A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water",the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture,civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding,for example land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands,changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees,and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea level rise. In particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for flooding,resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.
Morpeth is a historic market town in Northumberland,North East England,lying on the River Wansbeck. Nearby towns include Ashington and Bedlington. In the 2011 census,the population of Morpeth was given as 14,017,up from 13,833 in the 2001 census. The earliest evidence of settlement is believed to be from the Neolithic period,and some Roman artifacts have also been found. The first written mention of the town is from 1080,when the de Merlay family was granted the barony of Morpeth. The meaning of the town's name is uncertain,but it may refer to its position on the road to Scotland and a murder which occurred on that road. The de Merlay family built two castles in the town in the late 11th century and the 13th century. The town was granted its coat of arms in 1552. By the mid-1700s it had become one of the main markets in England,having been granted a market charter in 1200,but the opening of the railways in the 1800s led the market to decline. The town's history is celebrated in the annual Northumbrian Gathering.
A storm drain,storm sewer,surface water drain/sewer,or stormwater drain is infrastructure designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets,car parks,parking lots,footpaths,sidewalks,and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems.
The River Rother,a waterway in the northern midlands of England,gives its name to the town of Rotherham and to the Rother Valley parliamentary constituency. It rises in Pilsley in Derbyshire and flows in a generally northwards direction through the centre of Chesterfield,where it feeds the Chesterfield Canal,and on through the Rother Valley Country Park and several districts of Sheffield before joining the River Don at Rotherham in Yorkshire. Historically,it powered mills,mainly corn or flour mills,but most had ceased to operate by the early 20th century,and few of the mill buildings survive.
The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body,established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment,Food and Rural Affairs,with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.
The Macquarie River or Wambuul is part of the Macquarie–Barwon catchment within the Murray–Darling basin,is one of the main inland rivers in New South Wales,Australia.
The Avoca River,an inland intermittent river of the north–central catchment,part of the Murray-Darling basin,is located in the lower Riverina bioregion and Central Highlands and Wimmera regions of the Australian state of Victoria. The headwaters of the Avoca River rise on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees Range and descend to flow into the ephemeral Kerang Lakes.
A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river,channel,or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in cubic meters or cubic feet per second . Hydrographs often relate change of precipitation to change of discharge over time. It can also refer to a graph showing the volume of water reaching a particular outfall,or location in a sewerage network. Graphs are commonly used in the design of sewerage,more specifically,the design of surface water sewerage systems and combined sewers.
The River Anker is a river in England that flows through the centre of Nuneaton. It is a major tributary of the River Tame,which it joins in Tamworth. The name of the river derives from an old British term for winding river. From source to river mouth at Tamworth is 50 kilometres (31 mi).
The Stanley River is a perennial river in the South East region of Queensland,Australia. A major tributary of the Brisbane River,the Stanley River valley extends roughly 35 kilometres (22 mi) westwards from the area south of Maleny,through Woodford to Kilcoy before veering southwards.
Drainage density is a quantity used to describe physical parameters of a drainage basin. First described by Robert E. Horton,drainage density is defined as the total length of channel in a drainage basin divided by the total area,represented by the following equation:
Surface runoff is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface,in contrast to channel runoff. It occurs when excess rainwater,stormwater,meltwater,or other sources,can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil. This can occur when the soil is saturated by water to its full capacity,and the rain arrives more quickly than the soil can absorb it. Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore,runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes.
The 2004 Boscastle flood occurred on Monday,16 August 2004 in the two villages of Boscastle and Crackington Haven in Cornwall,England,United Kingdom. The villages suffered extensive damage after flash floods caused by an exceptional amount of rain that fell over eight hours that afternoon. The flood in Boscastle was filmed and extensively reported but the floods in Crackington Haven and Rocky Valley were not mentioned beyond the local news. The floods were the worst in local memory. A study commissioned by the Environment Agency from hydraulics consulting firm HR Wallingford concluded that it was among the most extreme ever experienced in Britain. The peak flow was about 140 m3/s,between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm BST. The annual chance of this flood in any one year is about 1 in 400. The probability each year of the heaviest three-hour rainfall is about 1 in 1300. At midday on 16 August 2004,heavy thundery showers had developed across the South West due to a weak disturbance to the northeast of the United Kingdom.
The history of flooding in Canada includes floods caused by snowmelt runoff or freshet flooding,storm-rainfall and "flash flooding",ice jams during ice formation and spring break-up,natural dams,coastal flooding on ocean or lake coasts from storm surges,hurricanes and tsunamis. Urban flooding can be caused by stormwater runoff,riverine flooding and structural failure when engineered flood management structures,including dams and levees,prove inadequate to manage the quantities and force of flood waters. Floods can also occur when groundwater levels rise entering buildings cracks in foundation,floors and basements. Flooding is part of the natural environmental process. Flooding along large river systems is more frequent in spring where peak flows are often governed by runoff volume due to rainfall and snowmelt,but can take place in summer with flash floods in urban systems that respond to short-duration,heavy rainfall. Flooding due to hurricanes,or downgraded severe storms,is a concern from August to October when tropical storms can affect Eastern North America. Flood events have had a significant effect on various regions of the country. Flooding is the costliest natural disaster for Canadians. Most home insurance claims in Canada deal with water damage due to sewer back-up,not fire.
A series of large floods occurred in parts of the United Kingdom during the summer of 2007. The worst of the flooding occurred across Scotland on 14 June;East Yorkshire and the Midlands on 15 June;Yorkshire,the Midlands,Gloucestershire,Herefordshire and Worcestershire on 25 June;and Gloucestershire,Herefordshire,Worcestershire,Oxfordshire,Berkshire and South Wales on 28 July 2007.
Flood control methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes,such as extreme weather upstream,and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. A distinction is made between structural and non-structural flood control measures. Structural methods physically restrain the flood waters,whereas non-structural methods do not. Building hard infrastructure to prevent flooding,such as flood walls,is effective at managing flooding. However,increased best practice within landscape engineering is to rely more on soft infrastructure and natural systems,such as marshes and flood plains,for handling the increase in water. To prevent or manage coastal flooding,coastal management practices have to handle natural processes like tides but also the human cased sea level rise.
The River Isbourne is 14 mile (22 km) long tributary of the River Avon which flows through Gloucestershire and Worcestershire in the Midlands of England.
The Markeaton Brook is an 11-mile-long (17 km) tributary of the River Derwent in Derbyshire,England. The brook rises from its source south of Hulland Ward,and flows for most of its length through the countryside north-west of Derby before entering a culvert to the north of the city centre;it reappears from this culvert and runs through a short section of open channel on the other side of the city before joining the Derwent.
The Eller Beck is a small river in North Yorkshire,England,that flows through the town of Skipton and is a tributary of the River Aire. Its channel was heavily modified to supply water to mills in the 18th and 19th centuries,and although all the mills have closed,the water now supplies power to the National Grid,generated by a turbine at High Corn Mill. The beck flows through several underground culverts in Skipton that contribute to the flood risk. To alleviate flooding in Skipton town centre,a scheme involving two flood water storage reservoirs was designed and eventually completed in 2017.
Pickering Beck is a river that runs for over 18 miles (29 km) from its source in the North York Moors National Park through the town of Pickering and on to its confluence with Costa Beck at Kirby Misperton. It is a meandering river that is fed by numerous named and unnamed becks and streams which flow over sandstone and limestone beds and an alluvia of sand,clay silt and gravel. The beck is known for flooding and in recent times has been a beneficiary of funding and experimental flood protection schemes.
