Shambhu Das

Last updated

Shambhu Das
Born1934
Benares, India
Genres Hindustani classical, Indo jazz
Occupation(s)Musician, teacher
Instruments Sitar
Website shambhudas.com

Shambhu Das (born 1934) is an Indian classical musician and educator. He is best known for his long association with Ravi Shankar, on whose behalf Das has acted as an ambassador for Indian music in Canada since the early 1970s, and his friendship with George Harrison of the Beatles, whom Das helped teach sitar in 1966. His assistance in Harrison's immersion in Indian culture helped inspire the Beatles' career direction and, due to the band's popularity and influence, the direction of the 1960s counterculture. In 1970, Das established the Indian Music Department at Toronto's York University, where he taught for four years.

Contents

Das recruited the Indian musicians and played sitar on Harrison's 1968 solo album Wonderwall Music , which was partly recorded in Bombay. He occasionally accompanied Shankar at his concerts and has performed himself throughout North America, Europe and India. From the 1990s, Das's work has increasingly drawn on the connection between music and meditation as a means of physical and spiritual healing. In the early 2000s, he formed the Indo jazz ensemble Shanti. A 24-hour sitar recital he gave in Toronto in October 2004, undertaken as a benefit for those affected by floods in India and Bangladesh, is recognised by Guinness World Records as the longest non-stop sitar performance.

Early years and musical apprenticeship

Das was born in the Hindu holy city of Benares, in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. [1] He was brought up in the Bengali Hindu tradition. His father was a restaurateur who supplied food to the Allied forces during World War II. Das says his first memory of hearing an Indian classical raga was a performance by a shehnaist outside a temple. [2]

Das was first taught sitar by a music tutor who visited his home. He then attended Theosophical college, where his studies continued under the Dagar brothers. [2] He also studied tabla and vocal technique. [3] During a concert held at the college, Das met Ravi Shankar, whom Das asked to accept him as a sitar student. [2] He attended Benares Hindu University, graduating with a master's degree in music in 1959. [4] That year, Das joined Shankar in Bombay, [5] where he became part of Shankar's household, occasionally accompanied his guru in concert, and also served as his personal assistant. [2] He studied sitar under Shankar in the strict guru–shishya tradition [6] in which Shankar had trained under Allauddin Khan. [7]

Kinnara School of Music

By the early 1960s, Das was one of Shankar's most advanced students, or protégés, along with Shamim Ahmed Khan, Kartick Kumar and Amiyo Das Gupta. [8] He was among the musicians selected to teach instrumental classes when Shankar founded his Kinnara School of Music in Bombay, [9] which opened in July 1962. [10] The school staged recitals and productions of Shankar's orchestral works, such as Nava Rasa Ranga in 1964, performed by the teachers and students. [11]

In September 1966, Das assisted in teaching sitar to George Harrison of the Beatles. [12] After fans and the press learnt of Harrison's presence in Bombay, prompting scenes of Beatlemania outside his hotel, [3] Das accompanied Shankar and Harrison to Dal Lake in Kashmir, [13] where Harrison's training continued. [14] He and Das struck up a friendship as the majority of Harrison's musical education involved learning Indian scales, [15] a task that Shankar delegated to Das. [16] During this visit by Harrison, Das escorted him to Benares and other sites of cultural significance. [17] [18] [nb 1] There, Harrison saw first-hand the aspects of Hindu culture and religiosity that would inform his work with the Beatles, including their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , and influence the direction of the 1960s counterculture in the West. [15] [20] [21]

When Shankar moved to Los Angeles in 1967 and set up a branch of the Kinnara school there, [22] Das took over the running of the Bombay school. [23] In January 1968, he played sitar on Harrison's Wonderwall Music album, which was recorded at HMV Studios in Bombay. Das recruited the other local musicians for the sessions, [24] which also produced the Beatles' 1968 B-side "The Inner Light". [25] He appeared in the film Raga , [26] a documentary on Shankar that includes scenes filmed over 1967–68 at the two Kinnara centres. [27] [28] In an interview in 2005, Das told The New Indian Express that he recalled visiting Chennai (formerly Madras) in 1968 to film the scenes there for Raga. [29]

Writing in 2013 in the journal Popular Music History, ethnomusicologist Jeffrey Cupchik said that Das's contribution to Harrison's musical and spiritual development, and its considerable influence on Western culture, had arguably been overlooked, as historians tend to focus only on the enduring association between Harrison and Shankar. [30] He described Das and Harrison's friendship as "a relationship that has yet to be addressed fully by popular music historians". [31]

Toronto

In 1970, Shankar organised for Das to move to Canada [31] to help promote Indian classical music in North America, through a program of lectures, public performances and private tuition. [3] Between 1970 and 1974, Das taught at York University in Toronto, [32] where he co-founded the Indian Music Department. [3] [nb 2] He then taught sitar and vocal technique at Sangeet, a private music school. [9]

Continuing his association with his guru, Das helped organise Shankar's concerts in Canada. [32] He also acted as Shankar's business manager, negotiating fees for private recitals for celebrities such as Peter Sellers. [34] In August 1976, Das played tambura at Shankar's dusk-to-dawn recital at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, a concert celebrating the twentieth anniversary of his first public appearance in the US. [35] [nb 3] Das himself performed concerts in India, North America and Europe, and made appearances on CBC television and radio. [3]

In 1994, Das made two cassette recordings, titled Dhyanam and Shanti Vani, of musical pieces designed to accompany yoga and meditation practice. The two collections were endorsed by Sri Chinmoy of the United Nations Meditation Centre in New York, and became popular among practitioners throughout Canada and the United States. [3] In 1996, Das published the book Music and Meditation, written with Samprasad Majumdar. The book sought to further understanding of the connection between Indian classical music and meditation incorporating Vedic mantras. [3] It introduced a musical–spiritual concept termed DH3M (deep hypnosis music-meditation method), which Das espoused as a cure for psychological and physical pain. [37] In the book, he describes DH3M as a "combination of Western science and Eastern wisdom, of ancient philosophy and collaboration of celestial music". [38]

In the early 2000s, Das formed the band Shanti, an Indo jazz ensemble. [2] The name was taken from the Sanskrit word for peace, since the band's music was intended to "raise one's sense of inner divine peace". [39] In 2003, the ten-piece ensemble comprised three sitars, tambura, two tablas, electric keyboard, soprano saxophone, electric guitar, bass guitar and vocals. [39] Das credited Harrison and the Wonderwall Music project with inspiring his move towards Indo jazz. [2] [nb 4]

In 2004, Das responded to an initiative launched by the Ontario premier, Dalton McGuinty, to contribute humanitarian aid to citizens of India, Bangladesh and Nepal after the region had been subject to devastating floods. [40] On 8–9 October, Das performed a 24-hour sitar marathon at the University of Toronto's William Doo Auditorium [41] to raise awareness and funds for those affected in India and Bangladesh. [42] Das overcame poor health to complete the day-long performance; as stipulated beforehand, [40] he left the stage only for toilet breaks, during which his place was taken by one of his students. [41] The performance was recognised by Guinness World Records as the longest sitar recital. [41] In September 2005, the Federation of Bangladeshi Associations in North America (FOBANA) presented him with an award for "his outstanding contribution in promoting Bengali culture to the new generation". [9]

After debuting the work in Chicago in 2007, Das presented In Search of Peace – Music and Meditation, a combination of performance and lecture, in Chennai in February 2008. A solo presentation, it included an alap (based on raga Komal Rishabh Asavari) that incorporated aspects of Hindustani classical, fusion, and Indo jazz, accompanied by a video projection of scenes from Benares and the Ganges. [43]

The Toronto Star has described Das as "one of India's most distinguished musicians". [44] When asked in a 2010 interview for Canada's National Post why he had never attempted to become a commercial recording artist, Das replied: "I love to perform, but I am not sure that what I have to offer is as good as or better than my guru ... If my guru's work is a work of gold, perhaps I can compare my style to silver, with a few glints of gold that I have received from my teacher." [2]

Personal life

Since the late 1970s, Das has lived with him family in Scarborough in the east of Toronto. [2] In 1992, his only son died in an automobile accident. As a result of this loss, Das returned to India and lived in monasteries there, a period of reflection and re-energising that led to his meditation-based recordings and book later in the 1990s. [3]

Several years after his return to Toronto, Das suffered a major heart attack. He was persuaded to re-engage with his passion for music by Shankar, [3] whose son Shubho had also died in 1992, and who himself has begun to suffer serious heart problems at this time. [45] [46]

According to Cupchik, who interviewed Das at his Toronto home in 2003, Das was intending to write an autobiography at that time. [47] With reference to Das's stated wish that he be more widely recognised for his contribution to Harrison's introduction to Indian culture, Cupchick said that, rather than opportunism on Das's part, such an account would be more "a way of affirming his own identity". [6] [nb 5]

Notes

  1. According to the history supplied with the India-related memorabilia on display at the 2009 For George exhibition in Liverpool, Harrison's hometown in Britain, Harrison was so grateful to Das that he gave him his sitar. [19]
  2. York University went on to adopt a full study program in "world music". The university's professor emeritus R. Sterling Beckwith, who initiated the program from his arrival there in 1969, recalled discussing with Shankar the idea of introducing applied Indian music studies: "He was intrigued and recommended his sitar disciple Shambhu Das, who as it turned out, was already living in Toronto." [33]
  3. The concert was released on a live album, titled Nine Decades Vol. IV: A Night at St. John the Divine, [36] by the Ravi Shankar Foundation's East Meets West Music label in 2014. [35]
  4. In Cupchik's view, working with Harrison on Wonderwall Music in 1968 also inspired Das's subsequent forays into "bridging the spiritual–musical aspects of Indian and Western music in a more explicitly eschatological vein". [38]
  5. Cupchik added that, had Das been searching for greater recognition in "Beatles historiography" in 2003, his standing had since risen through the 2004 Guinness World Book feat and his international concert schedule. [48]

Related Research Articles

Ravi Shankar Indian musician and sitar player

Ravi Shankar, whose name is often preceded by the title Pandit (scholar), was an Indian sitarist and composer. Considered by many to be a virtuosic player of the sitar, he became the world's best-known exponent of North Indian classical music in the second half of the 20th century, and influenced many musicians in India and throughout the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999.

<i>Wonderwall Music</i> 1968 soundtrack album by George Harrison

Wonderwall Music is the debut solo album by English musician George Harrison and the soundtrack to the 1968 film Wonderwall, directed by Joe Massot. Released in November 1968, it was the first solo album by a member of the Beatles, and the first album issued on the band's Apple record label. The songs are all instrumental pieces, except for occasional non-English language vocals, and mostly comprise short musical vignettes. Following his Indian-styled compositions for the Beatles since 1966, he used the film score to further promote Indian classical music by introducing rock audiences to instruments that were relatively little-known in the West – including shehnai, sarod, tar shehnai and santoor. The Indian pieces are contrasted by Western musical selections, in the psychedelic rock, experimental, country and ragtime styles.

Within You Without You 1967 song by the Beatles

"Within You Without You" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Written by lead guitarist George Harrison, it was Harrison's second composition in the Indian classical style, after "Love You To", and was inspired by his stay in India in late 1966 with his mentor and sitar teacher, Ravi Shankar. Recorded in London without the other Beatles, the song features Indian instrumentation such as sitar, tambura, dilruba and tabla, and was performed by Harrison and members of the Asian Music Circle. The recording marked a significant departure from the Beatles' previous work; musically, it evokes the Indian devotional tradition, while the overtly spiritual quality of the lyrics reflects Harrison's absorption in Hindu philosophy and the teachings of the Vedas.

Raga rock

Raga rock is rock or pop music with a pronounced Indian influence, either in its construction, its timbre, or its use of Indian musical instruments, such as the sitar and tabla. In addition, rock music from the 1960s and 1970s that incorporates South Asian musical influences and instruments, along with Western ideas of the Indian subcontinent, is often regarded as raga rock.

The Inner Light (song) 1968 single by the Beatles

"The Inner Light" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by George Harrison. It was released on a non-album single in March 1968, as the B-side to "Lady Madonna". The song was the first Harrison composition to be issued on a Beatles single and reflects the band's embrace of Transcendental Meditation, which they were studying in India under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the time of the single's release. After "Love You To" and "Within You Without You", it was the last of Harrison's three songs from the Beatles era that demonstrate an overt Indian classical influence and are styled as Indian pieces. The lyrics are a rendering of a poem from the Taoist Tao Te Ching, which he set to music on the recommendation of Juan Mascaró, a Sanskrit scholar who had translated the passage in his 1958 book Lamps of Fire.

<i>Raga</i> (film) 1971 American film

Raga is a 1971 documentary film about the life and music of Indian sitarist Ravi Shankar, produced and directed by Howard Worth. It includes scenes featuring Western musicians Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison, as well as footage of Shankar returning to Maihar in central India, where as a young man he trained under the mentorship of Allauddin Khan. The film also features a portion of Shankar and tabla player Alla Rakha's acclaimed performance at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival.

John Barham is an English classical pianist, composer, arranger, producer and educator. He is best known for his orchestration of George Harrison albums such as All Things Must Pass (1970) and for his association with Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Barham trained at the Royal College of Music and the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, before establishing himself during the mid 1960s as a composer of piano interpretations of Indian classical ragas. He became a student of Shankar, for whose East–West collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin and others he transcribed Indian melodies into Western musical annotation. Through Shankar, Barham began a long friendship with Harrison in 1966, then a member of the Beatles, which assisted Harrison's own education in Indian music as well as his promotion of the genre to Western audiences. Barham collaborated with Harrison on the latter's Wonderwall Music soundtrack album (1968), before providing the orchestral arrangements for All Things Must Pass songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord", and for Harrison's 1973 album Living in the Material World.

Ravi Shankars Music Festival from India

Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India was an Indian classical music revue led by sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar intended for Western concert audiences and performed in 1974. Its presentation was the first project undertaken by the Material World Charitable Foundation, set up the previous year by ex-Beatle George Harrison. Long a champion of Indian music, Harrison also produced an eponymous studio album by the Music Festival orchestra, which was released in 1976 on his Dark Horse record label. Both the CD format of the Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India album and a DVD of their performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London were issued for the first time on the 2010 Shankar–Harrison box set Collaborations.

<i>In Concert 1972</i> 1973 live album by Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan

In Concert 1972 is a double live album by sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar and sarodya Ali Akbar Khan, released in 1973 on Apple Records. It was recorded at the Philharmonic Hall, New York City, in October 1972, and is a noted example of the two Hindustani classical musicians' celebrated jugalbandi (duet) style of playing. With accompaniment from tabla player Alla Rakha, the performance reflects the two artists' sorrow at the recent death of their revered guru, and Khan's father, Allauddin Khan. The latter was responsible for many innovations in Indian music during the twentieth century, including the call-and-response dialogue that musicians such as Shankar, Khan and Rakha popularised among Western audiences in the 1960s.

I Am Missing You

"I Am Missing You" is a song by Indian musician Ravi Shankar, sung by his sister-in-law Lakshmi Shankar and released as the lead single from his 1974 album Shankar Family & Friends. The song is a rare Shankar composition in the Western pop genre, with English lyrics, and was written as a love song to the Hindu god Krishna. The recording was produced and arranged by George Harrison, in a style similar to Phil Spector's signature sound, and it was the first single issued on Harrison's Dark Horse record label. Other contributing musicians include Tom Scott, Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, Ringo Starr and Jim Keltner. A second version appears on Shankar Family & Friends, titled "I Am Missing You (Reprise)", featuring an arrangement closer to a folk ballad.

<i>Chants of India</i> 1997 studio album by Ravi Shankar

Chants of India is an album by Indian musician Ravi Shankar released in 1997 on Angel Records. Produced by his friend and sometime collaborator George Harrison, the album consists of Vedic and other Hindu sacred prayers set to music, marking a departure from Shankar's more familiar work in the field of Hindustani classical music. The lyrical themes of the recorded chants are peace and harmony among nature and all creatures. Sessions for the album took place in the Indian city of Madras and at Harrison's home in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, following his work on The Beatles' Anthology (1995). Anoushka Shankar, John Barham, Bikram Ghosh, Tarun Bhatacharaya and Ronu Majumdar are among the many musicians who contributed to the recording.

<i>Joi Bangla</i> 1971 EP by Ravi Shankar

Joi Bangla is an EP by Indian sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar, issued in August 1971 on Apple Records. The recording was produced by George Harrison and its release marked the first in a series of occasional collaborations between the two musicians that lasted until the Chants of India album in 1997. Shankar recorded the EP in Los Angeles, to help raise international awareness of the plight faced by refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War, in advance of his and Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh shows at Madison Square Garden, New York. Side one of the disc consists of two vocal compositions sung in Bengali, of which the title track was a message of unity to the newly independent nation, formerly known as East Pakistan. The third selection is a duet by Shankar and sarodya Ali Akbar Khan, supported by Alla Rakha on tabla, a performance that presaged their opening set at the Concert for Bangladesh.

Kamala Chakravarty is an Indian classical musician and former dancer, known for her association with sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. From 1967 until the late 1970s, she accompanied Shankar, in the role of tambura player and singer, in a number of acclaimed performances, including the Monterey International Pop Festival (1967), his Human Rights Day duet with violinist Yehudi Menuhin (1967), the Concert for Bangladesh (1971) and the Music Festival from India (1974). She also lived with Shankar as his wife from 1967 to 1981, during which he was still married to musician and teacher Annapurna Devi.

The Asian Music Circle was an organisation founded in London, England, in 1946, that promoted Indian and other Asian styles of music, dance and culture in the West. The AMC is credited with having facilitated the assimilation of the Indian subcontinent's artistic traditions into mainstream British culture. Founded by Indian writer and former political activist Ayana Angadi and his English wife, Patricia Fell-Clarke, a painter and later a novelist, the organisation was run from their family home in the north London suburb of Finchley.

<i>Ravi Shankar: In Celebration</i> 1996 compilation album by Ravi Shankar

Ravi Shankar: In Celebration is a compilation box set by Indian classical musician and composer Ravi Shankar, released in 1996 on Angel Records in conjunction with Dark Horse Records. The four discs cover Shankar's international career, from the 1950s to the mid 1990s, and include recordings originally released on the World Pacific, HMV, Angel, Apple, Dark Horse and Private Music record labels. Shankar's friend George Harrison compiled and co-produced the set, which was issued as part of year-long celebrations for Shankar's 75th birthday.

"Ride Rajbun" is a song by English musician George Harrison. It was released in 1992 on the multi-artist charity album The Bunbury Tails, which was the soundtrack to the British animated television series of the same name. Harrison co-wrote the song's lyrics with Bunbury Tails creator David English. The eponymous Rajbun was a character in the series, one of a team of cricket-playing rabbits – in this case, from Bangalore in India. The composition is in the style of a nursery rhyme or children's song, while the all-Indian instrumentation on the recording recalls some of Harrison's compositions for the Beatles during 1966–68.

<i>Collaborations</i> (Ravi Shankar and George Harrison album) 2010 box set by Ravi Shankar & George Harrison

Collaborations is a four-disc compilation box set by Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar and former Beatle George Harrison. Released in October 2010 on Dark Horse Records, it compiles two studio albums originally issued on that label – the long-unavailable Shankar Family & Friends (1974) and Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India (1976) – and Chants of India, first issued on Angel Records in 1997. Although all three albums were originally Shankar releases, for which Harrison served in the role of music producer and guest musician, both Shankar and Harrison are credited as artists on the box set. Each of the collaborative projects represents a departure from Shankar's more typical work as a sitarist and performer of Hindustani classical ragas, with the box set showcasing his forays into, variously, jazz and rock, Indian folk and orchestral ensembles, and devotional music.

<i>Ravi Shankars Festival from India</i> 1968 studio album by Ravi Shankar

Ravi Shankar's Festival from India is a double album by Indian musician and composer Ravi Shankar, released on World Pacific Records in December 1968. It contains studio recordings made by a large ensemble of performers, many of whom Shankar had brought to the United States from India. Among the musicians were Shivkumar Sharma, Jitendra Abhisheki, Palghat Raghu, Lakshmi Shankar, Aashish Khan and Alla Rakha. The project presented Indian classical music in an orchestral setting, so recalling Shankar's work as musical director of All India Radio in the years before he achieved international fame as a soloist during the 1960s.

Rijram Desad, often credited as Rij Ram Desad, was an Indian classical musician, multi-instrumentalist and teacher, based in Bombay. Beginning in the early 1940s, he performed on many Indian film soundtracks and in ballet presentations. He was known for his versatility as a musician and his ability to master a wide range of percussion and string instruments. According to cultural historian Naseem Khan, his skill on the jal tarang had become "legendary" by the mid 1970s.

Kinnara School of Music Music school in Maharastra

The Kinnara School of Music was a music school founded in Bombay, India, in 1962 by Indian classical musician Ravi Shankar. With his increased popularity and influence in the West, he opened a second branch of the school in Los Angeles in May 1967. Shankar's concept for Kinnara was to further the strict guru–shishya tradition of musical education that he had experienced under his teacher, Allauddin Khan, in the 1940s. The Bombay centre staged productions of orchestral works by Shankar, including Nava Rasa Ranga.

References

  1. Steve Turner, Beatles '66: The Revolutionary Year, Ecco (New York, NY, 2016; ISBN   978-0-06-247558-9), p. 326.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Geoffrey Clarfield, "Good Enough to Teach the Beatles, But Not to Record", National Post , 15 November 2010, p. A12 (retrieved 3 February 2019).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Times of India staff, "Shambhu Das Sets World Record", The Times of India , 29 July 2005; available at shambhudas.com.
  4. Ajit Jain, "Shambhu Das Regales Audiences in Monterrey", India Abroad (Toronto Edition), 2 November 2007, p. 1; available at shambhudas.com.
  5. Turner, p. 321.
  6. 1 2 Jeffrey W. Cupchik, "Polyvocality and Forgotten Proverbs (and Persons): Ravi Shankar, George Harrison and Shambhu Das", Popular Music Journal, April 2013 (vol. 8, no. 1), p. 81; available at academia.edu (retrieved 6 February 2019).
  7. Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN   0-8264-2819-3), p. 51.
  8. Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ISBN   1-56649-104-5), p. 170.
  9. 1 2 3 "Shambhu Das Biography", shambhudas.com (retrieved 5 February 2019).
  10. Shankar, pp. 168, 70.
  11. Shankar, pp. 171–72.
  12. Shankar, pp. 192–93.
  13. Turner, pp. 325–26.
  14. Lavezzoli, p. 177.
  15. 1 2 Neil Spencer, "Eastern Rising", Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967), Emap (London, 2002), p. 78.
  16. Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ISBN   1-86074-489-3), p. 206.
  17. Clayson, pp. 206–07.
  18. Cupchik, pp. 76, 79.
  19. Katie Hickox, "Liverpool George Harrison Exhibition Wows Fans", Beatle News, 22 August 2009 (retrieved 5 February 2019).
  20. Paul Oliver, Hinduism and the 1960s: The Rise of a Counter-Culture, Bloomsbury Academic (London, 2014; ISBN   978-1-47253-155-1), pp. 65–66.
  21. Cupchik, pp. 87–88.
  22. Shankar, pp. 162, 196.
  23. Bill Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, Virgin Books (London, 2003; ISBN   978-0-7535-0822-0), p. 61.
  24. Clayson, p. 235.
  25. Lavezzoli, pp. 182–84.
  26. Credits, Raga: A Film Journey into the Soul of India DVD, East Meets West/Apple Films, 2010 (produced and directed by Howard Worth; reissue produced by Shyama Priya & Cat Celebrezze).
  27. Lavezzoli, p. 184.
  28. Howard Thompson, "Screen: Ravi Shankar; 'Raga,' a Documentary, at Carnegie Cinema", The New York Times , 24 November 1971, p. 23 (retrieved 26 August 2015).
  29. K. Praveen Kumar, "Shambu Das: 'Westerners enjoy Carnatic music'", The New Indian Express , 21 January 2005; available at shambhudas.com.
  30. Cupchick, pp. 68–70.
  31. 1 2 Cupchik, p. 83.
  32. 1 2 Cupchik, p. 70.
  33. Andrew Timar, "York Music's World Class Role", The Whole Note , 24 February 2016 (retrieved 4 February 2019).
  34. Clayson, p. 340.
  35. 1 2 "Ravi Shankar's 1976 All-Night Concert Out on East Meets West Music", Unfinished Side, 16 July 2014 (retrieved 4 February 2019).
  36. "Nine Decades Volume 4: A Night At St. John The Divine", eastmeetswestmusic.com (retrieved 4 February 2019).
  37. Cupchik, pp. 69, 86.
  38. 1 2 Cupchik, p. 86.
  39. 1 2 Barry Prophet, "East Meets West at Harbourfront", M(a)gizone, fall 2003; available at shambhudas.com (retrieved 5 February 2019).
  40. 1 2 Ajit Jain, "Floods in India Move McGuinty", India Abroad , 27 August 2004, p. 6; available at shambhudas.com.
  41. 1 2 3 Ajit Jain, "Shambhu Das Makes It to Guinness Book", India Abroad (Toronto Edition), 5 August 2005, p. 1; available at shambhudas.com.
  42. Cupchik, p. 82fn.
  43. Lalithaa Krishnan, "Subdued, Emotive", The Hindu , 7 March 2008 (retrieved 16 February 2019).
  44. Dakshinaa concert programme for 28 February 2008, Malayalee Club, Chennai; available at shambhudas.com (retrieved 5 February 2019).
  45. Shankar, pp. 257, 263, 324.
  46. Lavezzoli, p. 197.
  47. Cupchik, pp. 71, 76.
  48. Cupchik, p. 82.