Terrapin (amphibious vehicle)

Last updated

Terrapin
Terrapin Amphibious Vehicle.jpg
A Terrapin Mark 1 under test (October 1944)
TypeAmphibious load carrier
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Production history
DesignerThornycroft
Manufacturer Morris Commercial
Produced1943–1944 (Mark I)
No. built500
Specifications
Mass7 tonnes (6.9 long tons)
Length7.01 m (23 ft 0 in)
Width2.67 m (8 ft 9 in)
Height2.92 m (9 ft 7 in)
Crew2

Main
armament
None
Secondary
armament
None
Engine2 x Ford V8
190 horsepower (140 kW) in total
Power/weighthp/tonne
SuspensionNone
Operational
range
240 km
Maximum speed 24 km/h
5 mph (8.0 km/h) in water
Steering
system
Wheel braking

The Terrapin (officially 4-ton amphibian) was a British-manufactured amphibious transport vehicle of the Second World War. It was first used in 1944 at Antwerp during the Battle of the Scheldt.

Contents

Terrapins served with the Royal Engineer assault teams of the 79th Armoured Division and were used to carry infantry units (Canadian and British) over rivers.

Development

Due to a shortage of US-manufactured DUKWs, the British Ministry of Supply commissioned Thornycroft to design an amphibious vehicle capable of ferrying supplies and troops from ship to shore for the D-Day landings. [1] [2] [3] Some 500 Terrapin Mark 1 were built by Morris Commercial, the vehicle side of Morris Motors Limited. [1] A Mark 2 Terrapin with a number of improvements reached the prototype stage, but the war ended before it entered production.

Mark 1

The Terrapin was powered by two Ford V8 engines mounted side by side, with each motor driving the wheels on one side. Wheel braking was used to steer, the brakes being operated by levers. On a level surface, the vehicle was supported on the four middle wheels, the front and rear wheels remaining clear of the surface (the front pair being raised significantly, the rear pair only slightly). The front and rear wheels provided support and traction on soft surfaces and when climbing slopes, such as riverbanks. [1] When driven in the water, it was propelled by two rear-mounted propellers. [1]

A column of "Alligator" amphibious vehicles passing Terrapin amphibious vehicles (to the left) during the Battle of the Scheldt, 13 October 1944. Alligator amphibious vehicles passing Terrepin amphibious vehicles (to the left) during the Battle of the Scheldt - October 13, 1944.jpg
A column of "Alligator" amphibious vehicles passing Terrapin amphibious vehicles (to the left) during the Battle of the Scheldt, 13 October 1944.

Despite success in its first military action, the Terrapin was not overall a successful design and had many significant defects, which were never overcome in service. Due to the large diameter tyres, the Terrapin was a relatively high vehicle and, although open-topped, it was difficult to enter and exit. Any soldier attempting to exit over the side faced both prolonged exposure to enemy fire and possible injury from the fall. Like the Medium Mark A Whippet tank of the First World War, the Terrapin had engines for each side of the vehicle with skid steering. This arrangement was awkward on the Whippet, and on the Terrapin as well. If one engine broke down, the Terrapin tended to swing around violently.

The two centrally located engines split the cargo compartment in two and, though rated as a 4-ton vehicle, this prevented large loads, such as heavy artillery or vehicles, from being carried. In addition, the driver had poor visibility as he was centrally located inside the middle of the vehicle. This was compounded by the installation of a canvas cover over the forward hold. As a result, another crew member typically had to stand behind the driver and provide directions. [1] In use, the vehicle was found to be rather slow, and was easily swamped in rough seas. The specification had limited the length to 23 feet (7.0 m) and this made its seagoing characteristics inferior to the American DUKW. [4] These failings quickly led to the abandonment of the design in favour of the development of the Mark 2, but the growing availability of large numbers of the much more successful DUKW made further development unnecessary.

Mark II

This was similar to the Mark 1, but had a forward driving position. It was a much longer vehicle, being 31 feet (9.4 m) long compared with the 23 feet (7.0 m) length of the Mark I. [1] Only five of these 5-ton capacity vehicles were built. [5]

Use

During the operations against Walcheren, Terrapins and Buffalo transports carried the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade in what was intended to be a diversionary attack across a mile wide inlet on 9 October 1944. A sufficiently large bridgehead was made that the attack became the main attempt and the German defences were turned.

Terrapins were used in Operation Vitality II on 26 October 1944 to carry units from the British 52nd (Lowland) Division across the Scheldt; Amphibious Sherman DD tanks led the attack.

After the war, Terrapins, together with DUKWs, were used as a form of public transport on the Inundation of Walcheren until circa 1946.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brissette, Richard and Bannerman, Mark: "The Terrapin", Military Modelling Magazine, 29 Feb 2008, page 60.
  2. First British Amphibian War Machine archive.commercialmotor.com The Commercial Motor, 30th November 1945, Page 29 accessed 9 November 2021
  3. Full Description ML146 Terrapin Mk1 Amphibian 4 ton 8 x 8 www.sarikhobbies.com, accessed 9 November 2021
  4. The Amphibious Jeep, Aqua Cheetah, DUKW, Terrapin (Part 1). Directorate of Army Kinematography. 1943. Event occurs at 4.25. Retrieved 9 November 2021 via www.iwm.org.uk.
  5. Ware, P World War II Military Vehicles – Transport & Halftracks p. 155


Related Research Articles

Walcheren Former Island in Zeeland, Netherlands

Walcheren is a region and former island in the Dutch province of Zeeland at the mouth of the Scheldt estuary. It lies between the Eastern Scheldt in the north and the Western Scheldt in the south and is roughly the shape of a rhombus. The two sides facing the North Sea consist of dunes and the rest of its coastline is made up of dykes. Middelburg, the provincial capital, lies at Walcheren's centre. Vlissingen, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) to the south, is the main harbour and the third municipality is Veere.

Volkswagen Schwimmwagen Amphibious transport

The Volkswagen Schwimmwagen was a four-wheel drive amphibious vehicle, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War. The Schwimmwagen is the most numerous mass-produced amphibious car in history.

Amphibious vehicle Vehicle capable of transport on both land and over/under water

An amphibious vehicle, is a vehicle that is a means of transport viable on land as well as on or under water. Amphibious vehicles include amphibious bicycles, ATVs, cars, buses, trucks, railway vehicles, combat vehicles and hovercraft.

Landing craft Seagoing watercraft

Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. The term excludes landing ships, which are larger. Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.

Half-track Land vehicle with both regular wheels and continuous tracks

A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. The purpose of this combination is to produce a vehicle with the cross-country capabilities of a tank and the handling of a wheeled vehicle.

Landing Vehicle Tracked Amphibious vehicle

The Amphibious Vehicle, Tracked (LVT) is an amphibious warfare vehicle and amphibious landing craft, introduced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The United States Army, Canadian Army and British Army used several LVT models during World War II, and referred to those vehicles as "Landing Vehicle, Tracked."

DUKW Amphibious transport

The DUKW is a six-wheel-drive amphibious modification of the 2+12-ton CCKW trucks used by the U.S. military during World War II and the Korean War.

Battle of the Scheldt WWII action to open Antwerp to Allied shipping

The Battle of the Scheldt in World War II was a series of military operations led by the First Canadian Army, with Canadian, Polish and British units attached, to open up the shipping route to Antwerp so that its port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe. Under acting command of the First Canadian's Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds, the battle took place in northern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands from 2 October to 8 November, 1944.

M29 Weasel Tracked vehicle

The M29 Weasel was a World War II tracked vehicle, built by Studebaker, designed for operation in snow.

Willys MB U.S. military vehicle of WWII ("Jeep")

The Willys MB and the Ford GPW, both formally called the U.S. Army Truck, 14-ton, 4×4, Command Reconnaissance, commonly known as the Willys Jeep, Jeep, or jeep, and sometimes referred to by its supply catalogue designation G503, were highly successful American off-road capable light military utility vehicles built in large numbers to a standardized design for the United States and other Allied forces in World War II from 1941 to 1945.

Ford GPA Motor vehicle

The Ford GPA 'Seep' was an amphibious version of the World War II Ford GPW jeep. Unlike the jeep, the seep was not a successful design; it was considered too slow and heavy on land, and lacked sufficient seagoing abilities in open water. The design features of the much larger and more successful DUKW amphibious truck were used on the GPA.

GAZ-46 Motor vehicle

The GAZ-46, army designation MAV, is a Russian-made light four-wheel drive amphibious military vehicle that entered service in the 1950s and has been used by many Eastern Bloc allied forces since. During the Second World War Canada, Britain and the US forwarded large quantities of military materials to Russia. Among those were jeeps, trucks, and amphibious vehicles like the 6×6 DUKW and the 4×4 Ford GPA. The latter were used to help men and equipment get across the many rivers of Eastern Europe and combat the Germans. Seeing merits of such vehicles, after the war, Russia decided to develop two similar vehicles, using domestic automotive parts, the BAV, an equivalent of the DUKW, and the MAV, an equivalent of the Ford GPA.

M520 Goer US Army heavy tactical truck, in service 1972-1982

The M520 "Truck, Cargo, 8-ton, 4x4", nicknamed Goer, truck series was formerly the US Army’s standard heavy tactical truck before its replacement by the Oshkosh HEMTT. As trucks go, the Caterpillar-made Goer stands out due to being articulated, much wider than other trucks, and lacking suspension on the wheels.

PTS (vehicle) Motor vehicle

The PTS is a Soviet tracked amphibious transport. PTS stands for Plavayushchij Transportyer - Sryednyj or medium amphibious transport vehicle. Its industrial index was Ob'yekt 65.

Amphibious warfare ship Ship used in amphibious warfare

An amphibious warfare ship is an amphibious vehicle warship employed to land and support ground forces, such as marines, on enemy territory during an amphibious assault.

GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck US WWII "deuce and a half" cargo truck

The GMC CCKW, also known as "Jimmy", or the G-508 by its Ordnance Supply Catalog nr, was a highly successful series of off-road capable, 212-ton, 6×6 trucks, built in large numbers to a standardized design for the U.S. Army, that saw heavy service, predominantly as cargo trucks, in both World War II and the Korean War. The original "Deuce and a Half", it formed the backbone of the famed Red Ball Express that kept Allied armies supplied as they pushed eastward after the Normandy invasion.

Su-Ki Weapon

The Amphibious Truck "Su-Ki" was a World War II Japanese military vehicle manufactured by the Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. It entered service in 1943 and was used by Japanese forces in the Pacific during World War II. A total of 198 Su-Ki trucks were produced.

The K-38 splicer's trailer was used in World War II for carrying telephone cable splicers tools in the field.

Dodge WC series American WWII light military trucks

The Dodge WC series, sometimes nicknamed 'Beeps', were a prolific range of light 4WD and medium 6WD military utility trucks, produced by Dodge / Fargo during World War II. Together with the 14-ton jeeps produced by Willys and Ford, the Dodge 12‑tons and 34‑tons made up nearly all of the light 4WD trucks supplied to the U.S. military in WWII – with Dodge contributing some 337,500 4WD units.

Amphibious automobile

An amphibious automobile is an automobile that is a means of transport viable on land as well as on or under water. They are unarmored for civilian use.

References