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Eileen Chang (traditional Chinese:張愛玲;simplified Chinese:张爱玲;pinyin:Zhāng Àilíng;Wade–Giles:Chang1 Ai4-ling2；September 30,1920 –September 8,1995),also known as Chang Ai-ling or Zhang Ailing,or by her pen name Liang Jing (梁京),was a Chinese-born American essayist,novelist,and screenwriter. She was a well-known feminist woman writer of Chinese literature,known for portraying life in the 1940s Shanghai and Hong Kong.
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment,enlightenment,or instruction to the reader/listener/observer,as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials,such as compilations of data are not considered literature,and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years,from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang dynasty (618–907) and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song dynasty (960–1279) rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. In more modern times,the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of baihua literature in China.
Chinese poetry is poetry written,spoken,or chanted in the Chinese language. While this last term comprises Classical Chinese,Standard Chinese,Mandarin Chinese,Yue Chinese,and other historical and vernacular forms of the language,its poetry generally falls into one of two primary types,Classical Chinese poetry and Modern Chinese poetry.
Qiu Jin was a Chinese revolutionary,feminist,and writer. Her courtesy names are Xuanqing and Jingxiong. Her sobriquet name is Jianhu Nüxia. Qiu was executed after a failed uprising against the Qing dynasty and is considered a national heroine in China and a martyr of republicanism and feminism.
Chen Yuanyuan (1624–1681) was a Chinese courtesan who lived during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. She was the concubine of Wu Sangui,the Ming dynasty general who surrendered Shanhai Pass to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty,and later rebelled in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. Chen's life and relationship to Wu later became the subject of a number of popular stories and legends,many of them focusing on her supposed role in Wu's fateful decision to defect to the Qing,thereby sealing the fate of the Ming dynasty.
The Classic of Poetry,also Shijing or Shih-ching,translated variously as the Book of Songs,Book of Odes,or simply known as the Odes or Poetry,is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry,comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BCE. It is one of the "Five Classics" traditionally said to have been compiled by Confucius,and has been studied and memorized by scholars in China and neighboring countries over two millennia. It is also a rich source of chengyu that are still a part of learned discourse and even everyday language in modern Chinese. Since the Qing dynasty,its rhyme patterns have also been analysed in the study of Old Chinese phonology.
Quyi and shuochang yishu are umbrella terms for over 300 regional genres of traditional Chinese oral performing arts. Quyi is distinguished from xiqu by its emphasis on narration,as opposed to acting,although they share many elements including the same traditional stories. Quyi artists generally wear no to little makeup. Musical instruments like drums,wooden clappers,pipa,yangqin,or sanxian are commonly seen in quyi,as are hand fans.
Liang Desheng was a Chinese poet and writer active during the Qing Dynasty. She was the wife of Xu Zongyan,a prominent intellectual from Hangzhou. Since her sister died young,Liang Desheng acted as a surrogate mother for her niece Wang Duan,who would become an editor. Both of them were also friends with another female poet,Gu Taiqing.
The Wu Chinese people,also known as Wuyue people,Jiang-Zhe people (江浙民系) or San Kiang (三江),are a major subgroup of the Han Chinese. They are a Wu Chinese-speaking people who hail from Southern Jiangsu Province,the entirety of the city of Shanghai and all of Zhejiang Province,as well as smaller populations in Xuancheng prefecture-level city in Southern Anhui Province,Shangrao,Guangfeng and Yushan counties of Northeastern Jiangxi Province and some parts of Pucheng County in Northern Fujian Province.
1911 Revolution is a Chinese television series based on the events of the Xinhai Revolution,which brought an end to imperial rule in China in 1911. It was first broadcast on CCTV-1 during prime time on 27 September 2011. It was specially produced to mark the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution.
Pingtan,also known as Suzhou pingtan,is a regional variety of quyi and a musical/oral performance art form popular in southern Jiangsu,northern Zhejiang,and Shanghai. It originated in the city of Suzhou. It is a combination of the Chinese narrative musical traditions pinghua and tanci. It dates back to Song dynasty and is influenced by Wuyue culture.
Wilt L. Idema is a Dutch scholar and Sinologist who taught at University of Leiden and Harvard University (2000-13),presently emeritus at both universities. He specializes in Chinese literature,with interests in early Chinese drama,Chinese women's literature of the premodern period,Chinese popular narrative ballads,and early development of Chinese vernacular fiction.
Gengzi Guobian Tanci is a tanci written by Li Baojia,composed in 1902.
Fin-de-Siècle Splendor:Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction,1848-1911 is a 1997 non-fiction book by David Der-Wei Wang,published by Stanford University Press. David Wang's thesis is that modernity was already beginning to appear in fiction published in the late Qing Dynasty of China,defined by Wang as beginning in 1849,around the start of the Taiping rebellion,rather than only appearing after the Qing Dynasty concluded in 1912. This is the first English-language full-length book written by a single author that surveyed late Qing Dynasty fiction.
Xiju,also known as Wuxi opera,is a genre of opera which originated in the southern region of the Yangtze River Delta in China. It evolved from "Tanhuang" (滩簧),a folk opera art in the region of Wuxi and Changzhou of Jiangsu province. As one of the main local operas in Jiangsu Province,Wuxi opera has been reputed as "a piece of plum flower in Taihu Lake",a title given to the three major operas in East China,alongside Yue opera and Huangmei opera.
The Eight Beauties of Qinhuai,also called the Eight Beauties of Jinling,were eight famous courtesans during the Ming-Qing transition period who resided along the Qinhuai River in Nankin. As well as possessing great beauty,they were all skilled in literature,poetry,fine arts,dancing and music.
Bu Liao Qing is a 1947 Chinese film directed by Sang Hu and written by Eileen Chang.
Faazin Gei,or The Flowery Paper is a Chinese mukjyusyu style ballad written in the late Ming era. It is the earliest known work containing elements of written Cantonese. This book was also of particular interest to early European Sinology. Along with Iu-Kiao-Li,it is regarded one of most influential Chinese books for 19th century European writers.
References
- Guo,Li,(2022). "Narrative and Genre:Locating Tanci in Chinese Literature and World Literature<In A Companion to World Literature,K. Seigneurie (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0179
- Hu,Siao-chen. "Qu Xinru." In:Smith,Bonnie G. (editor) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History:4 Volume Set. Oxford University Press,2008. ISBN 0195148908, 9780195148909.
- Wang, Lingzhen. Personal Matters: Women's Autobiographical Practice in Twentieth-century China. Stanford University Press, 2004. ISBN 080475005X, 9780804750059.
- Webster-Chang, Stephanie J. "Composing, Revising, and Performing Suzhou Ballads: A Study of Political Control and Artistic Freedom in Tanci, 1949--1964." (University of Pittsburgh) ProQuest, 2008. ISBN 1109055803, 9781109055801.
- Zhang, Yu, Interfamily Tanci Writing in Nineteenth-Century China: Bonds and Boundaries. Lexington Books, 2017. ISBN 9781498557863.
