Boscalid

Last updated
Boscalid
Boscalid Structural Formula V.1.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-chloro-N-(4'-chloro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide
Other names
BAS 510F, Nicobifen
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
10092464
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.115.343 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 606-143-0
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C18H12Cl2N2O/c19-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)14-4-1-2-6-16(14)22-18(23)15-5-3-11-21-17(15)20/h1-11H,(H,22,23)/f/h22H Yes check.svgY
    Key: WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)NC(=O)C3=C(N=CC=C3)Cl
Properties [1]
C18H12Cl2N2O
Molar mass 343.21
AppearanceWhite to beige coloured crystalline powder
Density 1.381 g/cm3
Melting point 143°C
4.6 mg/L (20 °C)
log P 2.96
Hazards
GHS labelling: [2]
GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg
H411
P273, P391, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Boscalid is a broad spectrum fungicide used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by BASF in 2002 using their brand name Endura. [3] The compound is an biphenyl amide derived inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. [4]

Contents

History

Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, the complex II in the mitochondrial respiration chain, has been known as a fungicidal mechanism of action since the first examples were marketed in the 1960s. The first compound in this class was carboxin, which had a narrow spectrum of useful biological activity, mainly on basidiomycetes and was used as a seed treatment. Many companies made analogues with the aim of expanding the range of species controlled and boscalid was successful in doing so. [5] [6]

Synthesis

The first synthesis of boscalid was disclosed in patents filed by BASF in 1995. [7] [8] [9]

Boscalid synthesis.svg

The aminobiphenyl required for reaction with the acid chloride of 2-chloronicotinic acid is prepared in two steps. The first is a palladium-catalysed Suzuki reaction, followed by reduction. As the final product has been manufactured at the multi-tonne scale, considerable efforts have been made to optimise these reactions. [8] [9]

Mechanism of action

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) of this type act by binding at the quinone reduction site of the enzyme complex, preventing ubiquinone from doing so. As a consequence, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain cannot function. [10] [11]

Usage

Boscalid has fungicidal effects against a wide range of crop pests. These include Alternaria , grey mold ( Botrytis cinerea ), white mold ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ), and powdery mildew ( Uncinula necator ). As a result, it has use in crops including fruits, soybeans and vegetables. [3] [5]

Boscalid usage in the US to 2019 (estimated) Boscalid use USA.png
Boscalid usage in the US to 2019 (estimated)

The estimated annual use of boscalid in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey and shows that it is mainly applied to fruit crops, with a maximum use of over 600,000 pounds (270,000 kg) in 2016. [12] Global sales in 2014 were estimated at $390 million. The compound lacks full control of important cereal diseases, especially septoria leaf blotch Zymoseptoria tritici , which has limited its potential. [5]

Human safety

Boscalid has low acute toxicity: [1] the Codex Alimentarius database maintained by the FAO lists the maximum residue limits for it in various food products. [13]

Environmental effects

The compound is very persistent in field conditions [1] and its environmental fate and consequent ecotoxicology have been reviewed. [4]

Resistance management

Fungal populations have the ability to develop resistance to SDHI inhibitors. [14] This potential can be mitigated by careful management. Reports of individual pest species becoming resistant [1] are monitored by manufacturers, regulatory bodies such as the EPA and the Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). [15] The risks of resistance developing can be reduced by using a mixture of two or more fungicides which each have activity on relevant pests but with unrelated mechanisms of action. FRAC assigns fungicides into classes so as to facilitate this. [16]

Brands

Boscalid is the ISO common name for the active ingredient which is formulated into the branded product sold to end-users. It was also known as nicobifen. [17] Endura and Emerald are the brand names first used by BASF's formulations [3] but the compound has subsequently been sold under a range of product names. [1]

Related Research Articles

Fungicides are pesticides used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. They are most commonly chemical compounds, but may include biocontrols and fungistatics. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Fungicides are also used to control oomycetes, which are not taxonomically/genetically fungi, although sharing similar methods of infecting plants. Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upward.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Succinate dehydrogenase</span> Enzyme

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azoxystrobin</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesotrione</span> Chemical compound used as an herbicide

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluxapyroxad</span> Chemical compound

Fluxapyroxad is a broad-spectrum pyrazole-carboxamide fungicide used on a large variety of commercial crops. It stunts fungus growth by inhibiting the succinate dehydrogenase (SQR) enzyme. Application of fluxapyroxad helps prevent many wilts and other fungal infections from taking hold. As with other systemic pesticides that have a long chemical half-life, there are concerns about keeping fluxapyroxad out of the groundwater, especially when combined with pyraclostrobin. There is also concern that some fungi may develop resistance to fluxapyroxad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fludioxonil</span> Chemical compound

Fludioxonil is a non-systemic fungicide, introduced in 1993 by Ciba-Geigy. It is used for the treatment of crops, particularly cereals, fruits and vegetables, and ornamental plants. It is often used in combination with another fungicide such as Cyprodinil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluopyram</span> Chemical compound

Fluopyram is a fungicide and nematicide used in agriculture. It is used to control fungal diseases such as gray mold, powdery mildew, apple scab, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, and Monilinia. It is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxycarboxin</span> Chemical compound

Oxycarboxin is an organic chemical used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by Uniroyal in 1969 using their brand name Plantvax. The compound is an anilide which combines a heterocyclic acid with aniline to give an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedaxane</span> Chemical compound

Sedaxane is a broad spectrum fungicide used as a seed treatment in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by Syngenta in 2011 using their brand name Vibrance. The compound is an amide which combines a pyrazole acid with a substituted aniline to give an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carboxin</span> Chemical compound used to kill fungi

Carboxin is a narrow-spectrum fungicide used as a seed treatment in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by Uniroyal in 1969 using their brand name Vitavax. The compound is an anilide which combines a heterocyclic acid with aniline to give an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluazifop</span> ACCase herbicide, fop, anti-grass

Fluazifop is the common name used by the ISO for an organic compound that is used as a selective herbicide. The active ingredient is the 2R enantiomer at its chiral centre and this material is known as fluazifop-P when used in that form. More commonly, it is sold as its butyl ester, fluazifop-P butyl with the brand name Fusilade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyraclostrobin</span> Agricultural fungicide, QoI, strobilurin

Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI)-type fungicide used in agriculture. Among the QoIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pydiflumetofen</span> Chemical compound used to kill fungi

Pydiflumetofen is a broad spectrum fungicide used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by Syngenta in 2016 using their brand name Miravis. The compound is an amide which combines a pyrazole acid with a substituted phenethylamine to give an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1<i>H</i>-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound

3-(Difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid is a chemical compound which is used commercially as an intermediate to seven fungicides which act by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI). It consists of a pyrazole ring with difluoromethyl, methyl and carboxylic acid groups attached in specific positions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Pesticide Properties Database (2023-07-25). "Boscalid". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  2. ↑ "GHS Classification". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  3. 1 2 3 "Endura fungicide" (PDF). EPA. 2002-11-08. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  4. 1 2 Yibing, He (2006). "Boscalid" (PDF). FAO . Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  5. 1 2 3 Walter, Harald (2016). "Fungicidal Succinate-Dehydrogenase-Inhibiting Carboxamides". In Lamberth, Clemens; Dinges, Jürgen (eds.). Bioactive Carboxylic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals. Wiley. pp. 405–425. doi:10.1002/9783527693931.ch31. ISBN   9783527339471.
  6. ↑ "History of SDHI-fungicides". frac.info. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  7. ↑ USpatent 5589493,Eicken, K; Goetz, N& Harreus, Aet al.,"Anilide derivatives and their use for combating botrytis",published 1996-12-31, assigned to BASF SE
  8. 1 2 Glasnov, Toma N.; Kappe, C. Oliver (2010). "Toward a Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Boscalid" (PDF). Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 352 (17): 3089–3097. doi:10.1002/adsc.201000646.
  9. 1 2 Takale, Balaram S.; Thakore, Ruchita R.; Mallarapu, Rushil; Gallou, Fabrice; Lipshutz, Bruce H. (2020). "A Sustainable 1-Pot, 3-Step Synthesis of Boscalid Using Part per Million Level Pd Catalysis in Water". Organic Process Research & Development. 24: 101–105. doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00455. S2CID   212964123.
  10. ↑ Oyedotun, Kayode S.; Lemire, Bernard D. (2004). "The Quaternary Structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Succinate Dehydrogenase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (10): 9424–9431. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M311876200 . PMID   14672929.
  11. ↑ Avenot, Hervé F.; Michailides, Themis J. (2010). "Progress in understanding molecular mechanisms and evolution of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides in phytopathogenic fungi". Crop Protection. 29 (7): 643–651. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2010.02.019.
  12. ↑ US Geological Survey (2021-10-12). "Estimated Agricultural Use for boscalid, 2019" . Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  13. ↑ FAO / WHO. "Boscalid".
  14. ↑ Cosseboom, Scott; Hu, Mengjun (2021). "Identification and Characterization of Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis Populations from Small Fruit Fields in the Mid-Atlantic United States". Plant Disease. 105 (9): 2366–2373. doi: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0487-re . PMID   33719541. S2CID   232231834.
  15. ↑ "Fungicides Resistance Action Committee website".
  16. ↑ "Search Fungicides to find FRAC Recommendations" . Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  17. ↑ "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names: Boscalid". BCPC. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
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