Temperance fountain

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One of many "Benson Bubblers" in downtown Portland Benson Bubbler.jpg
One of many "Benson Bubblers" in downtown Portland

A temperance fountain was a fountain that was set up, usually by a private benefactor, to encourage temperance, and to make abstinence from beer possible by the provision of clean, safe, and free water. Beer was the main alternative to water, and generally safer. The temperance societies had no real alternative as tea and coffee were too expensive, so drinking fountains were very attractive.

Contents

Temperance fountains in the United States

Temperance fountains by Henry D. Cogswell
Boston, Massachusetts. Boston Common. Cogswell drinking fountain Digital Commonwealth df65xs507.jpg
Boston Common, ca. 1890
Cogswell fountain incident, San Francisco Call.jpg
Destruction of Cogswell's fountain in San Francisco, 1894; San Francisco Call
Temperance Fountain Tompkins Sq Park from north.jpg
Tompkins Square Park, New York City
Temperance Fountain, Pawtucket, Rhode Island.jpg
Pawtucket, Rhode Island [1]

Muddied and bad tasting drinking water encouraged many Americans to drink alcohol for health purposes, so temperance groups constructed public drinking fountains throughout the United States following the Civil War. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (NWCTU)'s organizing convention of 1874 encouraged its attendees to erect the fountains in their hometowns. The NWCTU advocated the fountains as a means to discourage people from entering saloons for refreshment. [2] The NWCTU sponsored temperance fountains in towns and cities across the United States. [3]

Cast-stone statues of Hebe were marketed for use in temperance fountains. In New York City, the James Fountain in Union Square Park [4] is a Temperance fountain with the figure of Charity who empties her jug of water, aided by a child; it was donated by Daniel Willis James and sculpted by Adolf Donndorf. [5]

In Washington DC "the" Temperance Fountain was donated to the city in 1882 by Temperance crusader Henry D. Cogswell. This fountain was one of a series of fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would prevent people from consuming alcohol. [6] Under its stone canopy the words "Faith," "Hope," "Charity," and "Temperance" are chiseled. Atop this canopy is a life-sized heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. Originally, visitors were supposed to freely drink ice water flowing from the dolphins' snouts with a brass cup attached to the fountain and the overflow was collected by a trough for horses, but the city tired of replenishing the ice in a reservoir beneath the base and disconnected the supply pipes. Other Cogswell fountains include one still standing in New York City's Tompkins Square Park, [7] [8] and one in downtown Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1880). [9]

These grandiose statues were not all well received by the communities where they were placed. [10] Washington, DC's Temperance Fountain has been called "the city's ugliest statue" [11] and spurred city councils across the country to set up fine arts commissions to screen such gifts. [12] Although the D.C. statue survived mostly unscathed, the California and Market Street, San Francisco Statue of Henry D. Cogswell and Fountain was pulled down [13] on New Year's Eve Night of 1893-1894 by "a lynch party of self-professed art lovers" including Gelett Burgess (who was subsequently fired from his job at University of California at Berkeley), [14]

Cogswell's 1879 [15] Ben Franklin statue and temperance fountain in Washington Square, San Francisco remains unscathed to this day. [16] One in Rockville, Connecticut, was thrown into Shenipsic Lake. [17] In Dubuque, Iowa, a statue of Cogswell in Washington Park was pulled down by a group of vandals in 1900 and buried under the ground of a planned sidewalk. The next day the sidewalk was poured and the object was entombed. When new sidewalks were recently laid, the statue was not found. [18]

Simon Benson, an Oregon lumberman, was a teetotaler who wanted to discourage his workers from drinking alcohol in the middle of the day. In 1912, Benson gave the City of Portland USD $10,000 for the installation of 20 bronze drinking fountains. As of March 2014, these fountains, known as "Benson Bubblers", remain functional in downtown Portland. [19] [20]

Temperance fountains in the United Kingdom

Temperance fountain in Clapham Common, London Temperance Fountain Clapham Common evening 2005.jpg
Temperance fountain in Clapham Common, London

The provision of drinking fountains in the United Kingdom was also linked to the temperance movement in the United Kingdom, with the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association in London drawing support from temperance advocates. Many of its fountains were sited opposite public houses. The evangelical movement was encouraged to build fountains in churchyards to encourage the poor to see churches as supporting them. Many fountains have inscriptions such as "Jesus said whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again but whosoever drinketh of the water I shall give him shall never thirst". By 1877, the association was widely accepted and Queen Victoria donated money for a fountain in Esher.

Many fountains, within London and outside, were called temperance fountains or would have a representation of the Greek mythical figure Temperance.

Examples

Many temperance fountains were erected:

Related Research Articles

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is an international temperance organization. It was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity." It plays an influential role in the temperance movement. Originating among women in the United States Prohibition movement, the organization supported the 18th Amendment and was also influential in social reform issues that came to prominence in the progressive era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tompkins Square Park</span> Public park in Manhattan, New York

Tompkins Square Park is a 10.5-acre (4.2 ha) public park in the Alphabet City portion of East Village, Manhattan, New York City. The square-shaped park, bounded on the north by East 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by East 7th Street, and on the west by Avenue A, is abutted by St. Marks Place to the west. The park opened in 1834 and is named for Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice President of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drinking fountain</span> Fountain designed to provide drinking water

A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or water bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to lower its temperature. Drinking fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington Square (San Francisco)</span>

Washington Square is an American park in the North Beach district of San Francisco. It was established in 1847 and is one of the city's first parks. The park is bordered by sidewalk cafes and restaurants such as Mama's (restaurant), Park Tavern restaurant and the Liguria Bakery as well as the Sts. Peter and Paul Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Benson</span> Norwegian-American businessman and philanthropist

Simon Benson was a Norwegian-born American businessman and philanthropist who was active in the city of Portland, Oregon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washington Park (Dubuque, Iowa)</span> Small public urban park in Downtown Dubuque, Iowa, USA

Washington Park is a small public, urban park located in Downtown Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The park encompasses an entire city block, bordered on the north by West 7th Street, on the west by Bluff Street, on the south by West 6th Street, and on the east by Locust Street. The park is located between the city's post office and the Dubuque Museum of Art.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association</span> 19th century charity in London, England

The Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association is an association that was set up in London by Samuel Gurney, a member of Parliament and philanthropist, and Edward Thomas Wakefield, a barrister, in 1859 to provide free drinking water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry D. Cogswell</span>

Henry Daniel Cogswell was an American dentist and a crusader in the temperance movement. Cogswell and his wife Caroline also founded Cogswell College in San Jose, California. Another campus in Everett, Washington was later dedicated in his honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperance Fountain (Washington, D.C.)</span> United States historic place

The Temperance Fountain is a fountain and statue located in Washington, D.C., donated to the city in 1882 by Henry D. Cogswell, a dentist from San Francisco, California, who was a crusader in the temperance movement. This fountain was one of a series of temperance fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcoholic beverages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lillian M. N. Stevens</span> American temperance worker

Lillian M. N. Stevens (1843–1914) was an American temperance worker and social reformer, born at Dover, Maine. She helped launch the Maine chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.), served as its president, and was elected president of the National W.C.T.U. after the death of Frances Willard. Stevens also served as Editor-in-chief of the W.C.T.U.'s organ, The Union Signal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benson Bubbler</span> Series of drinking fountains, mostly in Portland, Oregon, U.S.

Benson Bubblers are iconic bronze drinking fountains named after businessman and philanthropist Simon Benson (1852–1942), mostly located in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 1912, Benson donated $10,000 for the purchase and installation of 20 fountains; the designer was Portland architect A. E. Doyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis J. Murnane</span>

Francis J. Murnane (1914–1968) was a longshore worker from Portland, Oregon, United States who was called "the cultural and historical conscience of Portland" after playing a key or solitary role in preserving several historical monuments in the city. He was the president of his union, International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 8, and died of a heart attack while presiding over a meeting. A memorial wharf dedicated to Murnane, located on the Willamette River at Tom McCall Waterfront Park, is slated for demolition in 2009. An effort to restore the Murnane memorial is underway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain (Shenandoah, Iowa)</span> United States historic place

Woman's Christian Temperance Union Public Fountain is a historic temperance fountain at Clarinda and Sheridan Streets in Shenandoah, Iowa, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperance movement in the United States</span> Efforts to reduce or end the consumption of alcohol

In the United States, the temperance movement, which sought to curb the consumption of alcohol, had a large influence on American politics and American society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, culminating in the prohibition of alcohol, through the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, from 1920 to 1933. Today, there are organizations that continue to promote the cause of temperance.

<i>Admission Day Monument</i> Monument in San Francisco, California, U.S.

The Admission Day Monument is an 1897 sculpture by Douglas Tilden, located at the intersection of Market Street and Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California, United States. It commemorates California Admission Day, the date on which the state became part of the Union, following the Mexican–American War of 1848.

This is a history and list of drinking fountains in the United States. A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Drinking water fountains are most commonly found in heavy usage areas like public amenities, schools, airports, and museums.

<i>Dog Bowl</i> Sculpture in Portland, Oregon

Dog Bowl is a 2002 outdoor sculpture by dog photographer William Wegman, located in the North Park Blocks in Portland, Oregon, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)</span> Statue of Benjamin Franklin in Washington Square, San Francisco, California, U.S.

Benjamin Franklin – also known as the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Benjamin Franklin Statue and Cogswell Historical Monument – is an outdoor sculpture in Washington Square, San Francisco, California.

The Third Annual Meeting of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (N.W.C.T.U.) was held in Newark, New Jersey, October 25-28, 1876. Twenty-two State unions were represented at this meeting, and local unions were reported as having been formed for the first time in Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas, preparatory to State organizations. No officer of the N.W.C.T.U. received a dollar for services or traveling expenses during the year. Robert's Rules of Order was adopted as the parliamentary authority for the N.W.C.T.U.

References

  1. Duffy, Kathrinne. ""God's Free Gift to Man and Beast" Henry Cogswell's Temperance Fountains". Rhode Tour. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  2. "WCTU Drinking Fountains - Then and Now". Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 1996–2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  3. WCTU Drinking Fountains Then and Now Archived 2011-10-14 at the Wayback Machine , from Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
  4. "Union Square Park Monuments - Union Square Drinking Fountain : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  5. "Tompkins Square Park Highlights - Temperance Fountain". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  6. Foster, Lee (April 6, 2004). "Town Plans to Restore Fountain as Part of Park Project". The Hartford Courant . Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  7. "Tompkins Square Park Highlights : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  8. "History lessons flow from two temperance fountains | The Villager Newspaper". Thevillager.com. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  9. Duffy, Kathrinne. ""God's Free Gift to Man and Beast"". Rhode Tour. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  10. "Weeding Out Bad Sculpture" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1894.
  11. "...Toasted Temperance". Washington Post. September 21, 2003. pp. C02. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  12. Rash, Bryson (1983). Footnote Washington . EPM Publications. ISBN   0-914440-62-4.
  13. The morning call., January 03, 1894, Page 8, (San Francisco [Calif.])
  14. Kitsock, Greg (January 3, 1992). "Fountain of Hooch". Washington City Paper . Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  15. "FRANKLIN, Benjamin statue in Washington Square in San Francisco, California". Dcmemorials.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  16. "SIRIS - Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Siris-artinventories.si.edu. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  17. Ciparelli, Jessica (November 1, 2005). "Back where he belongs: Dr. Henry Cogswell statue once again graces Rockville's Central Park". Rockville Reminder. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  18. "Monument Park". Geocaching.org. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  19. Jolie Wolfe (20 May 2012). "Water Bureau: Benson Bubbler bowl was stolen". FOX 12 Oregon. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  20. Dan Haneckow (2 February 2012). "Benson Bubbler, 3rd and Burnside. Portland Oregon, February 2, 2012" (Image file). flickr. Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved 9 June 2012.