Cetrelia

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Cetrelia
Cetrelia cetrarioides 31201.jpg
Cetrelia cetrarioides is the most prominent of several lichens growing on the trunk of this willow tree in the Eastern Julian Alps, Slovenia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Cetrelia
W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. (1968)
Type species
Cetrelia cetrarioides
(Delise) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. (1968)

Cetrelia is a genus of leafy lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as sea-storm lichens, alluding to the wavy appearance of their lobes. The name of the genus, circumscribed in 1968 by the husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson, alludes to the former placement of these species in the genera Cetraria and Parmelia .

Contents

The main characteristics of the genus are the broad, rounded lobes of the greyish-green lichen body, and the presence of tiny pores in the outer surface (the cortex) that enable gas exchange. The lower surface of the lichen is brown to black with few root-like rhizines to act as holdfasts, resulting in a fairly loose attachment to the surface the lichen is on. Sexual reproductive structures are usually not present, so the physical characteristics used to distinguish between Cetrelia species include the presence or absence of asexual reproductive structures such as isidia, soredia, and lobules. Cetrelia lichens are chemically diverse and produce several secondary chemicals: atranorin is the main compound produced in the cortex, while substances known as depsides or depsidones are compounds in the medulla (the tissue layer under the cortex) that can be used to help distinguish between species.

The number of species in Cetrelia depends on how the chemical variation in the genus is categorized: there are five distinct forms (morphotypes), and additional morphologically identical but chemically unique species (chemotypes). Although 19 Cetrelia species have been formally described, some authorities prefer to consider the morphologically similar taxa as chemotypes of the same species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the chemical races are best treated as distinct species. Known predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere, most Cetrelia species are found in eastern or southern Asia. They prefer somewhat moist, cool habitats, and are most commonly found on tree trunks, but sometimes on rocks or on bryophytes over shaded boulders. The type species, Cetrelia cetrarioides , is widely distributed, having been recorded in Asia, Europe, and North America. Most Cetrelia species that occur in Europe are considered rare or threatened, and appear on the Regional Red Lists of several countries. In Asia, some Cetrelia lichens are used in the preparation of natural dyes, for the production of material with antibiotic-like properties used in traditional medicine, or in the preparation of litmus reagent.

Systematics

Taxonomic history

The generic name Cetrelia combines Parmelia and Cetraria, the two genera in which most of the species were originally classified. [1] The genus was circumscribed by lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson in 1968. In 1960 they started a study of the genus Cetraria in the broad sense, as it had been defined by Alexander Zahlbruckner in his 1930 work Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. The genus had become a wastebasket taxon, a repository for all parmeliaceous lichens with apothecia on the margins. The Culbersons started by studying the broad-lobed species that had traditionally been placed in Cetraria, a group they called the "parmelioid" Cetrariae. This group included Cetraria sanguinea, C. japonica, and C. collata, as well as a group referred to as the Cetraria glauca group, including C. norvegica and C. chrysantha. This latter group of species had been previously identified by Norwegian botanist Eilif Dahl, who had suggested that Cetraria was polyphyletic in a 1952 study. [2] The Culbersons noticed that Cetraria sanguinea and C. japonica were very similar in morphology to two Parmelia species, Parmelia cetrarioides and P. olivetorum. As a result of their investigations, they transferred three species to the new genus Asahinea , [3] created genus Platismatia for 10 members of the Cetraria glauca group, and Cetrelia for 14 members of the Parmelia cetrarioides group. [4] According to a 2012 review of the family Parmeliaceae, the creation of these three new more natural genera by the Culbersons initiated "a trend of splitting that continued for more than three decades". [5]

Cetrelia olivetorum; scale bar is 1 cm Cetrelia olivetorum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Cetrelia olivetorum; scale bar is 1 cm

In the early 1970s Josef Poelt developed the concept of "species-pairs"—taxa that are morphologically and chemically similar (if not identical), but differ primarily in their reproductive modes: one taxon reproduces sexually, the other vegetatively. Using Cetrelia as an example to explain his ideas, he suggested that both members of these pairs should be assigned the rank of species. [6] [7] In 1976 the Culbersons introduced the idea of morphological groups, or morphotypes with the genus Cetrelia. They named these groups with the Latin epithets of the most prominent species of that group, thus: cetrariodes (thallus with soredia), isidiata (thallus with isidia), sinensis (thallus with marginal dorsiventral lobules), collata (thallus without soredia, isidia, or lobules, often without apothecia and large pseudocyphellae), and davidiana (thallus without vegetative propagules and frequently with apothecia, but pseudocyphellae small). Similarly, the genus contains a number of chemotypes related to the content of the major substances in the medulla. Species with the same chemotype always have the same one or two major constituents, while the complex of minor substances may vary somewhat. Six chemotypes have been recognized in Cetrelia. [8] In a 2019 phylogenetic analysis, these chemotypes were named according to their major medullary substance(s): imbricaric, olivetoric, anziaic, perlatolic, microphyllinic, and alectoronic + α-collatolic. [9]

An example of changing taxonomic affinities is given by the four European species of Cetrelia (C. cetrarioides, C. chicitae, C. monachorum, and C. olivetorum). Several studies have suggested accepting only one species in the group with four chemotypes, separated according to the major medullary substances, which can be detected by standard thin-layer chromatography methods, [10] [11] while others have considered the different chemotypes as separate species. [12] [13]

Cetrelia species are commonly known as sea-storm lichens; [14] according to author Colin Rees, "the greenish-gray uplifted edges of its lobes are reminiscent of foam on ocean waves". [15]

Phylogeny

Prior to the advent of molecular phylogenetics, Cetrelia was grouped together as part of the morphological group "cetrarioid lichens" – species with erect, foliose thalli with marginal apothecia and pycnidia. However, DNA evidence from several studies showed that the cetrarioid lichens were not a monophyletic group of species, and that Cetrelia clustered together outside the cetrarioid lichens, [16] [17] [18] in a group called the "parmelioid Cetrariae", along with the genera Asahinea and Platismatia. Morphological characteristics that unite these three genera include the presence of large, broad, rounded lobes, and thalli that are usually oriented horizontally. [16] Similar to several other groups of parmelioid taxa, Cetrelia lichens have the polysaccharide isolichenan in their cell wall, which is absent in the cetrarioid group. In a later analysis (2010), Cetrelia is resolved as the only member of the Cetrelia clade, one of nine major groups within the parmelioid clade of Parmeliaceae that share similar morphological and chemical characteristics. [19]

A 2019 study investigating the usefulness of secondary metabolites in molecular taxonomy of Cetrelia demonstrated a clear correlation between lichen chemistry and phylogeny, suggesting that it is useful to include information from secondary metabolites when identifying taxa. Cetrelia produces a constant set of polyphenolic compounds of still unknown function, specifically orcinol-type depsides and depsidones. Character state analyses showed that metabolites in Cetrelia seem to be evolving towards more complex substances, indicating possibly their evolutionary importance in the survival or functioning of the species. [9] This research corroborated prior DNA-based evidence that also supported the use of chemotaxonomy to delineate species in Cetrelia. [16]

Description

Closeup of the lobes of Cetrelia cetrarioides. White spots and lines are pseudocyphellae. Cetrelia cetrarioides 31204.jpg
Closeup of the lobes of Cetrelia cetrarioides. White spots and lines are pseudocyphellae.
Closeup shows continual marginal soralia on the lobe margin of Cetrelia cetrarioides Cetrelia cetrarioides 31205.jpg
Closeup shows continual marginal soralia on the lobe margin of Cetrelia cetrarioides

Cetrelia is characterized by its foliose (leafy), greyish-green thallus that is loosely attached to the substrate. The thallus has laminal pseudocyphellae – these are small pores in the cortex through which the medulla is directly visible. It has a prosoplectenchymatous upper cortex, meaning that it is made of densely agglutinated hyphae that are not swollen and have tiny lumina. [20] The lower cortex is black, at least in parts, with sparse rhizines, and pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) on the margin. The ascospores made by Cetrelia lichens are colourless with an ellipsoid shape, numbering eight per ascus. [14] Their length ranges from 11 to 22  μm, with a width of 6–12 μm. [20] Conidia (asexual spores that are produced in the pycnidia) are rod-shaped and measure 3–6 μm long. [14]

Atranorin is the main secondary chemical in the cortex, and is present in all species. Cetrelia makes several orcinol-type depsidones in the medulla that can be used as diagnostic substances to help identify specimens to species level. [14] Other secondary chemicals that have been identified in this genus are: alectoronic, anziaic, collatolic, imbricaric, microphyllinic, olivetoric, perlatolic, and physodic acids. [20] [21]

In a study of the carotenoids present in six Cetrelia species found in Eurasia, only violaxanthin was found to be present in all samples of all species collected in a range of environments. Of the twenty different carotenoids identified in this study, most are common, although a few are rare in lichens. For example, flavoxanthin, detected in the thalli of C. japonica, had previously only been found in three other instances, although it is not uncommon in the blossom and fruit of higher plants. The presence of a single carotenoid common to all species suggests that in these species, carotenoid biosynthesis is to a large extent dependent upon the conditions of the environment. [22]

The presence or absence of reproductive propagules such as isidia, soredia, and lobules are important physical characters in the taxonomy of Cetrelia. Isidia are rare in the genus, being associated only with C. braunsiana and C. isidiata. Soredia are common; with the exception of C. alaskana, all species are sorediate. The soredia are fine and powdery, and produced on the edge of lobes as continual marginal soralia, which often need magnification to be seen. Lobulae are tiny lobes on the upper surface and margins of the thallus. They are found in C. japonica, C. sinensis, and C. pseudolivetorum. [23]

Morphological characters or chemical characters alone are not enough to distinguish between species in Cetrelia and they should be considered together. For example, C. pseudolivetorum and C. japonica are difficult to distinguish with only a brief physical examination, and are often incorrectly labeled in collections in locations where both species occur. However, they can be identified by checking the colour reaction of C (sodium hypochlorite): a positive reaction (C+), indicates the presence of olivetoric acid, which only occurs in C. pseudolivetorum. In contrast, C. chicitae and C. braunsiana produce the same secondary compounds, and so cannot be distinguished by spot tests or thin-layer chromatography. However, they are readily distinguishable through examination: C. chicitae has soredia on its margin, while C. braunsiana has isidia. [24]

Cetrelia lichens resemble somewhat those in genus Parmotrema , but species of the latter never have pseudocyphellae and usually have cilia on the margin. [14] Platismatia is another morphologically similar genus, but it differs from Cetrelia in always lacking caperatic acid. [25] Cetreliopsis is a genus segregated from Cetreliopsis in 1980. Although superficially similar, Cetreliopsis lichens have a distinct secondary chemistry: they contain usnic acid in the upper cortex, and orcinol depsidones in the medulla. [26]

Species

Altogether, 19 species have been included in Cetrelia, either described as new species, or transferred from other genera. Morphotypes are distinguished primarily by the vegetative propagules: presence or absence of soredia, isidia and lobulae. [16] Although there are only five distinct morphologies (morphotypes) in Cetrelia, 18 species are generally recognized based on differences in secondary compounds (chemotypes), in combination with morphology. [12] [22] [27] [28] [5] Based on the distribution of the majority of the chemotype and morphotype combinations, the centre of speciation in Cetrelia is thought to be southern and eastern Asia. [12]

Cetrelia chicitae; scale bar is 1 cm Sea-Storm Lichen (4503898875).jpg
Cetrelia chicitae; scale bar is 1 cm

Cetrelia rhytidocarpa(Mont. & Bosch) Lumbsch (1988), transferred from Cetraria to Cetrelia by H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 1988, [43] is now classified as the type species of Cetreliopsis . [44]

As of September 2021, Species Fungorum accepts five species of Cetrelia: C. cetrarioides, C. chicitae, C. monachorum, C. olivetorum, and C. sayanensis. [45]

Habitat and distribution

Cetrelia monachorum; scale bar is 0.5 cm Cetrelia monochorum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Cetrelia monachorum; scale bar is 0.5 cm

Cetrelia lichens usually grow on bark, but sometimes they are found on rocks and bryophytes. They have been found at a wide altitudinal range, from 1,000 to 4,500 m (3,300 to 14,800 ft). [46] In general, the genus prefers somewhat moist, cool habitats, and is often found on tree trunks or bryophytes over shaded boulders. [47] Cetrelia species found in Europe are largely epiphytic (growing on plants), usually encountered in old natural or seminatural forests on tree bark, and sometimes on mossy rocks. They are usually in areas of high humidity, such as swamp forests, or forests that are surrounded by a lake or river or on hillsides near lakes or streams. [48] The observation that Cetrelia lichens are commonly found among bryophytes or on bark-growing bryophytes suggests that this association provides better moisture conditions for the lichens. [49] Cetrelia usually prefers deciduous trees, although on rare occasions it is recorded growing on conifers. [48] A study of several hundred collections of the genus from locations largely in the eastern European Alps revealed the trees most preferred as substrates: sycamore (34%), European beech (14%), alder (mostly grey alder, 13%), oak sp. (8%), willow sp. (6%), and European ash (6%). [27] The substrate selectivity of Cetrelia is not always consistent through broad geographical regions such as Europe, because the range of the substrate determines whether it will be present in a certain area. [49]

Most Cetrelia species are found in eastern or southeastern Asia. None are found in Africa, Australia, New Zealand, or South America. [4] Four species have been recorded from Europe: Cetrelia cetrarioides, C. chicitae, C. monachorum, and C. olivetorum. [50] In a 2021 study of Cetrelia species in Hungary, the use of chemical analysis to determine the lichen secondary metabolites revealed that all four of those species are found in that country, double the number previously thought to be part of the Hungarian lichen flora. [21] Ten species are found in India, [46] nine species from northeast China, [51] and four from South Korea. [24] Five species are known from North America, [52] while eight species have been recorded in the expansive geographic area formerly known as the Soviet Union. Of the five morphotypes, only cetrarioides is widely distributed in the world. [12] Cetrelia cetrarioides is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with a few records from the Southern Hemisphere. [53]

Conservation

Some of the Cetrelia species found in Europe are on various Regional Red Lists. In the Baltic countries, the Cetrelia species are rare and threatened. In Estonia, C. olivetorum and C. cetrarioides are considered as Endangered and C. monachorum as Critically Endangered. Factors threatening these lichens include forest cutting and overgrowing of dunes and alvars due to the cessation of traditional forest management practices. [54] Cetrelia olivetorum has been included in the Legislative List of Legally Protected Lichens of Latvia, a status that allows for the establishment of small nature reserves (up to 30 hectares (74 acres)) to aid in its conservation. [55] In Lithuania, all species of Cetrelia are considered as Endangered. They also appear on the Red Lists of Fennoscandian countries; for example, in Sweden, C. olivetorumsensu lato is treated as Critically Endangered, [56] and in Finland, C. cetrarioides and C. olivetorum as Endangered. [57] In Belarus, C. olivetorum and C. monachorum are listed as Endangered, and C. cetrarioides as Critically Endangered. [49]

Uses

In India, Cetrelia braunsiana is used as a source of a natural dye to colour different fibres such as silk, tussar silk, and cotton. Depending on the type of method used to extract the lichen dye, it produces a final colour of ivory yellow or light yellowish olive. [58] Atranorin is one dye-producing substance found in this species; [59] alectoronic and α-collatolic acid are additional secondary chemicals that occur in C. braunsiana. [30]

In China, Cetrelia cetrarioides, C. olivetorum, and C. pseudolivetorum are collected in bulk for the preparation of material with antibiotic-like properties used in traditional medicine. These three species are also used as a raw material in the production of litmus reagent. [60] [61]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Ahtiana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Ahtiana is a genus of lichenized fungi known as candlewax lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Ahtiana sphaerosporella or the mountain candlewax lichen, found in western North America. This species was segregated from the genus Parmelia by Canadian lichenologist Trevor Goward in a 1985 publication. It had been suggested that the genus include A. aurescens and A. pallidula based on similarities in morphology, but this transfer is not supported by molecular analysis.

<i>Allocetraria</i> Genus of lichens

Allocetraria is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. It consists of 12 species, with a center of distribution in China.

<i>Tuckermannopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

<i>Platismatia</i> Genus of lichens

Platismatia is genus of medium to large foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is widespread and contains 11 species. They resemble many other genera of foliose lichens in the Parmeliaceae, particularly Parmotrema, Cetrelia, and Asahinea. Most species are found in forests on the trunks and branches of conifer trees, although some species grow on rocks.

Coelopogon is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains two species found in southern South America and South Africa.

<i>Esslingeriana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.

Vermilacinia cephalota is a fruticose lichen usually found on trees, shrubs and wooden fences in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to the Vizcaíno Peninsula of Baja California.

Vermilacinia cerebra is a fruticose lichen that grows on trees and shrubs in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America from the Channel Islands and mainland California near Los Angeles to southern Baja California, also occurring in South America in the Antofagasta Province of northern Chile. The epithet is in reference to the apical swollen lobes that resemble the cerebrum of the brain.

Hypogymnia congesta is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2003. The lichen grows on the bark and wood of conifers and bamboo. Hypogymnia congesta has a brown to brownish-grey foliose thallus measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long or broad, with a cartilage-like texture. The lichen is chemically distinct, containing physodic acid and virensic acid; the latter substance is otherwise unknown from genus Hypogymnia.

Cetrelia sayanensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Europe, it was formally described as a new species in 2009 by lichenologists Tatyana Otnyukova, Nikolay Stepanov, and John Alan Elix. The type was collected along the Kulumys ridge on the West Sayan Mountains of southern Siberia. Here it was found growing on the bark of an old stem of Sorbus sibirica, at an altitude of 800 m (2,600 ft). It has also been collected in several neighbouring areas, all at altitudes between 400–930 m (1,310–3,050 ft), with the bark of Abies, Betula, Salix, and Sorbus as the typical substrates. In 2019, the lichen was recorded from Austria, its first reported occurrence in middle Europe.

<i>Cetrelia chicitae</i> Species of lichen

Cetrelia chicitae is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe, where it grows on mossy rocks and tree trunks.

<i>Cetrelia monachorum</i> Species of lichen

Cetrelia monachorum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1930 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as a species of Parmelia. Husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson transferred it into the genus Cetrelia in 1977. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Platismatia erosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 1968 by William and Chicita Culberson. The species epithet erosa refers to the "eroded" quality of the reticulations on the upper thallus surface. The lichen has been recorded from Japan, Taiwan, Java, Vietnam, Nepal, the Philippines, and Sikkim, and Tibet. Chemical analysis of the lichen revealed two lichen products previously unknown in genus Platismatia, pannaric acid and jackinic acid. Two chemotypes of P. erosa have been identified, containing different proportions of these substances.

Platismatia interrupta is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in southern Russian Far East, and Japan, it was formally described as a new species in 1968 by William and Chicita Culberson. The species epithet interrupta refers to the indistinct and discontinuous reticulation of the upper thallus surface. The lichen of one of the most common foliose macrolichens in Japan, particularly at high elevations, where it grows on tree trunks and on boulders. The authors called it the "Far Eastern equivalent" of the common and widespread Platismatia glauca, which is absent in Asia.

<i>Platismatia stenophylla</i> Species of lichen

Platismatia stenophylla is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in western North America, from Vancouver Island south to central California, usually close to a shore. It was first formally described as a species of Cetrelia in 1882 by American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman. William and Chicita Culberson transferred it to the genus Platismatia in 1968. The lichen is distinguished from others in its genus by its narrow, linear lobes. It contains caperatic acid and atranorin as lichen products.

<i>Platismatia tuckermanii</i> Species of lichen

Platismatia tuckermanii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described as a species of Cetraria in 1843 by American botanist William Oakes. The species epithet honours lichenologist Edward Tuckerman, who collected the type specimen in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1838. William and Chicita Culberson transferred the taxon to the genus Platismatia in 1968. The lichen is found in Canada and the Southeastern United States. Although usually encountered growing on conifer bark, it is also known to grow on old wooden fenceposts. It contains caperatic acid and atranorin as lichen products.

<i>Platismatia herrei</i> Species of lichen

Platismatia herrei is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described as a species of Cetraria in 1968 by lichenologist Henry Imshaug. William and Chicita Culberson transferred it to the genus Platismatia in 1968. The lichen is found in western North America, ranging from southern Alaska to central California. It is distinguished from other members of its genus by the isidia that fringe the edges of its linear lobes; the Culbersons described it as "one of the most beautiful and intricately formed species in the genus".

<i>Platismatia glauca</i> Species of lichen

Platismatia glauca is a common and widespread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.

References

  1. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 491.
  2. ↑ Dahl, Eilif (1952). "On the use of lichen chemistry in lichen systematics". Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique. 21 (1–2): 119–134.
  3. ↑ Culberson, William Louis; Culberson, Chicita F. (1965). "Asahinea, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae". Brittonia. 17 (2): 182–191. doi:10.2307/2805243. JSTOR   2805243. S2CID   3579087.
  4. 1 2 Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 455.
  5. 1 2 Thell, Arne; Crespo, Ana; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Seaward, Mark R.D. (2012). "A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae – history, phylogeny and current taxonomy". Nordic Journal of Botany. 30 (6): 641–664. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00008.x.
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  8. 1 2 Culberson, Chicita F.; Culberson, William Louis (1976). "Chemosyndromic variation in lichens". Systematic Botany. 1 (4): 325–339. doi:10.2307/2418700. JSTOR   2418700.
  9. 1 2 Mark, Kristiina; Randlane, Tiina; Thor, Göran; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Obermayer, Walter; Saag, Andres (2019). "Lichen chemistry is concordant with multilocus gene genealogy in the genus Cetrelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Fungal Biology. 123 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.11.013. PMID   30709518. S2CID   73439650.
  10. ↑ Clerc, P. (2004). "Les champignons lichénisés de Suisse". Cryptogamica Helvetica. 19: 1–320.
  11. ↑ Santesson, Rolf; Moberg, Roland; Nordin, Anders; Tønsberg, Tor; Vitikainen, Orvo (2004). Lichen-forming and Lichenicolous fungi of Fennoscandia. Uppsala. ISBN   978-9197286367.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Randlane, T.; Saag, A. (1991). "Chemical and morphological variation in the genus Cetrelia in the Soviet Union". Lichenologist. 23 (2): 113–126. doi:10.1017/S0024282991000282. S2CID   86012215.
  13. ↑ Wirth, Volkmar; Hauck, Markus; Schultz, Matthias (2013). Die Flechten Deutschlands (in German). Vol. 1–2. Ulmer, Stuttgart. ISBN   978-3-8001-5903-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 220. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
  15. ↑ Rees, Colin (2019). Nature's Calendar. A Year in the Life of a Wildlife Sanctuary. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-1-4214-2744-7.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Thell, Arne; Stenroos, Soili; Feuerer, Tassilo; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Myllys, Leena; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2002). "Phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) inferred from ITS and b-tubulin sequences, morphology, anatomy and secondary chemistry". Mycological Progress. 1 (4): 335–354. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0031-x. S2CID   13431791.
  17. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Articus, Kristina; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Bawingan, Paulina A.; Wedin, Mats (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID   17276700.
  18. ↑ Thell, Arne; Högnabba, Filip; Elix, John A.; Feuerer, Tassilo; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Myllys, Leena; Randlane, Tiina; Saag, Andres; Stenroos, Soili; Ahti, Teuvo; Seaward, Mark R.D. (2009). "Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers". The Lichenologist. 41 (5): 489–511. doi:10.1017/S0024282909990090. hdl: 1885/51099 . S2CID   84592469.
  19. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Kauff, Frank; Divakar, Pradeep K.; del Prado, Ruth; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de Paz, Guillermo Amo; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon. 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
  20. 1 2 3 Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 490.
  21. 1 2 Farkas, Edit; Biró, Bernadett; Varga, Nóra; Sinigla, Mónika; Lőkös, László (2021). "Analysis of lichen secondary chemistry doubled the number of Cetrelia W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. species (Parmeliaceae, lichenised ascomycota) in Hungary" (PDF). Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 42 (1): 1–16. doi:10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a1. S2CID   231875521.
  22. 1 2 Czeczuga, Bazyli; Randlane, Tiina; Saag, Andre; Czeczuga-Semeniuk, Ewa (2000). "Carotenoids in six species of the lichen genus Cetrelia from different sites in Eurasia". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 88: 51–60. doi:10.18968/jhbl.88.0_51. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  23. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 461.
  24. 1 2 Luo, Heng; Wei, Xin Li; Han, Keon Seon; Koh, Young Jin; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2007). "Taxonomic study on the lichen genus Cetrelia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in South Korea". Mycobiology. 35 (3): 117–123. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2007.35.3.117. PMC   3763138 . PMID   24015081.
  25. ↑ Kuznetsova, E.S.; Stepanchikova, I.S.; Skirina, I.F.; Chesnokov, S.V.; Himelbrant, D.E. (2021). "A revision of the lichen genus Platismatia (Parmeliaceae) in Russia, with a key to the species". Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii. 55 (1): 179–194. doi:10.31111/nsnr/2021.55.1.179.
  26. ↑ Lai, Ming-Jou; Elix, John A. (2002). "A new species of Cetreliopsis (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) from Thailand". Mycotaxon. 84: 355–360.
  27. 1 2 Obermayer, Walter; Mayrhofer, Helmut (2007). "Hunting for Cetrelia chicitae (lichenized ascomycetes) in the eastern European Alps". Phyton. 47 (1): 231–290.
  28. 1 2 Otnyukova, Tatyana N.; Stepanov, Nikolay V.; Elix, John A. (2009). "Three new species of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Siberia". Mycotaxon. 108 (1): 249–256. doi:10.5248/108.249. hdl:1885/50596. S2CID   85913429.
  29. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 492.
  30. 1 2 Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 493.
  31. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 498.
  32. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 504.
  33. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 505.
  34. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 507.
  35. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 509.
  36. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 510.
  37. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 511.
  38. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 513.
  39. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 515.
  40. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 519.
  41. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 521.
  42. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968, p. 523.
  43. ↑ Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1988). "Notes on ascomycete systematics - Nos 733–803". Systema Ascomycetum. 7 (2): 103–117.
  44. ↑ "Record Details: Cetraria rhytidocarpa Mont. & Bosch 1856". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  45. ↑ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Cetrelia". Catalog of Life Version 2021-06-10. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  46. 1 2 Mishra, Gaurav K.; Upreti, Dalip K. (2015). "The lichen genus Cetrelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in India". Phytotaxa. 236 (3): 201–214. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.236.3.1.
  47. ↑ Culberson & Culberson 1968.
  48. 1 2 Degtjarenko, Polina; Moisejevs, Rolands (2020). "Revision of the genus Cetrelia (lichenised Ascomycota) in Latvia". Botanica. 26 (1): 88–94. doi: 10.2478/botlit-2020-0008 . S2CID   220371002.
  49. 1 2 3 Bely, Pavel; Golubkov, Vladimir; Tsurykau, Andrei; Sidorovich, Evgenii (2014). "The lichen genus Cetrelia in Belarus: distribution, ecology and conservation". Botanica Lithuanica. 20 (2): 69–76. doi: 10.2478/botlit-2014-0010 . S2CID   84793705.
  50. ↑ Kukwa, Martin; Pietnoczko, Magdalena; Czyżewska, Krystyna (2011). "The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. II. The genus Cetrelia". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 81 (1): 43–52. doi: 10.5586/asbp.2012.007 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  51. ↑ Lai, Ming-Jou; Chen, Xi-Ling; Qian, Zhi-Guang; Xu, Lei; Ahti, Teuvo Tapio (2009). "Cetrarioid lichen genera and species in NE China". Annales Botanici Fennici. 46 (3): 365–380. doi:10.5735/085.046.0501. S2CID   86708728. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  52. ↑ Brodo, Irwin (2016). Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 132. ISBN   978-0-300-19573-6.
  53. ↑ Kukwa, Martin; Pietnoczko, Magdalena; Czyżewska, Krystyna (2012). "The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. II. The genus Cetrelia". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 81 (1): 43–52. doi: 10.5586/asbp.2012.007 .
  54. ↑ Lõhmus, Piret; Marmor, Liis; Jüriado, Inga; Suija, Ave; Oja, Ede; Degtjarenko, Polina; Randlane, Tiina (2019). "Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 56: 63–76. doi: 10.12697/fce.2019.56.07 . S2CID   210301439.
  55. ↑ "Regulations Regarding the Establishment and Management of Micro-reserves, Their Conservation, as well as Determination of Micro-reserves and Their Buffer Zones". Latvijas Vēstnesis. 28 December 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  56. ↑ "Jättesköldlav Vetenskapligt artnamn Cetrelia olivetorum s.lat". Swedish Red List (in Swedish). Swedish Species Information Centre. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  57. ↑ Hyvärinen, E.; Juslén, A.; Kemppainen, E.; Uddström, A.; Lukko, U.-M., eds. (2019). The 2019 Red List of Finnish Species (Report) (in Finnish). Helsinki.
  58. ↑ Shukla, Preeti; Upreti, D.K. (2015). "Lichen dyes: current scenario and future prospects". In Upreti, Dalip Kumar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Shukla, Vertika; Bajpai, Rajesh (eds.). Recent Advances in Lichenology. Modern Methods and Approaches in Lichen Systematics and Culture Techniques. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Springer India. p. 224. ISBN   978-81-322-2234-7.
  59. ↑ Casselman, Karen Diadick (2011). Lichen Dyes. The New Source Book (2nd ed.). Mineola, New York. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-486-41231-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  60. ↑ Yang, Mei-Xia; Wang, Xin-Yu; Liu, Dong; Zhang, Yan-Yun; LI, Li-Juan; Yin, An-Cheng; Wang, Li-Song (2018). "Evaluation of edible and medicinal lichen resources in China". Mycosystema. 37 (7): 819–837. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.180046.
  61. ↑ Yang, Mei-Xia; Devkota, Shiva; Wang, Li-Song; Scheidegger, Christoph (2021). "Ethnolichenology—The use of lichens in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China". Diversity. 13 (7): 330–346. doi: 10.3390/d13070330 .

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