Rebutia | |
---|---|
Rebutia minuscula var. wessneriana | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Caryophyllales |
Family: | Cactaceae |
Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
Tribe: | Cereeae |
Subtribe: | Rebutiinae |
Genus: | Rebutia K.Schum. |
Type species | |
Rebutia minuscula | |
Synonyms [1] | |
|
Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. They are generally small, colorful cacti, globular in form, which freely produce flowers that are relatively large in relation to the body. They have no distinctive ribs, but do have regularly arranged small tubercles. They are considered fairly easy to grow and they may produce large quantities of seeds that germinate freely around the parent plant.
The limits of the genus are currently uncertain – in particular whether or not it includes species formerly or currently placed in the genera Aylostera , Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia . The number of species included varies widely from source to source. A very large number of plants that have been treated in cultivation as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of a much smaller number of species.
The genus was designated in 1895 by Karl Moritz Schumann [2] and named after Pierre Rebut (1828–1902), a French cactus nurseryman. The type species is R. minuscula, which has been in cultivation since 1887. [3] [4]
There has been considerable debate about the extent of the genus. In the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to separate groups of plants within Rebutia as new genera, e.g. Mediolobivia, whereas towards the end of the century the reverse tendency predominated, with genera previously regarded as separate, such as Weingartia, being subsumed within Rebutia. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there was a broad consensus, as reflected in Kew's list of Vascular Plant Families and Genera, that the following genera should be regarded as synonyms of Rebutia: [5]
Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts Aylostera Speg. [6] and Reicheocactus Backeb. 1942. [7]
(The generic names Bridgesia, Spegazzinia, Echinorebutia, Eurebutia, Mediorebutia, Neogymnantha and Setirebutia are invalid, the first two because they are homonyms of BridgesiaBert. ex Cambess. and SpegazziniaBackeb. respectively, [8] the remainder for lack of any valid publication. Some of these are nevertheless valid names for subdivisions of the genus.[ citation needed ])
The history of the taxonomic treatment of the genera Rebutia, Aylostera, Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia is summarized below. [9]
K. Schumann | Britton & Rose | Spegazzini | A. V. Frič | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1895 | 1896 - 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1932 - 1938 |
Rebutia genus novum | Echinocactus Echinopsis | Rebutia renovation | Rebutia | Rebutia |
Rebutia | Rebutia | Aylostera genus novum | Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia, Echinorebutia, Setirebutia, Hymenorebutia, Scopaerebutia | |
C. Backeberg | Donald | ICSG Anderson | Rowley | Mosti & Papini [9] |
1966 | 1975 | 2001 | 2009 | 2011 |
Rebutia K. Schum. | Rebutia sectio Rebutia | Rebutia | Rebutia subg. Rebutia | Rebutia |
Aylostera Speg. | Rebutia sectio Aylostera | Rebutia | Aylostera subg. Aylostera | Aylostera subg. Aylostera |
Mediolobivia Backeb. | Rebutia sectio Setirebutia, Digitorebutia, Cylindrorebutia | Rebutia | Aylostera subg. Mediolobivia | Aylostera subg. Mediolobivia |
Weingartia Werderm. syn.Spegazzinia Backeb. | Weingartia | Rebutia | Rebutia subg. Weingartia | Weingartia |
Sulcorebutia Backeb. | Sulcorebutia | Rebutia | Rebutia subg. Sulcorebutia | Weingartia incl. Cintia |
The variation in the treatment of the genus is illustrated by the difference between Mosti et al., who in 2011 treated Aylostera and Weingartia (including Cintia and Sulcorebutia) as distinct from Rebutia, [9] and Plants of the World Online, which as of October 2023 [update] continued to separate Aylostera, but merged Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia into Rebutia. [1]
The number of species is similarly debatable, because of disagreement both over what constitutes the genus and what constitutes a species. A very large number of plants that have circulated as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of others. [10] E. F. Anderson recognised forty-one species in 2001. [11] The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of October 2023 [update] : [1]
Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|
Rebutia arenacea Cárdenas | Bolivia | |
Rebutia borealis Diers & Krahn | Bolivia | |
Rebutia breviflora (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt | Bolivia | |
Rebutia canigueralii Cárdenas | Bolivia. | |
Rebutia cardenasiana (R.Vásquez) G.Navarro | Bolivia | |
Rebutia cintia Hjertson | Bolivia. | |
Rebutia cylindrica (Donald & A.B.Lau) Donald | Central Bolivia | |
Rebutia fabrisii Rausch | Argentina | |
Rebutia fidaiana (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt | Bolivia | |
Rebutia glomeriseta Cárdenas | Bolivia | |
Rebutia krugerae (Cárdenas) Backeb. | Bolivia | |
Rebutia mentosa (F.Ritter) Donald | Bolivia. | |
Rebutia minuscula K.Schum. | Argentina | |
Rebutia nataliarum V.Gapon | Bolivia. | |
Rebutia neocumingii (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt | Peru to Bolivia. | |
Rebutia neumanniana (Backeb.) D.R.Hunt | Bolivia to Argentina | |
Rebutia oligacantha (F.H.Brandt) Donald ex D.R.Hunt | Bolivia | |
Rebutia padcayensis Rausch | Bolivia to Argentina (Salta) | |
Rebutia steinbachii Werderm. | Bolvia | |
Rebutia tiraquensis Cárdenas | Bolivia | |
Recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below. [12]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Species formerly classified as Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia show a close relationship to each other and to species of Rebutia with naked pericarpels (Rebutia II), including the type species R. minuscula. The larger group of species of Rebutia studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade (Rebutia I). It is suggested that these be excluded from the genus. [12]
Echinopsis is a large genus of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cactus, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. One small species, E. chamaecereus, is known as the peanut cactus. The 128 species range from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines.
Cleistocactus is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to mountainous areas - to 3,000 m (9,843 ft) - of South America. The name comes from the Greek kleistos meaning closed because the flowers hardly open.
In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.
Eriosyce is a genus of cacti native to Chile.
Oreocereus is a genus of cacti, known only from high altitudes of the Andes. Its name means "mountain cereus", formed from the Greek prefix oreo- and the Neo-Latin cereus, meaning wax or torch.
Aylostera, is a genus of cactus, native to central Bolivia and north western Argentina.
Bridgesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. The sole species, Bridgesia incisifolia, is a shrub native to South America in Chile.
Reicheocactus, is a monotypic genus of cactus in the family Cactaceae, native to north western Argentina. It has only one known species; Reicheocactus famatimensis(Speg.) Schlumpb.
Weingartia is a genus in the family Cactaceae, with species native to Bolivia and Argentina. Molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that it may be distinct from Rebutia. It is treated as a synonym of that genus by Plants of the World Online as of September 2023, but recognized as an alternative generic name in the third edition of the CITES Cactaceae Checklist. It may also be treated as Rebutia subg. Weingartia.
The Cactoideae are the largest subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae. Around 80% of cactus species belong to this subfamily. As of August 2018, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010. Various revisions have been published since, e.g. to the tribe Hylocereeae and the tribe Echinocereeae. Classifications remained uncertain as of March 2019.
Tephrocactus articulatus is a species of cactus in the subfamily Opuntioideae of the plant family Cactaceae. They usually grow branches up to one foot tall with white flowers. Propagation is usually through cuttings. Stem segments easily break away and will root without special treatment. Plants may also be grown from seeds. Spring blooms open at end-of-evening nautical twilight, and close shortly after sunrise.
Carlo Luigi Spegazzini, in Spanish Carlos Luis Spegazzini, was an Italian-born Argentinian botanist and mycologist.
Rebutia minuscula is a species of cactus from South America found in northern Argentina and Bolivia. It is the type species of the genus Rebutia. As its synonym Rebutia senilis it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Its cultivars 'Krainziana', 'Marsoneri' and 'Violaciflora' are also listed as having gained the Award of Garden Merit.
Aylostera albopectinata is a species of Aylostera from Bolivia.
Acanthocalycium thionanthum is a species of Acanthocalycium from Argentina.
Aylostera pulvinosa, synonym Rebutia pulvinosa, is a species of cactus in the genus Aylostera, native to Bolivia. Aylostera albiflora has been treated as Aylostera pulvinosa subsp. albiflora.
Aylostera pygmaea, synonyms including Rebutia pygmaea, is a species of cactus in the genus Aylostera, native to Bolivia and northwest Argentina. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Aylostera leucanthema is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia. It was first described in 1975 as Rebutia leucanthema.
Neoraimondia arequipensis, synonym Neoraimondia macrostibas, is a tree-like cactus native to western Peru. It was first described in 1835 as Cereus arequipensis.
Aylostera albiflora, synonym Rebutia albiflora, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia. It was first described by Curt Backeberg in 1963 as Rebutia albiflora.