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In the federal system of the Federal Republic of Germany, the state parliaments embody the legislative power in the sixteen states. In thirteen of the sixteen German states, the state parliament is known as the Landtag (an old German term that roughly means state parliament). In the states Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, the state parliament is called Bürgerschaft (Citizenry), in Berlin it is called Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives).
As the German constitution (Basic Law) defines the Federal Republic of Germany as a federation, each German state has its own constitution. The Basic Law gives the states a broad discretion to determine their respective state structure, only stating that each German state has to be a social and democratic republic under the rule of law and that the people in every state must have an elected representation, without giving further details (Article 28.1). Theoretically, this allows for a considerable range of democratic forms of government like a parliamentary system, a directorial republican system, mixed forms such as a semi-presidential republic or a presidential system (only constitutional monarchies are excluded by the provision). In practice, all states are parliamentary republics in which the legislative branch of government is assigned to an elected parliament and the executive branch of government is subject to parliamentary confidence. Since the abolition of the Bavarian Senate in 1999, all sixteen state parliaments are unicameral.
Among the most important functions of the state parliaments are the election of the Minister-President, the control of the state government and the adoption of state laws. They have no influence on federal legislation, but indirectly participate in the election of the President of Germany by electing state electors to the Federal Convention.
In terms of these functions, the state parliaments work very similarly. However, there are also some significant differences between the states. This begins with the electoral system: Similar to federal elections, many states use a mixed-member proportional representation system in which each voter casts one vote for a constituency candidate and a second vote determines the proportional share of seats. However, this is not the case in all states, the main exception being Baden-Württemberg, which uses a complex first-past-the-post voting system in which seats are allocated to "lucky-loser" candidates in addition to the elected constituency candidates in order to establish proportionality. In all states there is a 5%-threshold which must be exceeded for a party to be considered in the proportional distribution of seats, although in Bremen it is sufficient to exceed the threshold in only one of the two cities that make up the state (Bremen City and Bremerhaven). The electoral system of some states also includes a basic mandate clause which allows parties to be taken into account in the proportional distribution of seats regardless of the 5%-threshold if they win a certain number of constituencies. As at the federal level, parties representing national minorities are excluded from both the 5%-threshold and the basic mandate clause. This provision is of particular importance in Schleswig-Holstein, where the SSW, a party which represents the minorities of Danes and Frisians, regularly participates in state elections.
In contrast to the Bundestag on federal level, most states have adopted legislative periods of five years, the only exception being Bremen, which still uses four-year-terms (a cross-party attempt to introduce five-year-terms was defeated in a referendum in 2017 [1] ). Another difference to the Bundestag are the conditions for early new elections: While the Bundestag does not have the right of self-dissolution and can only be dissolved by the President of Germany (and even this only under certain conditions which are precisely defined in the Basic Law), the state parliaments have the right of self-dissolution (even if the procedure differs according to the state constitutions). In addition to this, some state constitutions also provide for an automatic dissolution of the parliament in certain parliamentary deadlock-situations and in some states, the parliament can also be dissolved by a referendum. Neither an automatic dissolution nor a dissolution by referendum has ever happened in any state, though. In October 2021, an attempt to bring about a referendum about the dissolution of the Bavaria state parliamtent failed; the request was supported by 204,135 citizens eligible to vote, thus clearly failing to meet the threshold of one million signatures of support necessary to call a referendum.
State | Name | Election system | Threshold conditions | Seats | Term | Premature dissolution procedures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg [2] | Landtag of Baden-Württemberg | first-past-the-post in 70 constituencies with at least 50 "lucky loser"-seats (Zweitmandate) at the administrative district level, in order to achieve proportional representation | 5% of votes statewide | 120+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one quarter and accepted by at least two-thirds of members) -referendum (request must be made by at least one sixth of the state population eligible to vote and must be accepted by a majority of the population eligible to vote) |
Free State of Bavaria | Landtag of Bavaria | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes (both votes counting towards proportional representation) | 5% of votes statewide | 180+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (simple motion sufficient) -referendum (request must be made by at least one million citizens eligible to vote and must be accepted by a simple majority) -automatic dissolution (if the Landtag fails to elect a Minister-President within four weeks after a vacancy occurred) |
Berlin [3] [4] | House of Representatives of Berlin | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide or one constituency | 130+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members) -referendum (state constitution does not specify details) |
Brandenburg | Landtag of Brandenburg | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide or one constituency | 88+ (maximum of 110) | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members) |
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen [5] | Bürgerschaft of Bremen | Personalized proportional representation with cumulative voting and panachage (five votes) in two separate voting areas (Bremen City and Bremerhaven) | 5% of votes in one of the two voting areas | 87 (72 for Bremen City and 15 for Bremerhaven) | 4 years | -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one third and must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members) -referendum (request must be made by at least one fifth of the state population eligible to vote and must be accepted by a majority of the population eligible to vote) |
Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg | Bürgerschaft of Hamburg | Personalized proportional representation with cumulative voting and panachage on state level and in multi member constituencies (10 votes: 5 for state lists, 5 for constituency candidates) | 5% of state list-votes | 121+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one quarter and must be accepted by a majority of members) |
Hesse | Landtag of Hesse | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 110+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by a majority of members) |
Lower Saxony | Landtag of Lower Saxony | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 135+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one third of members may table a motion of self dissolution, which must be accepted by two-thirds of members present, who have to equal at least a majority of all members [Art. 10]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President within 21 days after a vacancy occurred – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes [Art. 30]) |
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 71+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one third of members may table a motion of self dissolution, which must be accepted by two-thirds of members [Art. 42.2]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President within 28 days after a vacancy occurred – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes [Art. 30]) |
North Rhine-Westphalia | Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 181+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must accepted by a majority of members) |
Rhineland-Palatinate | Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 101+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (simple motion) -automatic dissolution (if a motion of no confidence against the Minister-President has been successful and the Landtag fails to elect a new office-holder within four weeks) |
Saarland | Landtag of Saarland | proportional representation with one vote, which counts both for a list in a multi member constituency and a state list | 5% of votes statewide | 51(+?) [lower-alpha 1] | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members) -automatic dissolution (if a motion of no confidence against the Minister-President has been successful and the Landtag fails to elect a new office-holder within four weeks) |
Free State of Saxony | Landtag of Saxony | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide or two constituencies | 120+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by two-thirds of members) -automatic dissolution (if the Landtag fails to elect a Minister-President within four months after a vacancy occurred) |
Saxony-Anhalt | Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 83+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (the state constitution defines two scenarios for a self dissolution: [A] one fourth of members may table a self dissolution motion, which has to be accepted by two-thirds of members. This is however not possible during the first six months of a legislative period [Art. 60]. [B] Nonwithstanding variant A, the Landtag may dissolve itself with a majority of members, if it has failed to elect a Minister-President on the first two ballots – alternatively it may elect a Minister-President with a plurality of votes on the third ballot [Art. 65.2]) |
Schleswig-Holstein | Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide or one constituency | 69+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members) |
Free State of Thuringia | Landtag of Thuringia | mixed-member proportional representation with two votes | 5% of second votes statewide | 88+ | 5 years | -self dissolution (motion must be tabled by at least one third and must be accepted by at least two-thirds of members) -automatic dissolution (if the Minister-President has lost a confidence motion and the Landtag fails to elect a new Minister-President within 21 days) |
Plenar hall | Name | Legislative period | Diagram | President | Last election | Next election [7] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg | Landtag | 17th | Muhterem Aras Alliance 90/The Greens since 11 May 2016 | 2021 | 2026 | ||||
Government (100) Alliance 90/The Greens (58) CDU (42) Opposition (54) SPD (19) FDP (18) AfD (17) | |||||||||
Free State of Bavaria | Landtag | 19th | Ilse Aigner CSU since 5 November 2018 | 2023 | 2028 | ||||
Government (122) CSU (85) Free Voters (37) Opposition (81) AfD (32) Alliance 90/The Greens (32) SPD (17) | |||||||||
Berlin | Abgeordnetenhaus | 19th | Cornelia Seibeld CDU since 16 March 2023 | (2021) 2023 [lower-alpha 1] | 2026 | ||||
Government (86) CDU (52) SPD (34) Opposition (73) Alliance 90/The Greens (34) The Left (21) AfD (16) Non-inscrits (2) | |||||||||
Brandenburg | Landtag | 7th | Ulrike Liedtke SPD since 25 September 2019 | 2019 | 2024 | ||||
Government (50) SPD (25) CDU (15) Alliance 90/The Greens (10) Opposition (38) AfD (24) The Left (10) Non-inscrits (4) | |||||||||
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen | Bürgerschaft | 21st | Antje Grotheer SPD since 29 June 2023 (second term) 27 March 2019–3 July 2019 (first term) | 2023 | 2027 | ||||
Government (47) SPD (27) Alliance 90/The Greens (10) The Left (10) Opposition (40) CDU (24) Bündnis Deutschland (9) FDP (5) Non-inscrits (2) | |||||||||
Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg | Bürgerschaft | 22nd | Carola Veit SPD since 23 March 2011 | 2020 | 2025 | ||||
Government (86) SPD (53) Alliance 90/The Greens (33) Opposition (37) CDU (15) The Left (12) AfD (6) Non-inscrits (4) | |||||||||
Hesse | Landtag | 21st | Astrid Wallmann since 31 May 2022 | 2023 | 2028 | ||||
Government (75) CDU (52) SPD (23) Opposition (58) AfD (28) Alliance 90/The Greens (22) FDP (8) | |||||||||
Lower Saxony | Landtag | 19th | Hanna Naber SPD since 8 November 2022 | 2022 | 2027 | ||||
Government (81) SPD (57) Alliance 90/The Greens (24) Opposition (65) CDU (47) AfD (18) | |||||||||
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Landtag | 8th | Birgit Hesse SPD since 22 May 2019 | 2021 | 2026 | ||||
Government (43) SPD (34) The Left (9) Opposition (36) AfD (14) CDU (12) Alliance 90/The Greens (5) FDP (5) | |||||||||
North Rhine-Westphalia | Landtag | 18th | André Kuper CDU since 1 June 2017 | 2022 | 2027 | ||||
Government (115) CDU (76) Alliance 90/The Greens (39) Opposition (80) SPD (56) FDP (12) AfD (11) Non-inscrits (1) | |||||||||
Rhineland-Palatinate | Landtag | 18th | Hendrik Hering SPD since 18 May 2016 | 2021 | 2026 | ||||
Government (55) SPD (39) Alliance 90/The Greens (9) FDP (6) Opposition (46) CDU (31) AfD (8) Free Voters (6) Non-inscrits (2) | |||||||||
Saarland | Landtag | 17th | Heike Becker SPD since 25 April 2022 | 2022 | 2027 | ||||
Government (29) SPD (29) Opposition (22) CDU (19) AfD (3) | |||||||||
Free State of Saxony | Landtag | 7th | Matthias Rößler CDU since 29 September 2009 | 2019 | 2024 | ||||
Government (67) CDU (45) Alliance 90/The Greens (12) SPD (10) Opposition (52) AfD (35) The Left (14) Non-inscrits (3) Empty seat (1) [lower-alpha 2] | |||||||||
Saxony-Anhalt | Landtag | 8th | Gunnar Schellenberger CDU since 6 July 2021 | 2021 | 2026 | ||||
Government (56) CDU (40) SPD (9) FDP (7) Opposition (41) AfD (23) The Left (12) Alliance 90/The Greens (6) | |||||||||
Schleswig-Holstein | Landtag | 20th | Kristina Herbst CDU since 07 May 2022 | 2022 | 2027 | ||||
Government (48) CDU (34) Alliance 90/The Greens (14) Opposition (21) SPD (12) FDP (5) SSW (4) | |||||||||
Free State of Thuringia | Landtag | 7th | Birgit Pommer The Left since 26 November 2019 | 2019 | 2024 | ||||
Government (42) The Left (29) SPD (8) Alliance 90/The Greens (5) Opposition (48) AfD (19) CDU (21) FDP (4) [lower-alpha 3] Non-inscrits (4) |
The Bundestag is the German federal parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people, comparable to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Bundestag was established by Title III of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus it is the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.
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The German Bundesrat is a legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder of Germany at the federal level. The Bundesrat meets at the former Prussian House of Lords in Berlin. Its second seat is located in the former West German capital of Bonn.
Overhang seats are constituency seats won in an election under the traditional mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituencies won. The electoral reform in Germany removed the overhang seats, and replaced with Zweitstimmendeckung.
The Federal Convention, also known as the Federal Assembly, is, together with the Joint Committee, one of two non-standing constitutional bodies in the federal institutional system of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is convened solely for the purpose of electing the President of Germany, either every five years or within 30 days of the premature termination of a presidential term. The Federal Convention consists of all members of the German federal parliament (Bundestag) and the same number of delegates from the 16 federated states. Those delegates are elected by the state parliaments for this purpose only.
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Elections in Germany include elections to the Bundestag, the Landtags of the various states, and local elections.
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Bavaria, one of the states of Germany, has a multiparty system dominated by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). Bavaria has long been a bastion of conservative politics in Germany, with the Christian Social Union has won every election of the state parliament since 1946 and having almost a monopoly on power. Every Minister-President since 1957 has been a member of this party. On the other hand the bigger and more liberal, or rather social democratic, cities, especially Munich, have been governed for decades by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) until recently the second biggest party. In 2018 the Alliance 90/The Greens which have been represented in the state parliament since 1986, became the second biggest political party in the Landtag and in 2020 the biggest party in the Munich City Council. From the historical point of view, older Bavaria was one of the most liberal, predominantly Roman Catholic states until the rather rural areas of Swabia and Franconia were added in 1814/15 at the Congress of Vienna.
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This is a breakdown of the results of the 2021 German federal election. The following tables display detailed results in each of the sixteen states and all 299 single-member constituencies.
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