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Espionage,spying,or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence). A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring,in the service of a government,company,criminal organization,or independent operation,can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine,as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances,it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others,it may be illegal and punishable by law.
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the intelligence agency of the United States during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the United States Armed Forces. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda,subversion,and post-war planning.
Spy fiction is a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device. It emerged in the early twentieth century,inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers,and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II,continued to develop during the Cold War,and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states,international criminal organizations,global terrorist networks,maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies. As a genre,spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure,the thriller and the politico-military thriller.
An intelligence agency is a government agency responsible for the collection,analysis,and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement,national security,military,public safety,and foreign policy objectives.
The Security Service,also known as MI5,is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6),Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ),and Defence Intelligence (DI). MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC),and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests and to counter terrorism and espionage within the United Kingdom (UK).
Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War between the Western allies and the Eastern Bloc. Both relied on a wide variety of military and civilian agencies in this pursuit.
The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's Signal Intelligence Service and later absorbed by the National Security Agency (NSA),that ran from February 1,1943,until October 1,1980. It was intended to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. Initiated when the Soviet Union was an ally of the US,the program continued during the Cold War,when the Soviet Union was considered an enemy.
In espionage jargon,a mole is a long-term spy who is recruited before having access to secret intelligence,subsequently managing to get into the target organization. However,it is popularly used to mean any long-term clandestine spy or informant within an organization. In police work,a mole is an undercover law-enforcement agent who joins an organization in order to collect incriminating evidence about its operations and to eventually charge its members.
Intelligence assessment,or simply intel,is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation,based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information (intelligence). Assessments develop in response to leadership declaration requirements to inform decision-making. Assessment may be executed on behalf of a state,military or commercial organisation with ranges of information sources available to each.
Rupert William Simon Allason is a British former Conservative Party politician and author. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Torbay in Devon,from 1987 to 1997. He writes books and articles on the subject of espionage under the pen name Nigel West.
The United Kingdom –United States of America Agreement is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia,Canada,New Zealand,the United Kingdom,and the United States. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as the Five Eyes. In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY,with the individual countries being abbreviated as AUS,CAN,NZL,GBR,and USA,respectively.
As early as the 1920s,the Soviet Union,through its GRU,OGPU,NKVD,and KGB intelligence agencies,used Russian and foreign-born nationals,as well as Communists of American origin,to perform espionage activities in the United States,forming various spy rings. Particularly during the 1940s,some of these espionage networks had contact with various U.S. government agencies. These Soviet espionage networks illegally transmitted confidential information to Moscow,such as information on the development of the atomic bomb. Soviet spies also participated in propaganda and disinformation operations,known as active measures,and attempted to sabotage diplomatic relationships between the U.S. and its allies.
MI10,or Military Intelligence,section 10, was a department of the British Directorate of Military Intelligence,part of the War Office. It was established in the middle of 1940 and was responsible for weapons and technical analysis during World War II and early in the Cold War.
The Directorate of Military Intelligence (DMI) was a department of the British War Office.
This is an English language bibliography of scholarly books and articles on the Cold War. Because of the extent of the Cold War,the conflict is well documented.
Spying,as well as other intelligence assessment,has existed since ancient history. In the 1980s scholars characterized foreign intelligence as "the missing dimension" of historical scholarship." Since then a largely popular and scholarly literature has emerged. Special attention has been paid to World War II,as well as the Cold War era (1947–1989) that was a favorite for novelists and filmmakers.
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS),commonly known as MI6,is the foreign intelligence service of the United Kingdom,tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence on foreign nationals in support of its Five Eyes partners. SIS is one of the British intelligence agencies and the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service ("C") is directly accountable to the Foreign Secretary.
The Government of the United Kingdom maintains several intelligence agencies that deal with secret intelligence. These agencies are responsible for collecting,analysing and exploiting foreign and domestic intelligence,providing military intelligence,and performing espionage and counter-espionage. Their intelligence assessments contribute to the conduct of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom,maintaining the national security of the United Kingdom,military planning,public safety,and law enforcement in the United Kingdom. The four main agencies are the Secret Intelligence Service,the Security Service (MI5),the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI). The agencies are organised under three government departments,the Foreign Office,the Home Office and the Ministry of Defence.
The Secret Royals:Spying and the Crown,from Victoria to Diana is a book by Richard J. Aldrich and Rory Cormac about the relationship between the British royal family and British intelligence agencies. It was published in 2021 by Atlantic Books. In the forward to the book Aldrich and Cormac write of the difficulty of researching the book,noting that "writing about spies is challenging;writing about royals is more difficult;and writing about spies and royals has sometimes seemed impossible".
Gary D. Rawnsley is a British political scientist whose research is located at the intersection of international relations and international communication. Rawnsley writes extensively on soft power,public and cultural diplomacy,propaganda,international broadcasting,media and democracy,and political cinema. He is the author/editor of 13 scholarly books,and the book review editor of Journal of International Communication and International Journal of Taiwan Studies. Since 2023,he has been Professor of Public Diplomacy &Soft Power and Head of the School of Social &Political Sciences,University of Lincoln. From 2020 to 2022,Rawnsley was a professor of public diplomacy at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC),and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (FHSS) of this university.
References
- ↑ "Richard J. Aldrich". University of Warwick. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
- 1 2 Ruby, Mary (2010). Contemporary Authors New Revision Series: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Non-Fiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, and Other Fields. Gale Research Inc. ISBN 978-1414439679.
- ↑ David, David (2021-10-07). "The Secret Royals by Richard Aldrich and Rory Cormac review – spying and the crown". the Guardian. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
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