In Indonesia, state-owned enterprises (Indonesian : Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)) play an important role in the national economy. Their roles includes contributor for national economy growth, providing goods or services which are not covered by private company, employment provider, providing support guidance to small and medium businesses, and source of government revenue. [3] The Ministry of State Owned Enterprises represents the government's function as a shareholder of most of those companies, while some are represented by the Ministry of Finance.
Aside from SOEs, there are also provincially- or municipally-owned corporations, locally known as Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). The primary difference between BUMNs and BUMDs is the ownership of the enterprise, whereas BUMNs are controlled by the Ministry of State Owned Enterprise while BUMDs are directly controlled by the local government. BUMDs roles are similar with BUMNs, with heavy emphasis on providing goods or services to the local community. In addition, there are also village-owned enterprises which are run by village governments.
During the Dutch colonial era, the government had a monopoly on the opium, pawnbroking (nationalized on 1 April 1901), posts (including the Post Office Savings Bank), telegraph and telephone industry, as well as owning most of the railways and electric utilities. They are managed by the Department of State-Owned Enterprises (Dutch : Department van Gouvernementsbedrijven).
By the end of the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, the Indonesian government had a major or complete ownership on the public utility, buses, railways, banks and communications.
With the beginning of Guided Democracy in Indonesia, many Dutch-owned companies, or Indonesian branches of Dutch companies, were nationalized (see Nationalized Dutch companies below).
During the New Order, the nationalized companies were still state-owned. Some of the companies were listed in the Jakarta Stock Exchange later on.
Today the largest banks in Indonesia are mostly state-owned.[ citation needed ]
On 1 July 2020, [21] the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises uniformized the corporate core values of all state-owned enterprises into what is called AKHLAK. The implementation of AKHLAK in all state-owned enterprises was intended "to create strong SOEs that have global competitiveness with human resources that are qualified, talented, cultured and highly performed." [22] They are:
Since 2003, there are two types of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Indonesia:
Until 2003, there was also another type of SOE called Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan/PJ) (lit. 'service company') which had operational costs funded from the national budget. Employees of these SOEs were civil servants and the companies were regarded as government agencies. Firms in this category have been either upgraded into other types of SOEs or converted into government agencies.
Information on the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is drawn from the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises [23] and the Ministry of the State Secretariat's Legal Documentation and Information Network portals. [24]
Indonesian SOEs subdivided into 12 clusters.
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Telkom Indonesia (Persero) Tbk | Telkom | Telecommunications company | https://www.telkom.co.id/ |
PT Danareksa (Persero) | Danareksa | Holding company | https://www.danareksa.co.id/ |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) | PLN | Electricity Supply | https://www.pln.com/id |
PT Pertamina (Persero) | Pertamina | Mining and Exploration | https://www.pertamina.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Aviasi Pariwisata Indonesia (Persero) | InJourney | Holding company | https://injourney.id/ |
PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk | Garuda Indonesia | Air Transportation | https://www.garuda-indonesia.com/id |
Perum Lembaga Penyelenggara Pelayanan Navigasi Penerbangan Indonesia | AirNav Indonesia | Air Traffic Management | https://www.airnavindonesia.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Bahana Pembinaan Usaha Indonesia (Persero) | Indonesia Financial Group (IFG) | Holding company | https://www.bahana.com/id |
PT Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) | Jiwasraya | Insurance | https://www.jiwasraya.com/id |
PT Asuransi Sosial Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Persero) | ASABRI | Police and Army Insurance | https://www.asabri.com/id |
PT Reasuransi Indonesia Utama (Persero) | Indonesia Re | Insurance | https://www.indonesiare.com/id |
PT Dana Tabungan dan Asuransi Pegawai Negeri (Persero) | TASPEN | Pension Fund Management | https://www.taspen.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk | Bank BRI | Financial Services and Banking, Holding company | https://www.bri.com/id |
PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk | Bank Mandiri | Financial Services and Banking | https://bankmandiri.co.id/ |
PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk | Bank BNI | Financial Services and Banking | https://www.bni.co/id |
PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk | Bank BTN | Financial Services and Banking | https://www.btn.com/id |
Perum Percetakan Uang Republik Indonesia | Peruri | Printing | https://www.peruri.com/id Sector !! Website |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
Perum BULOG | BULOG | Food Supply Chain | https://www.bulog.com/id |
PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) | Pupuk Indonesia | Processing Manufacture | https://www.pupuk-indonesia.com/id |
PT Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia (Persero) | ID FOOD | Plantation, Holding company | https://www.rni.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk | Jasa Marga | Toll Road Management | https://www.jasamarga.com/id |
PT Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk | Adhi | Construction | https://www.adhi.com/id |
PT Hutama Karya (Persero) | HK | Construction and Toll Road Management | https://www.hutamakarya.com/id |
PT Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk | Waskita | Construction | https://www.waskita.com/id |
PT Pembangunan Perumahan (Persero) Tbk | PP | Construction | https://www.pt-pp.com/id |
PT Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk | Wika | Construction | https://www.wika.co.id/ |
Perum Pembangunan Perumahan Nasional | Perumnas | Construction | https://www.perumnas.com/id |
PT Brantas Abipraya (Persero) | Abipraya | Construction | https://www.brantas-abipraya.com/id |
PT Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk | Semen Indonesia Group (SIG) | Processing Manufacture | https://www.semenindonesia.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
Perum Kehutanan Negara | Perhutani | Forestry | https://www.perhutani.co.id/ |
PT Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero) | Perkebunan Nusantara | Plantation, Holding company | https://www.ptpn3.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Mineral Industri Indonesia | Mineral Industry Indonesia (MIND ID) | Mining and Exploration | https://mind.id/ |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (Persero) | ID SURVEY | Ship Classification and Statutory | http://www.bki.co.id/ |
PT Len Industri (Persero) | Defense Industry Indonesia (DEFEND ID) | Processing Manufacture, Holding company | https://www.len.com/id |
PT Krakatau Steel (Persero) Tbk | Krakatau Steel | Processing Manufacture | https://www.krakatausteel.com/id |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
Perum DAMRI | DAMRI | Transportation | https://www.damri.co.id/ |
PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) | KAI | Railway Service | https://www.kai.com/id |
PT Industri Kereta Api (Persero) | INKA | Railway Manufacture | https://www.inka.co.id/ |
PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) | Pos Indonesia Logistik Indonesia (POS IND) | Post, Mail Service and Telecommunication | https://www.posindonesia.com/id |
PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Persero) | Pelni | Sea Transportation | https://www.pelni.com/id |
PT ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) | ASDP | River and Water Transport Provider | https://www.indonesiaferry.co.id/ |
PT Pelabuhan Indonesia (Persero) | Pelindo | Sea Port Management | https://www.pelindo.co.id/ |
Company | Common Name | Sector | Website |
---|---|---|---|
PT Biofarma (Persero) | Biofarma | Vaccines, Holding company | https://www.biofarma.com/id/ |
The following table indicates declared Indonesian government national holidays. Cultural variants also provide opportunity for holidays tied to local events. Beside official holidays, there are the so-called "libur bersama" or "cuti bersama", or joint leave(s) declared nationwide by the government. In total there are 16 public holidays every year.
General of the army, was the highest rank of the Indonesian Army. Within the Indonesian Armed Forces ranking system, it was the equivalent of admiral of the fleet and marshal of the air force. Those ranks were honorary and did not provide additional authority or responsibility.
Indonesia is divided into provinces. Provinces are made up of regencies and cities (kota). Provinces, regencies, and cities have their own local governments and parliamentary bodies.
In Indonesia, village or subdistrict is the fourth-level subdivision and the smallest administrative division of Indonesia below a district, regency/city, and province. Similar administrative divisions outside of Indonesia include barangays in the Philippines, Muban in Thailand, civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, communes in France and Vietnam, dehestan in Iran, hromada in Ukraine, Gemeinden in Germany, comuni in Italy, or municipios in Spain. The UK equivalent are civil parishes in England and communities in Wales. There are a number of names and types for villages in Indonesia, with desa being the most frequently used for regencies, and kelurahan for cities or for those communities within regencies which have town characteristics. According to the 2019 report by the Ministry of Home Affairs, there are 8,488 urban villages and 74,953 rural villages in Indonesia. North Aceh Regency contained the highest number of rural villages (852) amongst all of the regencies of Indonesia, followed by Pidie Regency with 730 rural villages and Bireuen Regency with 609 rural villages. Prabumulih, with only 12 rural villages, contained the fewest. Counted together, the sixteen regencies of Indonesia containing the most rural villages—namely, North Aceh (852), Pidie (730), Bireuen (609), Aceh Besar (604), Tolikara (541), East Aceh (513), Yahukimo (510), Purworejo (469), Lamongan (462), South Nias (459), Kebumen (449), Garut (421), Bojonegoro (419), Bogor (416), Cirebon (412), and Pati (401)—contain one-third of all the rural villages in Indonesia. Five of these are located in Aceh, two in Highland Papua, three in Central Java, two in East Java, three in West Java, and one in North Sumatra. An average number of rural villages in the regencies and 15 cities of Indonesia is 172 villages. A village is the lowest administrative division in Indonesia, and it is the lowest of the four levels. A village is usually divided into a number of hamlets, and there are 252,315 hamlets in Indonesia.
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Public broadcasting institutions in Indonesia currently consists of three separate entities: Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI), Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI), and local public broadcasting institutions. The classification is based on Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting and followed by Government Regulation No. 11 of 2005 on Broadcasting Provision of Public Broadcasting Institution.
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