Soursop

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Soursop
Soursop, Annona muricata.jpg
Annona muricata 1.jpg
Soursop fruit on its tree
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Annona
Species:
A. muricata
Binomial name
Annona muricata
L.
Synonyms

Annona macrocarpaWercklé
Annona crassifloraMart. [1]
Guanabanus muricatusM.Gómez
Guanabanus muricatus(L.) M.Gómez [2]
Annona bonplandianaKunth
Annona cearensisBarb. Rodr.
Annona muricataVell. [3]

A. muricata flower Annona muricata fleur2.jpg
A. muricata flower

Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. [4] [5] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. [6] It is in the same genus, Annona , as cherimoya and is in the Annonaceae family.

The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.

With an aroma similar to pineapple, [5] the flavor of the fruit has been described as a combination of strawberries and apple with sour citrus flavor notes, contrasting with an underlying thick creamy texture reminiscent of banana.

Soursop is widely promoted (sometimes as graviola) as an alternative cancer treatment, but there is no reliable medical evidence that it is effective for treating cancer or any disease. [7]

Annona muricata

Annona muricata is a species of the genus Annona of the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit. [4] [5] The fruit is usually called soursop due to its slightly acidic taste when ripe. Annona muricata is native to the Caribbean and Central America but is now widely cultivated – and in some areas, becoming invasive – in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world, such as India. [4] [5]

The A. muricata fruit is generally called guanábana in Hispanic America, and the tree is a guanábano. Both tree and fruit were called catuche  [ es ] in some parts of Venezuela, but that word is currently less commonly used.

Annona muricata is also the main host plant for tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) caterpillars. They eat the leaves voraciously and usually stick under the leaves to pupate.

Botanical description

Botanical drawing showing flower, leaves, and fruit Annona muricata Blanco1.196.png
Botanical drawing showing flower, leaves, and fruit

Annona muricata is a small, upright, evergreen tree that can grow to about 30 feet (9.1 m) tall. [4] [5] [8] [9]

Its young branches are hairy. [9] Leaves are oblong to oval, 8 centimetres (3.1 in) to 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) to 7 centimetres (2.8 in) wide. They are a glossy dark green with no hairs above, and paler and minutely hairy to no hairs below. [9] The leaf stalks are 4 millimetres (0.16 in) to 13 millimetres (0.51 in) long and without hairs. [9]

Flower stalks (peduncles) are 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long and woody. They appear opposite from the leaves or as an extra from near the leaf stalk, each with one or two flowers, occasionally a third. [9] Stalks for the individual flowers (pedicels) are stout and woody, minutely hairy to hairless and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) with small bractlets nearer to the base which are densely hairy. [9]

The petals are thick and yellowish. Outer petals meet at the edges without overlapping and are broadly ovate, 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in) to 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) by 2.1 centimetres (0.83 in) to 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in), tapering to a point with a heart shaped base. They are evenly thick, and are covered with long, slender, soft hairs externally and matted finely with soft hairs within. Inner petals are oval shaped and overlap. They measure roughly 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) to 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in) by 2 centimetres (0.79 in), and are sharply angled and tapering at the base. Margins are comparatively thin, with fine matted soft hairs on both sides. The receptacle is conical and hairy. The stamens are 4.5 millimetres (0.18 in) long and narrowly wedge-shaped. The connective-tip terminate abruptly and anther hollows are unequal. Sepals are quite thick and do not overlap. Carpels are linear and basally growing from one base. The ovaries are covered with dense reddish brown hairs, 1-ovuled, style short and stigma truncate. [9] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [10]

The fruits are dark green and prickly. They are ovoid and can be up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long, [9] with a moderately firm texture. [6] Their flesh is juicy, acidic, whitish [6] and aromatic. [9]

Distribution

Annona muricata is tolerant of poor soil [6] and prefers lowland areas between the altitudes of 0 to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). It cannot stand frost. [8] [9] The exact origin is unknown; it is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and is widely propagated. [4] [5] [6] It is an introduced species on all temperate continents, especially in subtropical regions. [4] [5]

Cultivation

The plant is grown for its 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to 6.8 kg (15 lb), [5] making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop. Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of China and Southeast Asia and is abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The main suppliers of the fruit are Mexico followed by Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Haiti. [11] To aid soursop breeders and stimulate further development of genomic resources for this globally important plant family, the complete genome for Annona muricata was sequenced in 2021. [12]

Uses

Culinary

The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible black seeds. The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings. [4] [5] Due to the fruit's widespread cultivation, its derivative products are consumed in many countries, such as Jamaica, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, [13] and Fiji. [14] The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming, unless a blender is used for processing.[ citation needed ]

Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In Indonesia, the fruit is commonly called sirsak and sometimes made into dodol sirsak, a sweet which is made by boiling the soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture caramelizes and hardens. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanábana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, the leaf is used in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng cầu Xiêm (Siamese soursop) in the south, or mãng cầu (soursop) in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit". In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda ("Dutch durian") and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens, or used as one of the ingredients in ais kacang or ais batu campur. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereafter they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "durian salat", widely available and easily planted.[ citation needed ]

Soursop leaves are sold and consumed in Indonesia as herbal medicine. The leaves are usually boiled to make tea.[ citation needed ]

Subspecies as synonyms

Nutrition

Soursop, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 276 kJ (66 kcal)
16.84 g
Sugars 13.54 g
Dietary fiber 3.3 g
Fat
0.3 g
1 g
Vitamins Quantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.07 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
4%
0.05 mg
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.9 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.253 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.059 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Choline
1%
7.6 mg
Vitamin C
23%
20.6 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
14 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
5%
21 mg
Phosphorus
2%
27 mg
Potassium
9%
278 mg
Sodium
1%
14 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water81 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [15] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [16]

Raw soursop is 81% water, 17% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat (see table). In a 100 gram reference amount, the raw fruit supplies 276 kilojoules (66 kilocalories) of food energy, and contains only vitamin C as a significant amount (25%) of the daily value, with no other micronutrients in appreciable amounts (table).

Phytochemicals

The compound annonacin is contained in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of soursop. [17] [18] [19] The leaves of Annona muricata contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid containing a quaternary ammonium group. [20] The plant also contains lichexanthone, a compound in the xanthone class. [21]

Potential neurotoxicity

Annonacin, a neurotoxin found in soursop Annonacin.svg
Annonacin, a neurotoxin found in soursop

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, "alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction". [18] Annonacin has been shown in laboratory research to be neurotoxic. [18] [19] [22] In 2010, the French food safety agency, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé, concluded that "it is not possible to confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome ... are linked to the consumption of Annona muricata". [23]

False cancer treatment claims

In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission in the United States stated that use of soursop to treat cancer was "bogus", and there was "no credible scientific evidence" that the extract of soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or treat cancer of any kind." [24] Also in 2008, a UK court case relating to the sale of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. A spokesman for the council that instigated the action stated, "it is as important now as it ever was that people are protected from those peddling unproven products with spurious claims as to their effects." [25]

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cancer Research UK state that cancer treatment using soursop is not supported by reliable clinical evidence. [7] [18] According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure, but none of them are supported by any reputable scientific cancer organizations" and "there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer". [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Asimina</i> North American Genus of fruit trees

Asimina is a genus of small trees or shrubs described as a genus in 1763. Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae. Asimina have large, simple leaves and large fruit. It is native to eastern North America and collectively referred to as pawpaw. The genus includes the widespread common pawpaw Asimina triloba, which bears the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States. Pawpaws are native to 26 states of the U.S. and to Ontario in Canada. The common pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat. Pawpaws are in the same plant family (Annonaceae) as the custard apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, soursop, and ylang-ylang; the genus is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cherimoya</span> Edible fruit-bearing species of the genus Annona

The cherimoya, also spelled chirimoya and called chirimuya by the Inca people, is a species of edible fruit-bearing plant in the genus Annona, from the family Annonaceae, which includes the closely related sweetsop and soursop. The plant has long been believed to be native to Ecuador and Peru, with cultivation practised in the Andes and Central America, although a recent hypothesis postulates Central America as the origin instead, because many of the plant's wild relatives occur in this area.

<i>Annona</i> Genus of fruits and plants

Annona or Anona is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, containing approximately 166 species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Custard apple</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Custard apple is a common name for several fruits and may refer to Annonaceae, the custard apple family, which includes the following species referred to as custard apples:

<i>Annona reticulata</i> Species of tree

Annona reticulata is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the plant family Annonaceae. It is best known for its fruit, called custard apple, a common name shared with fruits of several other species in the same genus: A. cherimola and A. squamosa. Other English common names include ox heart and bullock's heart. The fruit is sweet and useful in preparation of desserts, but is generally less popular for eating than that of A. cherimola.

<i>Annona squamosa</i> Species of tree

Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous, much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres tall similar to soursop. It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia.

<i>Annona glabra</i> Tropical fruit tree

Annona glabra is a tropical fruit tree in the family Annonaceae, in the same genus as the soursop and cherimoya. Common names include pond apple, alligator apple, swamp apple, corkwood, bobwood, and monkey apple. The tree is native to Florida in the United States, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and West Africa. It is common in the Everglades. The A. glabra tree is considered an invasive species in Sri Lanka and Australia. It grows in swamps, is tolerant of saltwater, and cannot grow in dry soil.

<i>Annona purpurea</i> Species of tree

Annona purpurea is an edible fruit and medicinal plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. Its common names include soncoya, sincuya, and cabeza de negro.

<i>Annona montana</i> Species of tree

Annona montana, the mountain soursop, is a tree and its edible fruit in the Annonaceae family native to Central America, the Amazon, and islands in the Caribbean. It has fibrous fruits. A. montana may be used as a rootstock for cultivated Annonas.

<i>Rollinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Rollinia is a genus of plants in the family Annonaceae. While it is widely recognised as a distinct genus a monograph published in 2006 advocates its inclusion in Annona, which also contains custard apples and soursops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonacin</span> Chemical compound

Annonacin is a chemical compound with toxic effects, especially in the nervous system, found in some fruits such as the paw paw, custard apples, soursop, and others from the family Annonaceae. It is a member of the class of compounds known as acetogenins. Annonacin-containing fruit products are regularly consumed throughout the West Indies for their traditional medicine uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetogenin</span> Group of chemical compounds

Acetogenins are a class of polyketide natural products found in plants of the family Annonaceae. They are characterized by linear 32- or 34-carbon chains containing oxygenated functional groups including hydroxyls, ketones, epoxides, tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans. They are often terminated with a lactone or butenolide. Over 400 members of this family of compounds have been isolated from 51 different species of plants. Many acetogenins are characterized by neurotoxicity.

<i>Annona senegalensis</i> Species of plant

Annona senegalensis, commonly known as African custard-apple, wild custard apple, wild soursop, abo ibobo, sunkungo, and dorgot is a species of flowering plant in the custard apple family, Annonaceae. The specific epithet, senegalensis, translates to mean "of Senegal", the country where the type specimen was collected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonamine</span> Chemical compound

Annonamine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Annona muricata, a plant commonly used in folk medicine by indigenous communities in Africa and South America. Structurally, it contains an aporphine core featuring a quaternary ammonium group.

<i>Annona bullata</i> Species of flowering plant

Annona bullata is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Cuba. Achille Richard, the French botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the bubbled appearance of the spaces between the fine network of veins in the leaves.

<i>Annona crassivenia</i> Species of flowering plant

Annona crassivenia is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Cuba. William Edwin Safford, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the thick tertiary veins that interconnect the secondary veins of its leaves.

Annona stenophylla is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Tanzania and Zambia. Adolf Engler and Ludwig Diels, the German botanists who first formally described the species, named it after its narrow leaves.

<i>Annona cherimolioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Annona cherimolioides is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Colombia and Ecuador. José Jerónimo Triana and Jules Émile Planchon, the botanists who first formally described the species, named it after its resemblance to another Annona species A. cherimoya.

References

  1. ↑ "Annona muricata". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  2. ↑ "Plant Name Details Annonaceae Aluguntugui L." International Plant Names Index. International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  3. 1 2 W3TROPICOS. "Annona muricata L." Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 2008-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Annona muricata (soursop)". CABI. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Julia F. Morton (1987). "Soursop, Annona muricata". West Lafayette, IN: New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Annona muricata L., Annonaceae". Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  7. 1 2 3 "Graviola (soursop)". Cancer Research UK. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  8. 1 2 EEB Greenhouse Staff, University of Connecticut (2008-04-10). "Annona muricata L." Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Greenhouses. Retrieved 2008-04-18. crfg {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Annona muricata L." eFloras.org. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  10. ↑ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.
  11. ↑ Gordon, André. Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries. p. 6.
  12. ↑ Strijk, Joeri S.; Hinsinger, Damien D.; Roeder, Mareike M.; Chatrou, Lars W.; Couvreur, Thomas L. P.; Erkens, Roy H. J.; Sauquet, Hervé; Pirie, Michael D.; Thomas, Daniel C.; Cao, Kunfang (2021). "Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology". Molecular Ecology Resources. 21 (5): 1608–1619. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13353 . ISSN   1755-0998. PMC   8251617 . PMID   33569882.
  13. ↑ "Soursop" . Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  14. ↑ "Soursop Season" . Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  15. ↑ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" . Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  16. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Le Ven, J.; Schmitz-Afonso, I.; Touboul, D.; Buisson, D.; Akagah, B.; Cresteil, T.; Lewin, G.; Champy, P. (2011). "Annonaceae fruits and parkinsonism risk: Metabolisation study of annonacin, a model neurotoxin; evaluation of human exposure". Toxicology Letters. 205: S50–S51. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.197.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Graviola". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  19. 1 2 Potts, Lisa F.; Luzzio, Frederick A.; Smith, Scott C.; Hetman, Michal; Champy, Pierre; Litvan, Irene (2012). "Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit: Implication for neurotoxicity". NeuroToxicology. 33 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.10.009. ISSN   0161-813X. PMID   22130466.
  20. ↑ Matsushige, A; Kotake, Y; Matsunami, K; Otsuka, H; Ohta, S; Takeda, Y (2012). "Annonamine, a new aporphine alkaloid from the leaves of Annona muricata". Chem Pharm Bull. 60 (2): 257–9. doi: 10.1248/cpb.60.257 . PMID   22293487.
  21. ↑ Yamthe, Lauve; Fokou, Patrick; Mbouna, Cedric; Keumoe, Rodrigue; Ndjakou, Bruno; Djouonzo, Paul; Mfopa, Alvine; Legac, Jennifer; Tsabang, Nole; Gut, Jiri; Rosenthal, Philip; Boyom, Fabrice (2015). "Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum". Medicines. 2 (2): 55–66. doi: 10.3390/medicines2020055 . PMC   5533161 . PMID   28930201.
  22. ↑ Lannuzel, A.; Höglinger, G. U.; Champy, P.; Michel, P. P.; Hirsch, E. C.; Ruberg, M. (2006). "Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae?". Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. Vol. 70. pp. 153–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24. ISBN   978-3-211-28927-3. PMID   17017523.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ "Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif aux risques liés à la consommation de corossol et de ses préparations" (PDF). Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  24. ↑ "FTC Sweep Stops Peddlers of Bogus Cancer Cures". US Federal Trade Commission. 18 September 2008.
  25. ↑ "Man convicted over cancer 'cure'". BBC News . 10 September 2008.
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