag of Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party(2020-).png Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party  [ zh ]
Allies Northern Alliance [3]

Other allies

OpponentsFlag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Union of Myanmar (until 2011)
Battles and wars Internal conflict in Myanmar
Flag Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg
Website mndaainfo.com
Preceded by
Communist Party of Burma flag (1946-1969).png Communist Party of Burma
Succeeded by
Mongko Region Defence Army (split in 1995)
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Simplified Chinese 缅甸民族民主同盟军
Traditional Chinese 緬甸民族民主同盟軍

Clashes with the Tatmadaw resumed after the military coup, with MNDAA alongside its allies, the Arakan Army and Ta'ang National Liberation Army, attacking a police station south of Lashio, killing at least 14 police officers and burning the station to the ground. [18] MNDAA and TNLA further launched attacks in multiple locations in Northern Shan State on 4 and 5 May 2021, inflicting heavy casualties on the Myanmar military. [19]

The MNDAA were involved in Operation 1027 in October 2023, launching coordinated attacks and seizing junta outposts ranging from Lashio to Hopang Township in northern Shan State. [20] [21]

On 28 October 2023 it was reported that Chinshwehaw had come fully under control of the MNDAA during the ongoing civil war. [22]

On 5 January 2024, MNDAA gained full control of Laukkai, the capital of Kokang, following a mass surrender of the last Burmese military junta forces. [23] [24] In the same day, MNDAA claimed the "liberation" of Kokang. [25]

Criticism

MNDAA has held multiple public executions. The European Union condemned the executions "in the strongest term", calling them "an inhuman and degrading punishment that represents an ultimate denial of human dignity". [26] The group has also been accused of forcibly recruiting migrant workers as fighters and executing deserters. [27]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army and Kokang Army.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang</span> Historically Chinese region in northeastern Myanmar

Kokang is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1,895 square kilometers (732 sq mi). The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by Kokang Chinese, a Han Chinese group living in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar conflict</span> Ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar

Insurgencies have been ongoing in Myanmar since 1948, the year the country, then known as Burma, gained independence from the United Kingdom. The conflict has largely been ethnic-based, with several ethnic armed groups fighting Myanmar's armed forces, the Tatmadaw, for self-determination. Despite numerous ceasefires and the creation of autonomous self-administered zones in 2008, many armed groups continue to call for independence, increased autonomy, or the federalisation of the country. The conflict is the world's longest ongoing civil war, having spanned more than seven decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Kokang incident</span> Ethnic conflict in Myanmar

The Kokang incident was a violent series of skirmishes that broke out in August 2009 in Kokang in Myanmar's northern Shan State. Several clashes between ethnic minorities and the Burmese military junta forces took place. As a result of the conflict, the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China.

Laukkai is the capital of Kokang Self-Administered Zone in the northern part of Shan State, Myanmar. It is located east of the Salween River, which forms part of Myanmar's border with the People's Republic of China at its upper reaches. It is about 10 miles (16 km) away from Nansan, China. In Laukkai, Southwestern Mandarin and Chinese characters are widely used, and the Chinese renminbi is in circulation. It is the main town of Laukkaing Township of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. It is 117 miles (188 km) from Lashio and 42 miles (68 km) from Kongyan. Its population is 23,435. Laukkai is notorious for its gambling, prostitution, human trafficking and online scams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang Chinese</span> Mandarin-speaking ethnic group native to Myanmar

The Kokang people are Mandarin-speaking Han Chinese native to Kokang in Myanmar, administered as the Kokang Self-Administered Zone.

Pheung Kya-shin was the chairman of the Shan State Special Region No. 1 in Myanmar (Burma) and the leader of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) from 1989 to 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokang Self-Administered Zone</span> Self-administered zone in Shan State, Myanmar

The Kokang Self-Administered Zone, as stipulated by the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, is a self-administered zone in northern Shan State. The zone is intended to be self-administered by the Kokang people. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010. It is recognized as illegal by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arakan Army</span> Insurgent group active in Rakhine State, Myanmar

The Arakan Army, officially the Arakha Army is an ethnic armed organisation based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded on 10 April 2009, the AA is the military wing of the United League of Arakan (ULA). It is currently led by Commander-in-Chief Major General Twan Mrat Naing and vice deputy commander-in-chief Brigadier General Nyo Twan Awng. The Arakan Army states that the objective of its armed revolution is to restore the sovereignty of the Arakan people. In a February 2024 interview, Twan Mrat Naing claimed that the AA had grown to at least 38,000 troops. Anthony Davis, an expert of military and security, rejected this claim and estimated that it has at least 15,000 troops in Chin State and Rakhine State, in addition to around 1500 in Kachin State and Shan State. In the early 2010s, the Arakan Army fought alongside the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) against the Tatmadaw in the Kachin conflict. Following the 2016 outbreak of conflict in Rakhine state, AA became more heavily involved in the Arakan region. In 2019, AA launched attacks on state security forces and the Myanmar Army responded, heightening clashes. The AA reached a ceasefire in late 2020 after eroding the central government's control in northern Rakhine. The power vacuum was filled by the AA over the next 18 months with state-building efforts, like their COVID-19 vaccine rollouts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mong Ko</span> Town in Shan, Myanmar

Mong Ko, sometimes spelled Mongko or Monekoe and also known as Man Kan, Man Guo and Panglong, is a town in Mu Se Township, Mu Se District, northern Shan State, Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Kokang offensive</span> 2015 military operations in Myanmar

The 2015 Kokang offensive was a series of military operations launched by the Myanmar Army in 2015 in Kokang in northern Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). Several clashes between the Myanmar Army and Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army had taken place from February to May 2015.

Bai Suocheng or Bai Xuoqian is a Kokang politician from Shan State, Myanmar. He was a former deputy commander of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army who later became the MP of the Amyotha Hluttaw representing Laukkai and first leader of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. In 2024 he was extradited to China for running online and telephone scam centres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ta'ang National Liberation Army</span> Insurgent group in Shan State, Myanmar

The Ta'ang National Liberation Army in Myanmar (Burma), is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF).

The Muse offensive, also known as the Mong Ko offensive, was a joint military operation by members of the Northern Alliance, consisting of the Arakan Army (AA), the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA). The groups targeted towns and border posts along the China–Myanmar border in Muse Township, Myanmar.

Nang Yin, commonly known as Daw Nang Yin, also known as her Chinese name Peng Xinchun, is the current First Lady of Shan State Special region 4 and wife of Sai Leun, the chairman of the National Democratic Alliance Army and the leader of the Shan State Special region 4. She has high-ranking position in the Peace and Solidarity Committee (PSC) of Shan State-East. Nang was a major contributor to peace talks between National Democratic Alliance Army and the government of Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Myanmar since the 2021 coup detat

The Myanmar civil war, also called the Burmese Spring Revolution, Burmese civil war or People's Defensive War, is an ongoing civil war following Myanmar's long-running insurgencies, which escalated significantly in response to the 2021 military coup d'état and the subsequent violent crackdown on anti-coup protests. The exiled National Unity Government and major ethnic armed organisations repudiated the 2008 Constitution and called instead for a democratic federal state. Besides engaging this rebel alliance, the junta also contends with other anti-junta forces in areas under its control. Hannah Beech of The New York Times observed the insurgents are apportioned into hundreds of armed groups scattered across the country.

The following is a timeline of major events during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), following the 2021 military coup d'état and protests. It was also a renewed intensity in existing internal conflict in Myanmar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation 1027</span> 2023–2024 anti-junta military operation in Myanmar

Operation 1027 is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance, a military coalition composed of three ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar: the Arakan Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), allied with other rebel forces in the country, against the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's ruling military junta.

The Three Brotherhood Alliance ;, also known as Brotherhood Alliance, is an alliance between the Arakan Army, Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, and the Ta'ang National Liberation Army formed in June 2019.

Peng Daxun, also known as Peng Deren, is a Burmese Kokang military leader serving as commander of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) since 2009. He is the son of Pheung Kya-shin, his immediate predecessor as commander of the MNDAA, and has waged a war against the Tatmadaw and government of Myanmar to reclaim control over Kokang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Laukkai</span> 2023–2024 military offensive in Myanmar

The Battle of Laukkai was a military offensive conducted by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) encircling and capturing Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone in northeastern Myanmar. The battle was part of the larger Operation 1027, a joint military operation conducted by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition of three ethnic armed organisations and part of the overall renewed civil war in Myanmar.

References

  1. ↑ "Myanmar Peace Monitor - MNDAA". 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  2. ↑ https://mmpeacemonitor.org/1681/mndaa/
  3. ↑ Lynn, Kyaw Ye. "Curfew imposed after clashes near Myanmar-China border". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  4. ↑ Ethnic group in Myanmar said to break cease-fire Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Associated Press. 28 August 2009.
  5. ↑ Fredholm, Michael (1993). Burma: ethnicity and insurgency. Praeger. p. 205. ISBN   978-0-275-94370-7.
  6. 1 2 South, Ashley (2008). Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN   978-0-203-89519-1.
  7. 1 2 Rotberg, Robert (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.
  8. ↑ Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). Myanmar: the state, community and the environment. ANU E Press. p. 69.
  9. 1 2 Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
  10. ↑ A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts (PDF). Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma. 2004. ISBN   978-9749243343. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  11. ↑ Johnston, Tim (29 August 2009). "China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  12. ↑ Mullen, Jethro; Mobasherat, Mitra. "Myanmar says Kokang rebels killed 47 of its soldiers". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  13. ↑ 果敢资讯网 (31 October 2023). 缅甸掸邦第一特区军事管制委员会对敌伪人员的通令（汉/缅） (in Chinese). 网易新闻. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  14. ↑ 果敢资讯网 (7 November 2023). （评论）缅伪政权统治果敢的十宗罪. 网易新闻. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  15. ↑ "Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons". Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  16. ↑ "Deadly clashes hit Kokang in Myanmar's Shan state". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  17. ↑ "Myanmar rebel clashes in Kokang leave 30 dead". BBC News. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  18. ↑ Eckert, Paul (10 April 2021). "Ethnic Army Alliance Kills 14 Myanmar Police in Dawn Raid as Death Toll Mounts in Bago". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  19. ↑ "TNLA, MNDAA Claim to Have Killed Dozens of Myanmar Junta Troops in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 5 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Watch, Dawei (27 October 2023). "၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေးအဖြစ် ရှမ်းမြောက်ပိုင်းရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ စစ်ရေးပစ်မှတ်များကိုဝင်တိုက်" (in Burmese). Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  21. ↑ "Ethnic rebel alliance attacks military positions across northern Myanmar". Al Jazeera . 27 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  22. ↑ Zan, Hein Htoo (28 October 2023). "Ethnic Alliance Report Rapid Gains From Myanmar Junta Along Chinese Border". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  23. ↑ "MNDAA captures military command centre outside Laukkai, taking full control of city". Myanmar Now. 5 January 2024.
  24. ↑ "Myanmar Regime Raises the White Flag in Kokang Zone on China Border in Shan State". The Irrawaddy. 5 January 2024.
  25. ↑ "MNDAA Liberates Kokang From Myanmar Junta". The Irrawaddy. 6 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "Video shows rebel group sentencing own fighters to death for 'abuse of power'". Radio Free Asia . 25 April 2024.
  27. ↑ "MNDAA Accused of Forcibly Recruiting Myanmar Migrants, Killing Deserters". The Irrawaddy. 16 May 2024. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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