Cantharellus lateritius

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Cantharellus lateritius
Cantharellus lateritius 54894.jpg
In Wayne National Forest, Ohio, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Cantharellaceae
Genus: Cantharellus
Species:
C. lateritius
Binomial name
Cantharellus lateritius
(Berk.) Singer (1951)
Synonyms [1]
  • Thelephora cantharella Schw. (1822)
  • Craterellus cantharellus(Schw.) Fr. (1838)
  • Craterellus lateritiusBerk. (1873)
  • Trombetta lateritia(Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
Cantharellus lateritius
Information icon.svg
Ridges icon.pngRidges on hymenium
Infundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is infundibuliform
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is cream to salmon
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Choice.pngEdibility is choice

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother.

Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies. Found in Asia, Africa, and North America, the species forms ectomycorrhizal relationships.

Taxonomy

Berkeley is credited with the original authorship of the species. Miles Joseph Berkeley00.jpg
Berkeley is credited with the original authorship of the species.

The species was first described in the scientific literature as Thelephora cantharella by the American Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822, based on specimens collected in Ohio. [2] Elias Magnus Fries later transferred it to Craterellus in his 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. [3] In 1856, Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis mentioned the fungus in their analysis of Schweinitz's specimens, but changed the epithet, calling it Craterellus lateritius. [4] The motivation for the name change is unclear; Ronald H. Petersen, in a 1979 publication, suggests that Berkeley "was apparently reluctant to surrender his own name for the organism". [5] Petersen suggests that Berkeley may have foreseen the necessity to avoid giving the species a tautonym (a situation where both the generic name and specific epithet are identical). However, as Petersen indicates, a future publication renders this explanation dubious: in 1873 Berkeley again referred to the species using his chosen name Craterellus lateritius, and indicated a type location (Alabama) different than the one mentioned by Schweinitz. [6] Petersen considers Berkeley's name to be a nomen novum (new name), not a new species, as Berkeley clearly indicated that he thought Craterellus lateritius was synonymous with Schweinitz's Thelephora cantharella. Normally in these circumstances, Schweinitz's specimen would be considered the type, but Petersen was unable to locate Schweinitz's original specimen, and thus according to the rules of botanical nomenclature, Berkeley's epithet has precedence as it is the earliest published name that has an associated type specimen. [5]

Another synonym is Trombetta lateritia, used by Otto Kuntze in his 1891 Revisio Generum Plantarum . [7] American mycologist Rolf Singer transferred it to the genus Cantharellus in 1951. [8] The mushroom is commonly known as the "smooth chanterelle". [9] The specific name lateritius means "bricklike", and refers to the smooth hymenium. [10]

Description

The hymenium is initially smooth before developing shallow vein-like ridges in maturity. Cantharellus lateritius 51632.jpg
The hymenium is initially smooth before developing shallow vein-like ridges in maturity.

The caps of the C. lateritius fruiting bodies typically range between 2 and 12 cm (3⁄4 and 4+3⁄4 in) in diameter, [11] with a flattened to somewhat funnel-shaped top surface and a wavy margin. The cap surface is dry, slightly tomentose (covered with a layer of fine hairs), and a deep and bright orange-yellow color, with older specimens fading to more yellow in age; the distinctive margins of the cap are a paler yellow, [12] and typically curve downward in young specimens. [5] Fruiting bodies can reach a height of 12 cm (4+3⁄4 in). [5]

The hymenophore (the spore-bearing surface) is initially smooth and without wrinkles, but gradually develops channels or ridges, and what appear to be very shallow gills that are vein-like, and less than 1 mm wide. The color is pale yellow, and is continuous with the surface of the stem. The stem is rather plump and stout, 1.5 to 10 cm (1⁄2 to 4 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (1⁄4 to 3⁄4 in) thick, more or less cylindrical, tapering downwards towards the (sometimes white) base. [11] Internally, the stems are either stuffed (filled with cotton-like mycelia) or solid. Rarely, fruiting bodies may be clumped together with stems conjoined at the base; in these cases there are usually no more than three fused stems. [5] The flesh is solid to partly hollow (sometimes due to insect larvae), with a pale yellow color; [13] it is 0.5 to 0.9 cm (1⁄4 to 3⁄8 in) thick. [14]

The spores are smooth, with a roughly ellipsoid shape, and have typical dimensions of 7–7.5 by 4.5–5  μm. [15] In deposit, such as in a spore print, the spores are light yellow orange, [12] while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish. [13] The spore bearing cells—the basidia—are 75–80 by 7–9 μm, 4-5-6-spored, [16] slightly club-shaped, and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base. Clamp connections (short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division) are present in the hyphae of all parts of the fruiting body. [13]

Bioactive compounds

In a 1998 study, the carotenoid composition of this species was compared to several other Cantharellus species, including C. cibarus , C. cibarius var. amythysteus, and C. tabernensis . The carotenoid content between species was "virtually identical", comprising γ-carotene , α-carotene , and β-carotene . The only significant difference was that C. lateritius contained a significant quantity of an unidentified carotene that was thought to be a breakdown product of β-carotene. [17]

Similar species

Omphalotus olearius2.JPG
Chanterelle.jpg
Potential lookalikes include the poisonous Omphalotus olearius (left) and the exceptional edible Cantharellus cibarius (right).

Cantharellus lateritius is pinker than the golden chanterelle (C. cibarius), [17] and has thicker flesh in addition to the smoother hymenial surface. [18] C. odoratus is also similar in appearance, and is distinguished by a thinner flesh and a hollow stem. [12] Microscopy or DNA analysis is required to distinguish C. flavolateritius . [11]

The poisonous "Jack O'Lantern" mushroom, Omphalotus olearius , is roughly similar in stature and color, but can be differentiated from C. lateritius by its true gills with sharply defined edges, and growth on decaying wood (although the wood may be buried in the soil), usually in large overlapping clusters. [19] Craterellus odoratus is also similar. [11]

One author considers C. lateritius to likely represent a species complex, including "all the chanterelles with a completely smooth hymenophore, sweet smell, and clamped hyphae". [13]

Distribution and habitat

Not yet fully mature specimens from Strouds Run State Park, Ohio Cantharellus lateritius 49073.jpg
Not yet fully mature specimens from Strouds Run State Park, Ohio

Cantharellus lateritius is distributed in North America, Africa, Malaysia, [13] and the Himalayas (specifically, the Almora hills in Uttar Pradesh). [20] In North America, it appears from June to September, [11] with its range in the United States extending northward to Michigan and New England. [5]

Typically found growing solitary, in groups or in clusters under hardwood trees, the fungus produces fruit bodies in the summer and autumn. [14] In the New England area of the United States, mycologist Howard Bigelow has noted it to grow on road shoulders in grass near oaks; [12] it also has a predilection for growing on sloping creek banks. [10] In Malaysia, it is found growing on the soil in forests, mostly under species of Shorea (rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae). [13] C. lateritius has been reported from the Western Ghats, Kerala, India, forming ectomycorrhizal association with endemic tree species like Vateria indica , Hopea parviflora , Diospyros malabarica , and Myristica malabarica in semi-evergreen to evergreen forests. [21]

Edibility

Like all species in the genus Cantharellus, C. lateritius is edible, and often considered choice. [18] [22] [14] The odor resembles apricots, and the taste is mild, [13] or "moderately to faintly acrid". [5] In the opinion of McFarland and Mueller, authors of a field guide to edible fungi of Illinois, compared to the well-known C. cibarius, C. lateritius is "in general ... somewhat disappointing when compared with their delicious relatives". [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma and often have a mildly peppery taste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<i>Craterellus cornucopioides</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus cornucopioides, or horn of plenty, is an edible mushroom found in North America and Eurasia. It is also known as the black chanterelle, black trumpet, trompette de la mort (French), trompeta de la mort (Catalan) or trumpet of the dead.

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Turbinellus floccosus</i> Species of fungus of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

<i>Craterellus tubaeformis</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It was reclassified from Cantharellus, which has been supported by molecular phylogenetics.

<i>Gomphus clavatus</i> Edible species of fungus native to Eurasia and North America

Gomphus clavatus, commonly known as pig's ears or the violet chanterelle, is an edible species of fungus in the genus Gomphus native to Eurasia and North America. Described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, G. clavatus has had several name changes and many alternative scientific names, having been classified in the genus Cantharellus, though it is not closely related to them. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to 15–16 cm wide and 17 cm tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while the lower spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple color.

<i>Polyozellus</i> Genus of fungus

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

<i>Polyozellus multiplex</i> Species of fungus

Polyozellus multiplex is a species complex of fungi first described in 1899. P. multiplex is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the purple chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. However, this mushroom is not closely related to true chanterelles. While this name used to refer to a group of species, it is now used to describe only one species that held onto the name P. multiplex. The fruiting bodies of this species are blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps, with veiny wrinkles on the underside which run down the length of the stem. P. multiplex was considered the monotypic species of the genus Polyozellus until recent molecular research divided the P. multiplex species complex into five species. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. The specific epithet multiplex means "in many pieces," referring to the compound nature of the fruiting body.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from C. cibarius in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor.

<i>Cantharellus subalbidus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to western North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.

<i>Cantharellus californicus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus californicus, also called the California golden chanterelle, mud puppy, or oak chanterelle, is a fungus native to California, United States. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is generally similar in appearance to C. cibarius and C. formosus except for its large size at maturity.

<i>Cantharellus minor</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus minor is a fungus native to eastern North America. It is one of the smallest of the genus Cantharellus, which includes other edible chanterelles.

<i>Cantharellus flavus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, Eastern yellow chanterelle or Midwestern yellow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it is an edible mushroom.

<i>Cantharellus amethysteus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus amethysteus, the amethyst chanterelle, is a species of Cantharellus from Europe.

<i>Craterellus cinereus</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus cinereus, commonly known as the black chanterelle or ashen chanterelle, is a species of Craterellus found growing in coniferous forest in Europe.

<i>Cantharellus enelensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus enelensis is one of several species of chanterelle native to North America, discovered in 2017 as a new member of the C. cibarius complex. It forms mycorrhizal relationships and is an edible mushroom.

<i>Cantharellus anzutake</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus anzutake, also known as Japanese golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to Japan and Korea. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is named after the Japanese common name of chanterelle, anzutake (杏茸).

References

  1. ↑ "Cantharellus lateritius (Berk.) Singer 1949". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  2. ↑ von Schweinitz LD. (1822). "Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Leipzig (in Latin). 1: 105.
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. p. 534.
  4. ↑ "A commentary on the Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degentium, by L. D. de Schweinitz". Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences II: 205–24.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Petersen RH. (1979). "Notes on cantharelloid fungi. X. Cantharellus confluens and C. lateritius, Craterellus odoratus and C. aureus". Sydowia. 32 (1–6): 198–208.
  6. ↑ Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1873). "Notices of North American fungi". Grevillea. 1 (10): 147.
  7. ↑ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 873.
  8. ↑ Singer R. (1949). "The Agaricales in modern taxonomy". Lilloa. 22: 729.
  9. ↑ Kuo M. (2007). 100 Edible Mushrooms . Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p.  142. ISBN   978-0-472-03126-9.
  10. 1 2 Metzler V, Metzler S (1992). Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 238. ISBN   0-292-75125-7.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-593-31998-7.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Bigelow HE. (1978). "The Cantharelloid Fungi of New England and Adjacent Areas". Mycologia. 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354. JSTOR   3759354.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eyssartier G, Stubbe D, Walleyn R, Verbeken A (2009). "New records of Cantharellus species (Basidiomycota, Cantharellaceae) from Malaysian dipterocarp rainforest" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 36: 57–67.
  14. 1 2 3 Miller OK Jr; Miller HH (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. FalconGuides. Globe Pequot Press. p. 331. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  15. ↑ Bigelow (1978) reports more a permissive range of spore sizes: 7.5–9.5 (occasionally up to 12.5) by 4.5–6(6.5) μm
  16. ↑ Bigelow (1978) reports instead 35–72 by 5–7.5 μm, and four spores.
  17. 1 2 Mui D, Feibelman T, Bennett JW (1998). "A preliminary study of the carotenoids of some North American species of Cantharellus". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 159 (2): 244–48. doi:10.1086/297545. S2CID   84249922.
  18. 1 2 Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 126–27. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8.
  19. ↑ Bessette A, Fischer DH (1992). Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: a Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 26. ISBN   0-292-72080-7.
  20. ↑ Dhancholia S, Bhatt JC, Pant SK (1991). "Studies of some Himalaya agarics". Acta Botanica Indica. 19 (1): 104–109. ISSN   0379-508X.
  21. ↑ Mohanan C. (2011). Macrofungi of Kerala. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute.
  22. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 83. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  23. ↑ Mueller GM, McFarland J (2009). Edible Wild Mushrooms of Illinois and Surrounding States: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 105. ISBN   978-0-252-07643-5.

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