United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379

Last updated

UN General Assembly
Resolution 3379
A forest of national flags welcomed a delegation of US Senators who came to Israel (FL62043414).jpg
Flag of Israel
Date10 November 1975
Meeting no.2400
CodeA/RES/3379 (Document)
SubjectElimination of all forms of racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 72 voted for
  • 35 voted against
  • 32 abstained
ResultAdopted, but revoked on 16 December 1991

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on 10 November 1975, "Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination" with 72 votes in favour, 35 votes against, and 32 abstentions. It was revoked by Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991 with 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions. [1] The vote for Resolution 3379 was held nearly one year after the adoption of Resolution 3236 and Resolution 3237: the former recognized the "Question of Palestine" and invited the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to participate in international diplomacy; and the latter designated the PLO as a non-member Assembly observer following the "Olive Branch Speech" by Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat.

Contents

In the context of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted on 10 November 1963, Resolution 3379 officially condemned the national ideology of the State of Israel. It was sponsored by the Arab League and a number of Muslim-majority countries, and was chiefly supported by in-favour votes from the Second World and many African countries. Israel, which had been granted United Nations membership in 1949, voted against Resolution 3379 and subsequently condemned it, and was chiefly supported by the First World.

Background

Jewish nationalism in Palestine

In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class "A" League of Nations mandate over Palestine was allocated to the British. The preamble of the mandate document declared:

Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. [2]

UN Partition Plan for Palestine

On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as Resolution 181 (II). [3] The plan contained a proposal to terminate the British Mandate for Palestine and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel . [4]

On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations. [5]

Text of Resolution 3379

The full text of Resolution 3379: [6] [7]

3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures",

Recalling also that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, inter alia, the unholy alliance between South African racism and zionism,

Taking note of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, zionism, apartheid and racial discrimination in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination",

Taking note also of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its twelfth ordinary session, held at Kampala from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being",

Taking note also of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries held at Lima from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology,

Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.

Votes of Resolution 3379

Voting record UNGA 3379 Map.png
Voting record
In favour (72)
25 states sponsoring
Abstaining (32)Against (35)
Flag of Afghanistan (1974-1978).svg Afghanistan
Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg  Albania
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg Brazil
Flag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg  Bulgaria
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi
Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951-1991).svg  Byelorussian SSR
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg  Cape Verde
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba
Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg  Cyprus
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechoslovakia
Flag of Benin.svg  Dahomey
Flag of South Yemen.svg  South Yemen
Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg  Egypt
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea
Flag of The Gambia.svg  The Gambia
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
State flag of Iran (1964-1980).svg  Iran
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg  Iraq
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan
Flag of Cambodia.svg Kampuchea
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait
Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg  Laos
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon
Flag of Libya (1972-1977).svg Libya
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta
Flag of Mauritania (1959-2017).svg  Mauritania
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1945-1992).svg  Mongolia
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco
Flag of Mozambique (1975-1983).svg Mozambique
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Old Flag of Oman.svg  Oman
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg  Poland
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar
Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg  Rwanda
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan
Flag of Syria (1972-1980).svg  Syria
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda
Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1949-1991).svg  Ukrainian SSR
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania
Flag of North Yemen.svg  Yemen
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana
Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Burma
Flag of Chile.svg Chile
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Ecuador (1900-2009).svg  Ecuador
Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya
Flag of Lesotho (1966-1987).svg  Lesotho
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea
Flag of Paraguay (1954-1988).svg  Paraguay
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Philippines
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
Flag of Thailand (1917-2017).svg Thailand
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago
Flag of Upper Volta.svg  Upper Volta
Flag of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg Venezuela
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg  Zaire
Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg  Zambia
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany
Flag of Haiti (1964-1986).svg Haiti
Flag of Honduras (1949-2022).svg  Honduras
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Italy (1946-2003).svg Italy
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg  United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System [8]

Response

Israel

In his address to the United Nations General Assembly the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog stated: [9]

"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."

Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words:

"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."

As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half.

The name of the "UN Avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to the "Zionism Avenue" as a response to the UN's decision. [10]

United States

Before the vote, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law." [11] He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, "[The United States] does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world." [12]

In Campbell, California, in the United States, a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall. [13]

Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister Emilio Óscar Rabasa made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign). [14] [15]

Revocation

UN General Assembly
Resolution 46/86
Date16 December 1991
Meeting no.74
CodeA/RES/46/86 (Document)
SubjectElimination of racism and racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 111 voted for
  • 25 voted against
  • 13 abstained
ResultAdopted

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked Resolution 3379's designation of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination. [1] Israel had made the revocation a condition for its participation in the Madrid Conference of 1991. [16] The vote on Resolution 46/86 was held shortly after the Gulf War with sponsorship by 88 countries, including the overwhelming majority of both the First World and the Second World, and was chiefly supported by many African countries. The Arab League, most Muslim-majority countries, and four other countries (Cuba, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam) voted against it.

In total, the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 received 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.

Motion by the United States

Resolution 46/86 was raised under pressure from the United States, [17] and American president George H. W. Bush personally introduced the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 with the following statement:

UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations. This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's right to exist. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace. [17]

Text of Resolution 46/86

The full text of the revocation was simply: [18] [19]

"The General Assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975."

Votes of Resolution 46/86

Voting record UNGA 4686 Map.png
Voting record
In favour (111)
88 states sponsoring
Abstaining (13)Against (25)Absent (15)
Flag of Albania (1946-1992).svg  Albania
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados
Flag of Belarus (1991-1995).svg  Belarus
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi
Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg Cambodia
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992).svg  Cape Verde
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Côte d’Ivoire
Flag of Cyprus (1960-2006).svg  Cyprus
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon
Flag of The Gambia.svg  The Gambia
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti
Flag of Honduras (1949-2022).svg  Honduras
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Italy (1946-2003).svg Italy
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica
Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya
Flag of Lesotho (1987-2006).svg  Lesotho
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia
Flag of Lithuania (1988-2004).svg  Lithuania
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Flag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1945-1992).svg  Mongolia
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea
Flag of Paraguay (1988-1990).svg  Paraguay
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg  Philippines
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal
Flag of South Korea (1984-1997).svg  South Korea
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg  Rwanda
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis
Flag of Saint Lucia (1979-2002).svg  Saint Lucia
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe
Flag of Seychelles (1977-1996).svg  Seychelles
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo
Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1949-1991).svg  Ukraine
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay
Flag of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg Venezuela
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia
Flag of Zaire (1971-1997).svg  Zaire
Flag of Zambia (1964-1996).svg  Zambia
Flag of Angola.svg Angola
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg Ethiopia
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius
Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg Myanmar
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe
Flag of Afghanistan (1987-1992).svg Afghanistan
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran
Flag of Iraq (1963-1991).svg  Iraq
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon
Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg  Libya
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali
Flag of Mauritania (1959-2017).svg  Mauritania
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan
Flag of Syria.svg  Syrian Arab Republic
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg  Comoros
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal
Flag of South Africa (1982-1994).svg  South Africa
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System [20]

Legacy

On 21 June 2004, while inaugurating the first United Nations conference on the issue of antisemitism, the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan stated that "the actions of the United Nations on the issue of antisemitism have not always been worthy of its ideals. It is deplorable that the General Assembly adopted in 1975 a resolution which assimilated Zionism with racism and I welcome that it later came back on its position". [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zionism</span> Movement supporting a Jewish homeland

Zionism is a nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century as a colonial project in pursuit of the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people, ideally in Palestine, a region roughly corresponding to the Land of Israel in Jewish tradition. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, Zionism became an ideology that supports the development and protection of Israel as a Jewish state. It has also been described as Israel's national or state ideology.

The World Conference Against Racism (WCAR) is a series of international events organized by UNESCO to promote struggle against racism ideologies and behaviours. Five conferences have been held so far, in 1978, 1983, 2001, 2009 and 2021. Founded after World War II and the Holocaust as a dependent body of the United Nations, UNESCO started as soon as it was created to promote scientific studies concerning ethnic groups and their diffusion in public opinion to dispel pseudo-scientific rationalizations of racism. One of its first published works was The Race Question in 1950, signed by various internationally renowned scholars.

A United Nations General Assembly resolution is a decision or declaration voted on by all member states of the United Nations in the General Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaim Herzog</span> President of Israel from 1983 to 1993

Major-General Chaim Herzog was an Israeli politician, general, lawyer and author who served as the sixth President of Israel between 1983 and 1993. Born in Belfast and raised primarily in Dublin, the son of Ireland's Chief Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, he immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1935 and served in the Haganah Jewish paramilitary group during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt. He returned to Palestine after the war and, following the end of the British Mandate and Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948, fought in the Battles of Latrun during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He retired from the Israel Defence Forces in 1962 with the rank of major-general.

Issues relating to the State of Israel and aspects of the Arab–Israeli conflict and more recently the Iran–Israel conflict occupy repeated annual debate times, resolutions and resources at the United Nations. Since its founding in 1948, the United Nations Security Council, has adopted 79 resolutions directly related to the Arab–Israeli conflict as of January 2010.

Soviet anti-Zionism is an anti-Zionist and pro-Arab doctrine promulgated in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. While the Soviet Union initially pursued a pro-Zionist policy after World War II due to its perception that the Jewish state would be socialist and pro-Soviet, its outlook on the Arab–Israeli conflict changed as Israel began to develop a close relationship with the United States and aligned itself with the Western Bloc. Anti-Israel Soviet propaganda intensified after Israel's sweeping victory in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, and it was officially sponsored by the agitation and propaganda media of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as well as by the KGB. Among other charges, it alleged that Zionism was a form of racism. The Soviets framed their anti-Zionist propaganda in the guise of a study of modern Zionism, dubbed Zionology. The Soviet anti-Israel policy included the regulated denial of permission for Jews in the Soviet Union to emigrate, primarily to Israel, but also to any other country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 1948

The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 is a resolution adopted near the end of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. The Resolution defines principles for reaching a final settlement and returning Palestine refugees to their homes. Article 11 of the resolution resolves that

refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's International Zionist Organization</span> Political party in Israel

The Women's International Zionist Organization is a volunteer organization dedicated to social welfare in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in Israel and the Diaspora.

The 2001 World Conference against Racism (WCAR), also known as Durban I, was held at the Durban International Convention Centre in Durban, South Africa, under UN auspices, from 31 August to 8 September 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel–Venezuela relations</span> Bilateral relations

Israeli–Venezuelan relations refer to foreign relations between Israel and Venezuela. Both countries have no formal relations since 2009. Canada serves as Israel's protecting power in Venezuela through its embassy in Caracas, while Spain serves as Venezuela's protecting power in Israel through its embassy in Tel Aviv.

The United Nations Decade for Women was a period from 1975 to 1985 focused on the policies and issues that impact women, such as pay equity, gendered violence, land holding, and other human rights. It was adopted December 15, 1975, by the United Nations General Assembly by Resolution 31/136.

In world politics, Jewish state is a characterization of Israel as the nation-state and sovereign homeland of the Jewish people.

Emilio Óscar Rabasa Mishkin (23 January 1925 – 14 June 2008) was a Mexican politician, diplomat and academic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Zionism</span> Opposition to Jewish nationalism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine—a region partly coinciding with the biblical Land of Israel—was flawed or unjust in some way.

Events in the year 1991 in Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algeria–Palestine relations</span> Bilateral relations

The alliance between Algeria and Palestine is strong and enduring. Algeria is a supporter of the Middle East peace process and it has no diplomatic relations with Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestinian Declaration of Independence</span> 1988 statement that formally established the State of Palestine

The Palestinian Declaration of Independence formally established the State of Palestine, and was written by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and proclaimed by Yasser Arafat on 15 November 1988 in Algiers, Algeria. It had previously been adopted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC), the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), by a vote of 253 in favour, 46 against, and 10 abstaining. It was read at the closing session of the 19th PNC to a standing ovation. Upon completing the reading of the declaration, Arafat, as Chairman of the PLO, assumed the title of President of Palestine. In April 1989, the PLO Central Council elected Arafat as the first President of the State of Palestine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</span> 1969 United Nations human rights instrument

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. The Convention also requires its parties to criminalize hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations.

Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and their Contribution to Development and Peace 66/34 was a United Nations resolution that was adopted on July 2, 1975, at the close of the International Women's Year World Conference on Women held in Mexico City. The resolution was adopted to promulgate a set of principles concerning the equality of men and women. The Declaration called for action to immediately address the burdens and discrimination women experienced in the labor market, as primary childcare providers, and as political participants around the world.

Fayez Sayigh (1922–1980) was an Arab-American diplomat, scholar and teacher. He was one of the most significant scholars who developed various analyses on the Palestinian resistance movement against Zionism.

References

  1. 1 2 Lewis, Paul (17 December 1991). "U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  2. "The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate" . Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  3. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  4. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. Admission of Israel to UN: Retrieved 24 May 2013 Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Resolution 3379: Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination Archived 6 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX))
  7. "Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Zionism as racism - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  8. "UNBISnet". Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. Blaisdell, Bob (18 August 2014). Great Speeches of the 20th Century. Courier Corporation. p. 163. ISBN   9780486315560 . Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  10. פדן, יחיעם (2005). Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide (PDF). p. 158.
  11. Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134
  12. Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 2011, page 215
  13. "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  14. "Mexican Heritage Almanac". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  15. "Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe" . Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  16. "260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  17. 1 2 Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project
  18. "A/RES/46/86 of 16 December 1991". 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  19. "Racism and racial discrimination/Revocation of resolution 3379 ("Zionism as racism") - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  20. "UNBISnet" . Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  21. "Message du Secrétaire général : L'antisémitisme a été le signe avant-coureur d'autres formes de discrimination". United Nations . 21 June 2004.