The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race,color,religion,sex,and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements,racial segregation in schools and public accommodations,and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".
In United States labor law,a hostile work environment exists when one's behavior within a workplace creates an environment that is difficult or uncomfortable for another person to work in,due to illegal discrimination. However,a working environment that is unpleasant and frightening for the victim due to sexual advances that have been denied by the victim,is what constitutes hostile work environment sexual harassment. Common complaints in sexual harassment lawsuits include fondling,suggestive remarks,sexually-suggestive photos displayed in the workplace,use of sexual language,or off-color jokes. Small matters,annoyances,and isolated incidents are usually not considered to be statutory violations of the discrimination laws. For a violation to impose liability,the conduct must create a work environment that would be intimidating,hostile,or offensive to a reasonable person. An employer can be held liable for failing to prevent these workplace conditions,unless it can prove that it attempted to prevent the harassment and that the employee failed to take advantage of existing harassment counter-measures or tools provided by the employer.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that was established via the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to administer and enforce civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race,color,national origin,religion,sex,age,disability,genetic information,and retaliation for participating in a discrimination complaint proceeding and/or opposing a discriminatory practice.
Cari M. Dominguez is an American who was the 12th Chair of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). She was nominated by President George W. Bush and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Her five-year term expired on July 1,2006.
The President's Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) was established to advise the President of the United States on issues concerning the status of women. It was created by John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10980 signed December 14,1961. In 1975 it became the National Association of Commissions for Women.
Employment discrimination law in the United States derives from the common law,and is codified in numerous state,federal,and local laws. These laws prohibit discrimination based on certain characteristics or "protected categories". The United States Constitution also prohibits discrimination by federal and state governments against their public employees. Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution,but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law,including the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal law prohibits discrimination in a number of areas,including recruiting,hiring,job evaluations,promotion policies,training,compensation and disciplinary action. State laws often extend protection to additional categories or employers.
Executive Order 10925,signed by President John F. Kennedy on March 6,1961,required government contractors,except in special circumstances,to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race,creed,color,or national origin". It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (PCEEO),which was chaired by then Vice President Lyndon Johnson. Vice Chair and Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg was responsible for the "general supervision and direction" of the Committee's operations. Ten other senior executive appointees also sat on the Committee.
Executive Order 13087 was signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on May 28,1998,amending Executive Order 11478 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce. The order also applies to employees of the government of the District of Columbia,and the United States Postal Service. However,it does not apply to positions and agencies in the excepted service,such as the Central Intelligence Agency,National Security Agency,and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Christine M. Griffin is an American lawyer. From 2011 to 2013 she served as Assistant Secretary for Disability Policies and Programs for the Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services.
Chai Rachel Feldblum is an American author and activist for disability and LGBT rights. A former law professor at Georgetown University Law Center,she served as Commissioner at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. She was nominated to the position on the EEOC by president Barack Obama in 2009. In April 2010,she received a recess appointment to the EEOC,and in December 2010 she was confirmed to serve on the EEOC by the United States Senate. The Senate confirmed her in December 2013 for a second term on the Commission which expired in July 2018.
Human resource management in public administration concerns human resource management as it applies specifically to the field of public administration. It is considered to be an in-house structure that ensures unbiased treatment,ethical standards,and promotes a value-based system.
Gilbert F. Casellas is an American lawyer and businessman. He is a private investor and business consultant in the Washington,D.C. area,a director of Prudential Financial,trustee of the University of Pennsylvania,and advisor to Toyota Motor North America,T-Mobile US,and Comcast Corporation. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations,the American Law Institute,trustee of the Pan American Development Foundation and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Workplace Harassment Second Edition 2018 published by Bloomberg Law.
Bernice Resnick Sandler was an American women's rights activist. She is best known for being instrumental in the creation of Title IX,a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972,in conjunction with representatives Edith Green and Patsy Mink and Senator Birch Bayh in the 1970s. She has been called "the Godmother of Title IX" by The New York Times. Sandler wrote extensively about sexual and peer harassment towards women on campus,coining the phrase "the chilly campus climate".
Jacqueline Ann Berrien,often known as Jackie Berrien,was an American civil rights attorney and government official. From 2009 to 2014,Berrien served as chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) under President Barack Obama. Prior to this,Berrien had served as Associate Director Counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.
Patricia E. "Pat" Ryan is a human rights and women's rights advocate. She served as executive director of the Maine Human Rights Commission,a state agency tasked with enforcement of Maine's anti-discrimination laws,for over three decades. Prior to that,she chaired the Maine Commission for Women and the Maine State Personnel Board. She was a co-founder of the Maine Women's Lobby. She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 2014.
Sexual harassment in the workplace in US labor law has been considered a form of discrimination on the basis of sex in the United States since the mid-1970s. There are two forms of sexual harassment recognized by United States law:quid pro quo sexual harassment and behavior that creates a hostile work environment. It has been noted that a number of the early sexual harassment cases were brought by African American women and girls.
Victoria Ann Lipnic is an American lawyer and public figure. She served in multiple senior United States government positions. She was Commissioner of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC),nominated to two terms by President Barack Obama,2010 –2020.) She served as Chair (Acting) of the EEOC under President Donald J. Trump from 2017 –2019. Prior to her appointments to the EEOC,she was Assistant Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush. The United States Senate confirmed her unanimously to each of these positions.
Eric Stefan Dreiband is an American lawyer. While a partner at Jones Day,he was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. The Senate confirmed his appointment on October 11,2018.
Jenny Rae Yang is an American attorney and public official. In 2021,Yang was appointed by President Joe Biden to serve as the Director of Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs,an agency within the Department of Labor.
Charlotte A. Burrows is an American attorney and government official. Since 2021,Burrows has served as Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Burrows first joined the agency as a commissioner in 2015,and previously served as an associate deputy attorney general. A member of the Democratic Party,Burrows also served as an aide and counsel to Senator Ted Kennedy.
