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Salt consumption has been extensively studied for its role in human physiology and impact on human health. Chronic, high intake of dietary salt consumption is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, in addition to other adverse health outcomes. Major health and scientific organizations, such as the World Health Organization, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Heart Association, have established high salt consumption as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke.
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The genetic history of the African diaspora is composed of the overall genetic history of the African diaspora, within regions outside of Africa, such as North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia; this includes the genetic histories of African Americans, Afro-Canadians, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latinos, Afro-Europeans, Afro-Asians, and African Australians.
References
- ↑ Kaufman, Jay S. (2008). "Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis". International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ↑ Kaufman, Jay (7 June 2006). "The Anatomy of a Medical Myth". Is Race Real?. Social Science Research Council . Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ↑ Wilson, Thomas; Grim, Clarence (1991). "Biohistory of Slavery and Blood Pressure Differences in Blacks Today". Hypertension. 17 (1 Suppl): I122-8. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.17.1_Suppl.I122. PMID 1986989. S2CID 8043564.
- ↑ Kaufman, JS; Hall, SA (January 2003). "The slavery hypertension hypothesis: dissemination and appeal of a modern race theory". Epidemiology . 14 (1): 111–8. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200301000-00027 . PMID 12500059.
- ↑ Thompson, E.E.; Kuttab-Boulos, H.; Witonsky, D.; Yang, L.; Roe, B.A.; Di Rienzo, A. (2004). "CYP3A Variation and the Evolution of Salt-Sensitivity Variants". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (6): 1059–1069. doi:10.1086/426406. PMC 1182141 . PMID 15492926.
The observation of a significant rank correlation between the frequency of the CYP3A5*3 allele that defines this haplotype class and distance from the equator further suggests the action of spatially varying selective pressures.
- ↑ Dubner, Stephen J. (20 March 2005). "Toward a Unified Theory of Black America". New York Times . Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ↑ Cutler, David; Fryer (Jr.), Roland G.; Glazer, Nathan (1 March 2005). "Racial Differences in Life Expectancy: The Impact of Salt, Slavery, and Selection".
The only data set that allows us to compare health outcomes for a representative sample of African-Americans versus black immigrants is the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS), a national population sample drawn from the Current Population Surveys (CPS) [circa 1980]
- 1 2 Chowkwanyun, Merlin (11 June 2007). "Race Against History". The New Republic . Retrieved 19 June 2017.
- ↑ Obasogie, Osagie K. (May 17, 2007). "Oprah' unhealthy mistake". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1, 2017.
[...] if that were so, a sizable number of today's West Africans would similarly exhibit hypertension as their own salt consumption increased in modern times. This has not been the case. Epidemiologist Dr. Richard Cooper has shown, for example, that the prevalence of hypertension among Nigerians is significantly lower than white Americans, while Germans and Finns have a higher prevalence than black Americans. Surely, much more is going on here than genes.
- ↑ Armelagos, George J. (October 2005). "The Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis—Natural Selection and Scientific Investigation: A Commentary" (PDF). Transforming Anthropology . 13 (2): 119–124. doi:10.1525/tran.2005.13.2.119.
- ↑ Curtin, PD (December 1992). "The slavery hypothesis for hypertension among African Americans: the historical evidence". American Journal of Public Health . 82 (12): 1681–6. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.12.1681. PMC 1694537 . PMID 1456349.
- ↑ Grim, Clarence; Robinson, Miguel (2003). "Commentary: Salt, Slavery and Survival: Hypertension in the African Diaspora" (PDF). Epidemiology. 14 (1): 120–122. doi:10.1097/00001648-200301000-00029. JSTOR 3703294. PMID 12500061. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
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