Pan-pan

Last updated

The radiotelephony message PAN-PAN is the international standard urgency signal that someone aboard a boat, ship, aircraft, or other vehicle uses to declare that they need help and that the situation is urgent, [1] [2] [3] but for the time being, does not pose an immediate danger to anyone's life or to the vessel itself. [4] This is referred to as a state of "urgency". This is distinct from a mayday call (distress signal), which means that there is imminent danger to life or to the continued viability of the vessel itself. [5] Radioing "pan-pan" informs potential rescuers (including emergency services and other craft in the area) that an urgent problem exists, whereas "mayday" calls on them to drop all other activities and immediately begin a rescue.

Contents

The exact representation of PAN in Morse code is the urgency signal XXX, which was first defined by the International Radiotelegraph Convention of 1927. [6]

Etymology

As with "mayday" (from venez m'aider, "come help me"), the urgency signal pan-pan derives from French. In French, a panne [pan] is a breakdown, such as a mechanical failure. In English, it is sometimes pronounced as /pɑːn/ PAHN and sometimes as /pæn/ PAN. [7] [8] [9]

A three-letter backronym, "possible assistance needed" or "pay attention now" derives from pan. Maritime and aeronautical radio communications courses use those as mnemonics to convey the important difference between mayday and pan-pan. [10] [11] [12]

Usage

To declare pan-pan correctly, the caller repeats it three times: "Pan-pan, pan-pan, pan-pan," [13] [14] then states the intended recipient, either "all stations, all stations, all stations," or a specific station, e.g. "Victoria Coast Guard Radio, Victoria Coast Guard Radio, Victoria Coast Guard Radio." Then the caller states their craft's identification, position, nature of the problem, and the type of assistance or advice they require, if any. [1] An equivalent Morse code signal was "X X X", with each letter sent distinctly.

Medical transports

The phrase "PAN-PAN MEDICAL" is reserved for medical transports. It is used to announce and identify medical transports. [15] [16]

Medical advice

One special case of "pan-pan" is to ask for medical advice. This is a normal "pan-pan" call that includes a phrase such as "request medical advice" and the craft identification, position, and nature of the medical problem. It should not be confused with the term "PAN-PAN MEDICAL" which is reserved for medical transports. [15] [16]

This type of call is specifically for getting a physician's advice for a medical problem that does not, in the opinion of the skipper or master of the vessel, seem life-threatening. The phrase "pan-pan medico" appears in some older reference books, but is not a correct usage. [17] [18]

Once patched through, a physician or other medical expert on land or in another vessel typically asks the radio operator to detail the symptoms and history of the condition, and provide any available patient medical history. The physician typically recommends first aid treatment and gives other advice based on what resources are available on board. In some cases, the medical issue may be urgent enough to escalate the pan-pan to a mayday call for immediate intervention by rescuers, if possible.

Nautical uses

Examples of the correct use of a "pan-pan" call from a boat or ship may include the following cases, provided the skipper or master remains confident they can handle the situation, and that there is no current danger to the life of any person or to the safety of the vessel. Once the urgent situation that led to the pan-pan broadcast is resolved or contended with, conventional practice is for the station that initiated the pan-pan call to make a followup broadcast to all stations, declaring that the urgent situation no longer exists.

A call that originates as a "pan-pan" signal might be followed by a Mayday distress signal if the situation deteriorates to the point of "grave and imminent danger," thus warranting immediate action (intervention, assistance, response) on the part of listeners in accordance with standard operating practices for distress signaling.

Fouled propeller, engine failure or out of fuel
Provided the vessel is now either anchored or under sail and safe from any immediate danger of collision or stranding. The crew may plan to clear the propeller, refuel from an onboard supply, hoist sail, or use alternative propulsion. Alternatively, as part of the pan-pan call, the skipper may request a tow from a suitable vessel, if possible, but without immediate urgency.
Small fire on board – now extinguished
Fire is dangerous afloat, but if it was small and contained, and is now certainly put out, and with no injury to people, then a "pan-pan" call is appropriate to warn others that investigations are underway to establish the extent of the damage, clear the smoke from below, and re-establish passage as soon as possible.
Unsure of position
Provided there is no apparent danger of stranding or hitting rocks, a pan-pan call on marine VHF radio may allow nearby coast-stations, and perhaps other vessels, to triangulate the source of the transmissions and provide a fix and perhaps offer advice on the best course to safety.
Man-overboard recovery
In a man overboard situation, a pan-pan call on VHF makes other nearby vessels aware of the situation and ensures that they keep a lookout, avoid coming too close, avoid excessive wake or otherwise interfering. It also alerts them that the recovery vessel is manoeuvring for urgent life-saving, and therefore may not manoeuvre in accordance with International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS). In a more critical situation –the recovery vessel has lost sight of the person overboard, the person overboard is unconscious, there is a danger of hypothermia, or other grave risk to life –a mayday call is more appropriate, so that other nearby vessels can help rather than keep clear.
Overdue vessel
The Canadian and U.S. Coast Guards (and likely similar maritime safety agencies in other countries[ citation needed ]) issue "urgent marine information broadcasts" concerning vessels reported overdue, as part of the process of a 'communications search' or 'pre-com' phase of uncertain, possible distress, as determined under the authority of a maritime rescue co-ordination centre or joint maritime-aeronautical rescue co-ordination centre. [19] The message content, a description of the vessel under the apprehension of being missing, its last known position, the date or time last heard from, and the supposed route or passage plan of the vessel, is preceded by the procedure words pan-pan and is addressed to "all stations." Any stations having information concerning the whereabouts of the named vessel are asked to communicate with and report same to the nearest coast guard station.
Imminent collision alert
A pan-pan call is warranted to attempt urgent radio contact with an approaching vessel that may be in danger or is approaching a dangerous close-quarters situation that would risk collision. This would be a 'bridge-to-bridge' communication, and could be combined with five or more short horn or whistle blasts, which is the "Your intentions are unclear or not understood" signal. [20] A short blast is one second long, compared to a prolonged blast of four to six seconds under the COLREGS. An urgent warning could also be given over the radio, for example, if the called vessel appears unaware that it is at risk of striking a person in a small boat or a swimmer. A loud hailer could also be used along with a radio warning.
Medical assistance
Any immediate risk to life makes a "mayday" call more appropriate. If the vessel is heading to shore and wants an ambulance crew at the dock, the local Coast Guard station can arrange this. A physician or other trained medical advisor may also be available on the radio, perhaps by patching through via telephone from ashore or from a nearby vessel. [17] The UK Radiocommunications Authority at one time promulgated a "pan-pan medico" [21] call for cases where someone needed medical help at sea. However, this was never an international procedure word and is not part of the ITU Radio Regulations or related international standards (e.g. International Maritime Organization or ICAO procedures).

Marine rescue organisations, such as Coastal Patrol, Coast Guard, and Search and Rescue listen on marine radio frequencies for all distress calls including "pan-pan". These organisations can coordinate or assist and can relay such calls to other stations that may be better able to do so.

Aeronautical uses

Aeronautical situations that require urgent assistance but do not pose an immediate threat to life include:

Pan-pan calls may be made on the aircraft emergency frequency, but they are more often made on the frequency already in use, or another appropriate frequency.

ICAO Annex 10, Volume V, § 4.1.3.1.1 states "the emergency channel (121.5 MHz) shall be used only for genuine emergency purposes". However, ICAO member states can deviate from this rule. In the United Kingdom, pilots may make "practice PAN" or "training fix" calls. [23] [24] Practice Mayday calls are not permitted. [25]

See also

Related Research Articles

Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications.

Sécurité is a procedure word used in the maritime radio service that warns the crew that the following message is important safety information. The most common use of this is by coast radio stations before the broadcast of navigational warnings and meteorological information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon</span> Distress radio beacon, a tracking transmitter that is triggered during an accident

An emergency position-indicating radiobeacon (EPIRB) is a type of emergency locator beacon for commercial and recreational boats, a portable, battery-powered radio transmitter used in emergencies to locate boaters in distress and in need of immediate rescue. In the event of an emergency, such as a ship sinking or medical emergency onboard, the transmitter is activated and begins transmitting a continuous 406 MHz distress radio signal, which is used by search-and-rescue teams to quickly locate the emergency and render aid. The signal is detected by satellites operated by an international consortium of rescue services, COSPAS-SARSAT, which can detect emergency beacons anywhere on Earth transmitting on the distress frequency of 406 MHz. The satellites calculate the position or utilize the GPS coordinates of the beacon and quickly passes the information to the appropriate local first responder organization, which performs the search and rescue. As Search and Rescue approach the search areas, they use Direction Finding (DF) equipment to locate the beacon using the 121.5 MHz homing signal, or in newer EPIRBs, the AIS location signal. The basic purpose of this system is to help rescuers find survivors within the so-called "golden day" during which the majority of survivors can usually be saved. The feature distinguishing a modern EPIRB, often called GPIRB, from other types of emergency beacon is that it contains a GPS receiver and broadcasts its position, usually accurate within 100 m (330 ft), to facilitate location. Previous emergency beacons without a GPS can only be localized to within 2 km (1.2 mi) by the COSPAS satellites and relied heavily upon the 121.5 MHz homing signal to pin-point the beacons location as they arrived on scene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SOS</span> International Morse code distress signal

SOS is a Morse code distress signal, used internationally, originally established for maritime use. In formal notation SOS is written with an overscore line, to indicate that the Morse code equivalents for the individual letters of "SOS" are transmitted as an unbroken sequence of three dots / three dashes / three dots, with no spaces between the letters. In International Morse Code three dots form the letter "S" and three dashes make the letter "O", so "S O S" became a common way to remember the order of the dots and dashes. IWB, VZE, 3B, and V7 form equivalent sequences, but traditionally SOS is the easiest to remember.

A distress signal, also known as a distress call, is an internationally recognized means for obtaining help. Distress signals are communicated by transmitting radio signals, displaying a visually observable item or illumination, or making a sound audible from a distance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">His Majesty's Coastguard</span> National maritime rescue service covering the United Kingdom

His Majesty's Coastguard (HMCG) is the section of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency responsible, through the Secretary of State for Transport to Parliament, for the initiation and co-ordination of all maritime search and rescue (SAR) within the UK Maritime Search and Rescue Region. This includes the mobilisation, organisation and tasking of adequate resources to respond to persons either in distress at sea, or to persons at risk of injury or death on the cliffs or shoreline of the United Kingdom. Since 2015 it has also been responsible for land-based search and rescue helicopter operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine VHF radio</span> Radios operating in the very high frequency maritime mobile band

Marine VHF radio is a worldwide system of two way radio transceivers on ships and watercraft used for bidirectional voice communication from ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore, and in certain circumstances ship-to-aircraft. It uses FM channels in the very high frequency (VHF) radio band in the frequency range between 156 and 174 MHz, inclusive, designated by the International Telecommunication Union as the VHF maritime mobile band. In some countries additional channels are used, such as the L and F channels for leisure and fishing vessels in the Nordic countries. Transmitter power is limited to 25 watts, giving them a range of about 100 kilometres.

The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is a worldwide system for automated emergency signal communication for ships at sea developed by the United Nations' International Maritime Organization (IMO) as part of the SOLAS Convention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital selective calling</span> Marine radio standard

Digital selective calling (DSC) is a standard for transmitting predefined digital messages via the medium-frequency (MF), high-frequency (HF) and very-high-frequency (VHF) maritime radio systems. It is a core part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS).

Radiotelephony procedure includes various techniques used to clarify, simplify and standardize spoken communications over two-way radios, in use by the armed forces, in civil aviation, police and fire dispatching systems, citizens' band radio (CB), and amateur radio.

The aircraft emergency frequency is a frequency used on the aircraft band reserved for emergency communications for aircraft in distress. The frequencies are 121.5 MHz for civilian, also known as International Air Distress (IAD) or VHF Guard, and 243.0 MHz—the second harmonic of VHF guard—for military use, also known as Military Air Distress (MAD) or UHF Guard. Earlier emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) used the guard frequencies to transmit, but an additional frequency of 406 MHz is used by a more modern emergency locator transmitter.

In telecommunications, radio silence or Emissions Control (EMCON) is a status in which all fixed or mobile radio stations in an area are asked to stop transmitting for safety or security reasons.

A second mate or second officer (2/O) is a licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship holding a Second Mates Certificate of Competence, by an authorised governing state of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The second mate is the third in command and a watchkeeping officer, customarily the ship's navigator. Other duties vary, but the second mate is often the medical officer and in charge of maintaining distress signaling equipment. On oil tankers, the second mate usually assists the chief mate with the cargo operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Coastwatch Institution</span> Voluntary organisation of marine observatories

The National Coastwatch Institution is a voluntary organisation and registered charity, providing a visual watch along the UK's coasts, and is not to be confused with HM Coastguard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Man overboard</span> Exclamation given aboard a vessel to indicate that someone has fallen off of the ship

"Man overboard!" is an exclamation given aboard a vessel to indicate that a member of the crew or a passenger has fallen off of the ship into the water and is in need of immediate rescue. Whoever sees the person fall is to shout, "Man overboard!" and the call is then to be reported once by every crewman within earshot, even if they have not seen the victim fall, until everyone on deck has heard and given the same call. This ensures that all other crewmen have been alerted to the situation and notifies the officers of the need to act immediately to save the victim. Pointing continuously at the victim may aid the helmsman in approaching the victim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2182 kHz</span> Radio distress frequency

2182 kHz is a radio frequency designed exclusively for distress calls and related calling operations in the maritime service.

Procedure words are words or phrases limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate communication by conveying information in a condensed standard verbal format. Prowords are voice versions of the much older procedural signs for Morse code which were first developed in the 1860s for Morse telegraphy, and their meaning is identical.

The Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Victoria (JRCC Victoria) is a rescue coordination centre operated by the 1 Canadian Air Division (Canadian Armed Forces) and staffed by personnel of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG).

An international distress frequency is a radio frequency that is designated for emergency communication by international agreement.

An emergency locator beacon is a radio beacon, a portable battery powered radio transmitter, used to locate airplanes, vessels, and persons in distress and in need of immediate rescue. Various types of emergency locator beacons are carried by aircraft, ships, vehicles, hikers and cross-country skiers. In case of an emergency, such as the aircraft crashing, the ship sinking, or a hiker becoming lost, the transmitter is deployed and begins to transmit a continuous radio signal, which is used by search and rescue teams to quickly find the emergency and render aid. The purpose of all emergency locator beacons is to help rescuers find survivors within the so-called "golden day", the first 24 hours following a traumatic event, during which the majority of survivors can usually be saved.

References

  1. 1 2 "Safety and Distress Radiotelephone Procedures". Transport Canada. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  2. ↑ District Eleven Response (dr). "Search and Rescue: Calling the Coast Guard". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  3. ↑ 1st Coast Guard District (6 September 2001). "Special Notice To Mariners" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 13 August 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ "RIC-22 – General Radiotelephone Operating Procedures". ic.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11.
  5. ↑ "RIC-22 – General Radiotelephone Operating Procedures". ic.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11.
  6. ↑ "International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, 1927" (PDF). search.itu.int. pp. 87–88. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
  7. ↑ Sara Hopkinson (14 November 2008). VHF Afloat. Fernhurst Books Limited. pp. 53–. ISBN   978-1-912177-41-7. The origin of pan pan is from the French "en panne" meaning broken down.
  8. ↑ Popular Electronics. Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. 1974. According to regulations, don't have an emergency unless you know the exact meaning of these three terms: Mayday, Pan and Security. They're of French origin and describe the exact degree of distress.
  9. ↑ Angus Stevenson; Maurice Waite (18 August 2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition. OUP Oxford. pp. 1035–. ISBN   978-0-19-960111-0. An international radio distress signal, of less urgency than a Mayday signal. Origin 1920s: pan from Fr. panne 'breakdown'.
  10. ↑ "Aviation Radio (AVI30316). Part 1 – Aircraft Radio Operation". ausacademy.org. Australian Unmanned Systems Academy (AUSA). Retrieved 3 May 2021. PAN – As a Three-Letter Acronym (TLA): "Possible assistance needed" "Pay attention now". The TLA is derived from "pan" and is used in maritime and aeronautical radio communications courses as a mnemonic to radio and communications operators. Note: it is very important remember the difference between mayday and pan-pan emergency communications.
  11. ↑ Capt. David Moriarty (30 December 2014). Practical Human Factors for Pilots. Elsevier Science. pp. 168–. ISBN   978-0-12-800786-0.
  12. ↑ Mike Westin; Olle Landsell; Nina Olofsson (11 March 2021). Seamanship 2.0: Everything you need to know to get yourself out of trouble at sea. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 122–. ISBN   978-1-4729-7704-5.
  13. ↑ Transport Canada: "PAN PAN"
  14. ↑ "Air Traffic Organization Policy, Order JO7110.65W" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
  15. 1 2 "Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronautical Telecommunications. Volume II: Communication Procedures including those with PANS status. Sixth Edition, October 2001" (PDF). ICAO. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  16. 1 2 Lees, Graham; Williamson, William (4 July 2013). Handbook for Marine Radio Communication 5E. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-134-46377-0 . Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  17. 1 2 Tim Bartlett (2009). VHF handbook. Southampton: The Royal Yachting Association. p. 53. ISBN   978-1-905104-03-1.
  18. ↑ Port, Andy Du (18 May 2021). Reeds VHF Handbook. Bloomsbury USA. p. 91. ISBN   978-1-4729-8144-8 . Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  19. ↑ "Marine Communications and Traffic Services". Government of Canada.
  20. ↑ "Navigation Rules Online". uscg.gov.
  21. ↑ "Non-GMDSS VHF Radiotelephone Procedures". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  22. 1 2 "When to Call Mayday Versus Pan-Pan – ATC Communication". Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  23. ↑ https://www.raf.mod.uk/sites/raf-beta/assets/File/95E50AF2_D570_FF5F_478C01766B2F43C8(1).pdf
  24. ↑ "Distress and Diversion Cell: A Practical Guide to Practice Pan and Training Fix | Get into Flying". 26 July 2021.
  25. ↑ Radiotelephony Manual (CAP 413) https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP413%20E23%20A1%2026Nov2020.pdf
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.